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Confidential
Quantrainx50 7.2EDS Basic
3-2010
place photo here
2
EDS
• Universal applications
• Elemental analysis
• 1% Accuracy
• Beam Control / Imaging
• Repeatable
3
References (“the Book” --Highly Recommended)
• Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis A Text for Biologists, Materials Scientists, and Geologists, Joseph I. Goldstein, Dale E. Newbury, Patrick Echlin, David C. Joy, A.D. Romig, Jr., Charles E. Lyman, Charles Fiori, Eric Lifshin, Plenum Press, New York, 1992. (ISBN -- 0-306-44175-6)
• *(Many thanks to Dr. Bob Anderhalt for graphics and advisement)
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Example of Quantax50/EDAX Integration
OUT DATED IMAGE !!!
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Your Basic Bohr Atom
K shell
L shell
M shell
N shell
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Inelastic Collision
K shell
L shell
M shell
N shell
Secondary Electron
Primary Beam Electron
Forward Scattered Electron
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Inelastic Collision
K shell
L shell
M shell
N shell
Secondary Electron
Forward Scattered Electron
Emitted X-ray
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X-ray Transitions
K shell
L shell
M shell
N shell
g Transition
β Transition
α Transition
10
K shell
L shell
M shell
N shell
K α Transition
K α Transition
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K β Transition
K shell
L shell
M shell
N shell
K β Transition
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L α Transition
K shell
L shell
M shell
N shell
L α Transition
13
Inelastic Collision Summary
• Primary beam electron interacts with atom
• There is an energy transfer
• An electron from the atom is liberated
• Creates a secondary electron (SE)
• SE has low energy
• The atom is excited and wants to return to a relaxed state
• Characteristic X-ray is emitted
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Continuum X-rays -(Background Radiation)
White radiation(Continuum)
CharacteristicX-ray
EjectedElectron
Incident Electron Beam
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Emission Depth of X-rays of KV Vs.. Z (in Microns)
SIMPLIFIED VALUES
Z SYMBOL ELEMENT 5KV 10KV 20KV 30KV
4 Be Beryllium .5 1.7 5.3 10.55 C Carbon .4 1.2 3.9 7.711 Na Sodium .9 3.1 10.0 19.212 Mg Magnesium .5 1.7 5.6 11.113 Al Aluminum .3 1.1 3.6 7.114 Si Silicon .3 1.2 4.1 8.219 K Potassium .5 2.9 10.8 21.920 Ca Calcium .2 1.6 5.9 12.222 Ti Titanium .01 .5 2.0 4.124 Cr Chromium .25 1.2 2.624 Mn Maganese .2 1.2 2.426 Fe Iron .2 1.0 2.227 Co Cobalt .1 .9 2.028 Ni Nickel .09 .85 1.929 Cu Copper .06 .8 1.930 Zn Zinc .02 1.0 2.332 Ge Germanium 1.2 3.038 Sr Strontium 1.2 4.840 Zr Zirconium .2 1.742 Mo Molybdenum .946 Pd Palladium .547 Ag Silver .479 Au Gold .2
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EDS Hardware
Monitor (MCA Display) Dewar
Preamp
SEMColumn
Pole Piece
SampleStage
Detector
Window
Collimator
FET
Analyzer
SCSI
17
to preamplifier
(FET)
Detector Vacuum
DetectorWindow
8u Be or 0.3u Polymer
+,-charges
Detector
SiLi
-500 to 1000 volts
X-section of Window & Crystal
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to preamplifier
(FET)
Detector Vacuum
DetectorWindow
8u Be or 0.3u Polymer
+,-charges
Detector
SiLi
-500 to 1000 volts
X-section of Window & Crystal
3.8 eV for each charge pair
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to preamplifier
(FET)
Detector Vacuum
DetectorWindow
8u Be or 0.3u Polymer
+,-charges
Detector
SiLi
-500 to 1000 volts
X-section of Window & Crystal
AlKa X-ray=1.48KeV in
389 charge pairs out@ 3.8 eV each=1.48KeV
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How a Spectrum Grows
Energy
Counts
8.044.938
L α
K α
Kb
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Qualitative analysis - Peak ID• Identification of all
possible peaks
• Auto or Manual Peak ID
• Do not trust system : it is not 100% reliable
• Be aware of : - spectral artefacts
- skirt effects
(low vacuum systems)
22
Qualitative analysis - Peak ID
• Identification of an element
• Place cursor exact on the top of the peak (expand scale)
• L and M line can show shift due to poor separation of /ß line
• First check main lines such as L or M lines
• Check the other lines of the same element
• Heavy elements will produce K and L radiation
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Qualitative analysis - Peak ID
Manual ID (Z- Z+) steps along elements
Auto ID
EPIC table (Element Peak Identification chart)
HPD : halographic peak deconvolution
Peak Fit / (to check overlapping elements)
Display possibilities
Marker options : ESC - SUM
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Qualitative analysis - Deconvolution• Deconvolution = peak strip
method
• Requires well calibrated system
• Check deconvolution for overlapping elements and missing elements
• Press HPD / Peak Fit button
• Check other lines
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What Affects Quantitative Analysis
• K Ratio
• Atomic Number (Z)Accelerating Voltage
• Absorption (A)Take-Off Angle
• Fluorescence (F)Atomic Matrix/Topography
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What Affects Quantitative Analysis
• K Ratio
Unknown / Known ratio or
Unknown Intensity / Pure Element Intensity
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What Affects Quantitative Analysis
• K Ratio
• Atomic Number (Z)Accelerating Voltage
1.5 to 10 Times excitation energy
Or 2 times the highest energy peak
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High overvoltage means a high absorption condition and a small peak and poor statsitics (again)
X-Ray Generated
Volume
Why should the overvoltage be less than 10 to 20 times the lowest energy peak?
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Low overvoltage means a small, poorly excited peak and poor statistical quality in the spectrum
Electron Volume
X-Ray Vol.
Why should the overvoltage be at least 1.5 for the highest energy element?
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What Affects Quantitative Analysis
• K Ratio
• Atomic Number (Z)Accelerating Voltage
• Absorption (A)Take-Off Angle
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Take-off Angle
• The take-off angle is the angle between the x-ray trajectory and the sample surface.
• The angle is a combination of detector angle, its position, sample working distance, and sample tilt.
• Typical angles will range from 25 - 40 degrees
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Normal Take-Off Angle
Normal take -off Angle Allows Low Energy X-rays to Become Absorbed in Specimen
EDS Detector
35 º T-O
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Greater Take-Off Angle
Greater Take-Off Lets Low Energy X-rays Escape
Greater T-O
EDS Detector
34
Sample position is extremely important• Working distance is very
important
• Optimum sample position eucentric position = 10 mm
(Sirion = 5 mm)
• Field of view of the EDX detector : 9 -12 mm
(Sirion : 5 - 6 mm)
• Below 12 mm : inhomogeneous “illumination” of the field at low magnification
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Ideal (Set-up) Detector Geometry
ElevationAngle
scale setting
IntersectionDistance/ Working Distance
Scale =50, EA = 35, Azimuth=45, ID= 10 (5)
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Various Detector Geometries
• Intersection Distance
• Elevation Angle
• Working Distance
• Take-Off Angle
EAID WD < ID
TOA < EA
WD > IDTOA > EA
Tilt > 0TOA > EA
37
What Affects Quantitative Analysis
• K Ratio
• Atomic Number (Z)Accelerating Voltage
• Absorption (A)Take-Off Angle
• Fluorescence (F)Atomic Matrix/ Topography
38
Fluorescence
High Energy X-ray Excites a Lower Atomic Number Atom
EDS Detector
35 º T-O
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Other Issues with Quantitative Analysis BSE-image useful to determine if sample homogeneous
SE-image BSE-image
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Quantitative Analysis- Background Subtraction• Background needs to be removed
before quantification
• Auto or Manual method
(new method Conc. Method - v3.2)
• Manual method may improve BKGD fit
• Background shape will affect the quantitative results : normally a very small effect
• Pay attention to absorption edges
• Glasses and minerals : Si absorption edge
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Quantitative analysis - Background Subtraction
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Quantitative analysis - Deconvolution
• Halographic peak fit procedure (HPD / Peak Fit)
• Suitable to separate overlapping peaks
• Sensitive to peak shift
• Requires well calibrated system
• Check deconvolution for missing elements
• In case of poor results or bad fit: choose other line
43
Quantitative analysis - Matrix correction
• Remove Background
• Calculation of net peak intensity
• K-ratio calculation
• K-ratio = int. unknown peak / int. standard peak
• Matrix correction for Z - A - F
• Conc. = K-ratio / [ ZAF]
• Different correction models
44
Quantitative analysis - Matrix correction
• Different correction models to calculated ZAF factors
• Two models :
- ZAF correction model
- Phi-Rho-Z correction model
• Phi-Rho-Z model very suitable for light element quantification
45
Quantitative analysis - Matrix correction• Standardless analysis (normalise to 100%)
• Flexible, kV independent• System needs kV to make a matrix correction• Every identified peak will be quantified• EDAX standardless calculation :
WT% = Intensity measured /(P.E.I.F). X (SEC)______________________________
(Z.A.F)
46
Quantitative analysis - standard less methods
• 2 different methods
• Standardless (normalisation to 100%) • Default SEC (standardless element co-efficient)
• All SECs are set to 1.0
• Improved Standardless : updating the SECs - User table
• Normally a few elements are updated to create more accuracy using standards
• Only the updated elements are more accurate : rest still standardless
• Mainly used for light elements- can be dangerous!!!
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Quantitative analysis: SEC
• SEC = standardless Element Coefficient
• All default SECs are set to 1.0
• SEC’s have to be changed for the lighter elements only (B, C, N, O, F)
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Poor Quantitative Analysis Conditions• Several situations where
the calculation of the ZAF factor does not apply :
- unsupported thin film
- thin film on substrate
- inclusion or particle
- biological sample
- particle on thin foil
49
Quantitative analysis - Sources of errors
• Situation where the ZAF factors does not apply• X-ray interaction volume larger than phase size• Wrong coating (preferable Carbon-coating)• Poor statistics (acquisition time / countrate to low)• High count rate (high dead time)• Overlapping elements (trace elements)• Energy calibration errors• Improper background selection• Irregular specimen surfaces• Skirt effect (low vacuum SEM / ESEM)
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Quantitative analysis - Summary
• Background subtraction
• Deconvolution : needs well calibrated system
• Matrix correction models : ZAF,Phi-Rho-Z and Phi-ZAF
• Several situations where the ZAF factors do not apply
• Several errors possible
51
Effects of Specimen Surface on X-ray Emission
Absorption of x-rays
EDS Detector Electron Beam
Fluorescence
X-rays
Specimen Matrix
Backscatterelectrons
Interactionvolume
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Directionality Is a Major Effect
A B C
DetectorDirection
samplestage/mount
Topography has a significant effect on spectrum count rate and on composition (take-off angle and absorption effects)
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The Effect of Topography
BA C
A= Lower low end peaksB= NormalC= Higher low end peaks
Take-off angle is highest at C and lowest at A.
3 different spectra at 3 locations on the same particle with a uniform composition.
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Real Time
• Real Time = Live Time + Dead Time (Real Time = Clock Time)
• Live Time - time when detector is alive and able to receive an x-ray event
• Dead Time - time when the detector or preamplifier is unable to accept a pulse because it is busy processing or rejecting an event(s).
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X-ray Generation - Continuum radiation• Continuum radiation =
Bremsstrahlung or background radiation due to inelastically scattering
• Observed fall out at low energies due to X-ray absorption enroute to the detector
• Background needs to be removed for quantification
56
Spectral artifacts - Sum peaks• Sum peaks due to pulse pile-up
effects• Two X-rays are entering detector
at the same time• Sum of the energies is seen as
one energy• Sum peaks depending on (to
high) count rates for the corresponding amplification time
• Not only pure elements : combinations possible
• Prevent sum peaks by keeping countrate in balance with the chosen Ampl.Time (Dead time 25 - 35%)
57
Spectral artifacts - Sum peaksSum peak Cr Ka = 2 x 5.411 = 10.822 KeV
2 times line energy
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Spectral artifacts - Escape peaks
• Escape peak : result of losing Si K energy in the Si-dead layer of the crystal
• Si K line = 1.74 KeV
• Remaining energy is original energy minus Si K energy
• Difficult to identify
• Intensity of the escape peak belongs to the main peak
• S/w can correct for escape peaks
• Example : Fe escape peak = same position as La L peak
59
Artifacts- Escape Peaks
SiLicrystalCa
@ 3
.69
Si @ 1.74
1.74
1.95
60
Spectral artifacts - overviewArtificial spectrum of Fe, showing background shape,
escape and sum peaks and the absorption edge
61
The Effect of Detector Time Constant
At faster time constants, the throughput is increased but the resolution broadens. Fast time constants are commonly used for mapping but not for the collection of spectra with subtle overlaps.
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Spectral artefacts - Dead time • Dead time = system is busy with pulse shaping
• Dead time = relationship of input and output count rate
• Dead time depending on amplification time (TC)
• Reasonable dead time 25 - 35 %
• High dead time : system is slow
• Result : sum peaks and peak broadening
• Use live-seconds (corrected for dead time)
• Keep dead time in balance with chosen TC
63
Calibration of EDS
X-ray peaks must be located accurately on the energy axis
Therefore calibration needed Automatic s/w procedure: zero and gain
adjustments Use two elements: Al and Cu Calibrate using a countrate as under
normal operations Optimum countrate: dead time 25 -
35 %
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Calibration (cont.)
• Calibration of amplification times
• Slow ampl.time is used for quantification:
good resolution (130 - 138 eV)
• Fast ampl. time used for mapping:
poor resolution (145 - 180 eV)
• Calibration every 2 - 4 weeks (if temperature is constant)
65
Calibration Control page
X-ray lines of Al (1) and Cu(2)
Maximum full scale counts
Number of attempts
detector resolution
(Mn Ka line)
66
Spectral artefacts - Warming of the detectorTwo type of dewars : 2.5 litre and 10 liter
67
Spectral artefacts - Warming of the detector• Large dewar (10 L): always LN2
• Not designed to run dry
• Once a year let it run dry (EDAX tip 22)
• Small dewar (2.5 L) : fill when needed
• Designed to run dry*
• When warming up : low end noise peak
• Bias light still green
• Bias light will turn red when no LN2 present
anymore
• *- when microscope is not running
68
Warming Detector• As the detector warms the noise peak widens and may appear
in the spectrum as a low-end noise peak.
• All peaks will broaden and may shift in energy
• Also note large incomplete charge collection area to the left of the Cu peak
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EDS Summary
• Quick lnformation
• Consistency is a must
• Accuracy is poor but repeatability is near perfect
• Ignore multiple decimal points, round out to nearest whole number for consistency
70
Spectral artefacts - Peak overlap• EDS poor resolution :
result peak overlap
• Difference at least 60 eV to separate lines
• Classical example: Pb M - S K 2.345 KeV - 2.307 KeV difference = 38 eV
71
Spectral artefacts - Poor counting statistics• Low count rate results in ‘noisy’ spectrum = poor statistics• ‘Noisy’ spectrum will introduce PEAK ID errors• System will identify noise (Auto ID)
Solution• Long acquisition time
- disadvantage : limited number of specimens• High countrate in combination with appropriate ampl. time
- disadvantage : poor peak separation• Find the ideal combination for your own samples
• qual/quan work : 2000 cps (DT30%) at Amp. Time 50
• acquisition time 100 Lsec
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How to perform an analysis? Use calibrated system Choose suitable place on the sample Make an image : - SE image shows topography -
BSE image shows atomic number contrast Focus (calculation of the TOA) Acquire a spectrum (label spectrum during acquisition) Unknown sample : 30 - 15 - 5 kV to find all elements Identification of all elements (using HPD / Peak Fit) Store spectrum to HD Built library of pure elements (reference spectra) If needed : perform quantification
Microanalysis under low vacuum conditions
74
Poor Vacuum Microanalysis Considerations
“Skirt” electrons have almost full beam energy: 1. X-rays from the probe spot (actual information) 2. X-rays due to the gas 3. Information of surroundings (=skirt)
13
2
75
Steps to reduce skirt effect
• shorten BGPL (use the cone)• lower pressure• use high acceleration voltage (25kV)• use beam stop method• correct via software Gas Compensation Module (EDAX 3.1)
(last choice)
76
EDS Geometry With and Without Cone
Working Distance (WD) vs. Beam Gas Path Length (BGPL)
Cone No Cone
Electronbeam
EDX
Detector
10mm WD
Electronbeam
EDX
Detector
10mm WD
Sample
77
EDS at Low Gas Pressures and Short BGPL (ESEM Configuration)
ESEM Mode: 15kV, 2mm BGPL, 10mm WD, 1 torr Water Vapor
Examples of data from Electron Flight Simulator
78
Microanalysis under low vacuum conditions• Low vacuum SEM : charge is eliminated by a gas (water, air or
N2)
• High kV possible, no limitation of excitation energies
• Two major problems :
- beam damage
- beam spread (skirt effect)
• Beam damage : because of high kV heating of sample
• Beam spread :
- Electron are scattered due to gas collision
- X-ray generation outside the probe spot
- X-ray information upto 500 micron from central spot (=skirt)
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Microanalysis under low vacuum conditions• To reduce the skirt effect:
• use short gas path (EDX cone in case of ESEM)• use high acceleration voltage (25kV)• use low pressure (0.1 - 0.3 mbar)• correct via s/w module (quant.)
(Gas Compensation Module = GCM)• GCM available for ESEM in s/w version 3.1
(minimum particle size 20 um)
Mapping and Linescans
81
Mapping and Line scans
• Mapping and Linescan:
via optional EDX s/w module
EDX Multi element mapping program
Linescan software covered by EDAX applications class
82
EDX Multi Element Mapping : Image collection and display
• Imaging:• built-in scan generator • built-in pixel averaging
• High resolution images (8200 x 6400 pixels)
• High resolution X-ray maps (2048 x 1600 pixels)
• Up to 15 elements with simultaneous image collection
• Overlay of maps, colour or grey levels
• Full control of beam and stage
83
Region of Interest Control Page
Element with region of interest
(keV window)
Activated ROIs
+ is enabled (= activated)
84
Mapping – Windows or ROI
85
EDX Multi Element Mapping
86
Options for EDX Multi Element Mapping
• EDX Fast Mapping• Fast X-ray mapping: Continuous update
during collection• EDX Quantitative Mapping
• Quantitative mapping• True element distribution
• EDX Line Scan (by EDAX advanced class)• Digital X-ray line scan
Results must be transferred to MS Excel (EDAX advanced class)
• EDX Particle/Phase Analysis• Automated area distribution and X-ray
classification
87
EDX Fast Mapping
Fast X-ray mapping: Continuous update during collection
88
EDX Multi Element Mapping -
Quantitative MappingQuantitative X-ray mapping: true element distribution in samples with overlapping peaks
PbM = 2.35 KeVS K = 2.31 KeV
89
EDX Multi Element Mapping - Line Scan(EDAX advanced class )
Line scan in combination with Quant map also collection of quantitative line scans
90
EDX Particle/Phase Analysis(EDAX advanced class)
Automated area distribution and X-ray classification
Rapid, automated detection and characterisation of particles
Chemical and morphological data
Automated multifield run
Classification in user defined classes
Microanalysis with Sirion
92
Collimator with magnets
SUTW or UTW Windowwith magnets to deflect BSE
If BSE reach the detector they will producebackground anomalies --a hump in thebackground at high energies.
W and ESEM-FEG instruments only
93
EDS Operation of the Sirion
• Semi-inlens system, using strong external magnetic field
• Electron-trapless EDX detector collimator to give optimised X-ray collection (no magnets)
• Backscatter electrons “trapped” by semi-immersed lens field
• HR mode: BSEs will enter the detector
EDX detector is “blinded”No X-ray
microanalysis possible X-rays only below 5 kV (hardly any BSEs)
94
EDS Operation of the Sirion(cont.)
• UHR mode :• Strong magnetic field to trap BSEs• Skirt effect caused by reflecting BSEs• X-ray microanalysis possible (skirt effect)
Minimum magnification 1100x At 5 kV
• EDX mode :Dedicated EDX-mode to trap BSEs in the field
No skirt effect• Minimum magn. 130x (easy navigation)• Full range of kV at 5 mm WD Best EDX results
95
EDS Operation of the Sirion - Summary
• Three modes of operation• HR mode• UHR mode• EDX mode
• EDX only possible under UHR and EDX mode• Best results with EDX mode• SS-BSD can limit the “field of view” for EDX • optimum EDX WD around 5.5 mm
96
End of Quantrain 7.1 Options EDS
Confidential
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