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Confined Space Entry A Training Program for Entrants and Attendants. COURSE OBJECTIVES. Establish Confined Space’s Role in Today’s Industry. Discuss OSHA’S requirements for Confined Spaces. Discuss Principle Hazards involved with CS Entry. Discuss Basic Skills in Hazard Recognition & Control. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Confined Space Entry
Establish Confined Space’s Role in Today’s Industry.
Discuss OSHA’S requirements for Confined Spaces.
Discuss Principle Hazards involved with CS Entry.
Discuss Basic Skills in Hazard Recognition & Control.
Discuss Confined Space Assessment Techniques.
Discuss Confined Space Fall Protection Systems.
Discuss Hazards Associated with Fall Protection.
Discuss Rescue and Retrieval Requirements.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
Confined Space Entry
BASIS FOR THIS COURSE 1.6 Million Workers Enter Confined Spaces Annually.
The Standard is Expected to Reduce Accidents by 85%.
Untrained Rescuers Account for 60% of Annual Deaths.
Most workers who survive lose time from their job.
This training helps improve:
Safety Morale Productivity Employee well-being
Confined Space Entry
The LawRegulatory Overview of 49 CFR
1910.146, “Permit Required Confined Space Standard”
Confined Space Entry
49 CFR 1910.146 Contains requirements for practices and
procedures to protect employees in general industry from the hazards of entry into permit required confined spaces (PRCS).
Does not apply to agriculture, construction, or shipyard employment.
Confined Space Entry
Confined Space Is large enough and so configured that an
employee can bodily enter and perform assigned work; and
Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit; and
Is not designed for continuous employee occupancy.
Confined Space Entry
Is the space large enough and so configured that an employee can bodily enter and perform assigned work?
Does the space have limited or
restricted means for entry or exit?
Is the space designed for continuous
employee occupancy?
Space is “Confined”
Begin classification process
Space is not “Confined”
Regulation does not apply
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Confined Space Entry
Permit Required Confined Space
Contains or has a potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere;
Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant;
Has an internal configuration such that an entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or by a floor which sloped and tapers to a smaller cross-section; or
Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard.
Confined Space Entry
Hazardous Atmosphere
An atmosphere that may expose employees to the risk of death, incapacitation, impairment of ability to self-rescue, injury or acute illness from one or more of the following causes:
Confined Space Entry
Hazardous Atmosphere, cont.
Flammable gas, vapor, or mist in excess of 10% of its lower flammable limit (LFL);
Airborne combustible dust at a concentration that meets or exceeds its LFL;
Oxygen concentration below 19.5% or above 23.5%;
Confined Space Entry
Hazardous Atmosphere, cont.
Concentration of any substance published in Subpart G, Occupational Health and Environmental Control, or Subpart Z, Toxic and Hazardous Substances, in excess of its dose or PEL;
Any other atmospheric condition that is IDLH.
Confined Space Entry
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)
Poses an immediate or delayed threat to life; or
Would cause irreversible adverse health effects; or
Would interfere within individual’s ability to escape unaided from a permit space.
Confined Space Entry
Engulfment
The surrounding and effective capture of a person by a liquid or finely divided (flowable) solid substance that can be aspirated to cause death by filling or plugging the respiratory system, or that can exert enough force on the body to cause death by strangulation, constriction, or crushing.
Confined Space Entry
Entry The action by which a person passes through
an opening into a permit-required confined space, and includes ensuing work activities in that space
Considered to have occurred as soon as any part of the entrant’s body breaks the plane of an opening into the space.
Confined Space Entry
Entry Permit
The written or printed document provided by the employer to allow and control entry into a permit space.
Confined Space Entry
Prohibited Condition
Any condition in a permit space that is not allowed by the permit during the period when entry is authorized.
Confined Space Entry
Non-Permit Confined Space
A confined space that does not contain or, with respect to atmospheric hazards, have the potential to contain any hazard capable of causing death or serious physical harm.
Confined Space Entry
General Requirements
Employer decides if workplace contains a PRCS.
If workplace contains permit spaces, employer must inform employees of their existence and location and that they are dangerous
Confined Space Entry
General Requirements If employer decides employees will not enter
permit spaces employer must positively ensure they do not.
If employer decides employees will enter permit spaces, employer shall develop and implement a written entry program.
Confined Space Entry
General Requirements Employer may use alternate entry procedures
provided certain conditions and requirements are met.
When there are changes in use or configuration of a non-permit confined space that might increase the hazards to entrants, employer shall, if necessary, reclassify as a permit space.
Confined Space Entry
General Requirements
A permit space may be reclassified as a non-permit space:» If there are no actual or potential atmospheric
hazards and if all hazards within the permit space are eliminated without entry.
» If entry is required to eliminate hazards, it shall be according to regulations.
Confined Space Entry
» If hazards arise in reclassified permit space, employees shall exit.
» Employer shall certify in writing that all hazards in permit space have been eliminated and make this document available to each entrant.
Continued
Confined Space Entry
General Requirements
When a host employer arranges for contractor to perform permit space entry work, host employer shall:» Inform contractor of permit space entry program;» Apprise contractor of hazards, precautions and
procedures implemented for protection;» Coordinate entry operations with contractor
Confined Space Entry
General Requirements
Contractors shall inform the host employer of the permit program to be followed and coordinate multiple entry operations.
Confined Space Entry
Alternate Entry Procedures
If alternate entry procedures are used:No formal written program
No permit system or permits
No attendant or supervisor
No rescue provisions
Training is required
Confined Space Entry
Alternate Entry Procedures Conditions
Employer demonstrates that the only hazard posed by PRCS is actual or potential hazardous atmosphere.
Employer demonstrates that continuous forced air ventilation alone is sufficient to maintain safe permit space.
Employer develops monitoring and inspection data that supports the above demonstrations.
Confined Space Entry
Alternate Entry Procedures Requirements
Any conditions making it unsafe to remove an entrance cover shall be eliminated before removing cover.
When entrance covers are removed, opening shall be promptly and effectively guarded.
Confined Space Entry
Alternate Entry Procedures Requirements Before entry, internal atmosphere shall be
tested with a calibrated direct-reading instrument, for the following:» Oxygen content» Flammable gases and vapors» Potential toxic air contaminants
Confined Space Entry
Alternate Entry Procedures Requirements
There may be no hazardous atmosphere within the space whenever any employee is inside the space.
Continuous forced air ventilation shall be used as follows:
Confined Space Entry
continued
» Entry is not permitted until hazardous atmosphere is eliminated;
» Ventilation shall be directed to immediate areas where employees are or will be present and continue until all employees have left the space;
» Air supply shall be from a clean source and may not increase the hazards in the space.
Confined Space Entry
Alternate Entry Procedures Requirements
Atmosphere within the space shall be periodically tested as necessary.
If a hazardous atmosphere is detected during entry:» Each employee shall leave the space immediately;» The space shall be evaluated to determine cause; and» Measures are taken to protect employees before
subsequent entries.
Confined Space Entry
Alternate Entry Procedures Requirements
Employer shall certify in writing that space is safe for entry and that all of the above requirements have been met.
Certification to be available to each employee before entry.
Confined Space Entry
Permit Program
Prevent unauthorized entry. Identify and evaluate hazards before entry. Establish safe practices, such as isolation,
purging inerting, ventilation, barricades, lockout/tagout, etc.
Confined Space Entry
Permit Program Provide and maintain equipment necessary
for safe entry, including testing and monitoring, ventilation, communications, personal protection, lighting, barriers, ingress and egress, and rescue.
Test permit space and document results.
Confined Space Entry
Permit Program
Maintain acceptable conditions in permit space.
Provide at least one attendant outside space. Identify duties of each employee and provide
training.
Confined Space Entry
Permit Program
Implement proper procedures for rescue. Establish written system for preparation,
issuance use and cancellation of permits. Coordinated entry operations during multiple
employer entries. Review entire entry program at least annually.
Cont.
Confined Space Entry
Permit System The employer, through the permit system,
shall:» Complete and document all steps necessary for
entry;» Require initials or signature of person(s)
completing the steps;» Post permit at entry portal;» Ensure permit is signed by entry supervisor.
Confined Space Entry
Permit System Duration of permit may not exceed time
required to complete assigned task. Permit must be cancelled if a prohibited
condition arises, or the work has been completed.
Each cancelled entry permit must be retained for one year to facilitate program review.
Confined Space Entry
Entry Permit Identifies:
» Permit space(s) to be entered» Purpose of entry» Date and authorized duration for permit» Authorized entrant(s)» Attendant(s)» Entry supervisor by printed name and signature
Confined Space Entry
Entry Permit
» Hazardous of the permit space» Measures required to control hazards of the space» Acceptable entry conditions» Test results with signature or initials of tester(s)» Rescue services, and the means to summon them
Confined Space Entry
Entry Permit
» Communication procedures and equipment» All special equipment and procedures, including
PPE and rescue equipment» Any other information need to ensure safe entry» Any additional permits needed (such as hot work)
Confined Space Entry
Employee Training
Employer shall provide and certify completion of training so that all affected employees acquire the understanding, knowledge, and skill necessary for the safe performance of assigned duties:
Confined Space Entry
Employee Training Before employee is assigned duties under the
regulation; Before there is a change in assigned duties; Whenever employer has reason to believe
either that there are deviations from permit space entry procedures or inadequacies in the employee’s knowledge or use of these procedures.
Cont.
Confined Space Entry
Duties of Authorized Entrants
Employer shall ensure that all authorized entrants:» Know the hazards that may be faced during entry
(mode, signs, symptoms, and consequences of exposure);
» Properly use all required equipment;» Communicate with attendant as necessary to
enable attendant to monitor status and alert entrants of need to evacuate.
Confined Space Entry
Duties of Authorized Entrants
» Alert attendant whenever any warning sign or symptom of exposure to a dangerous situation or a prohibited condition is detected.
» Exit from permit space as quickly as possible whenever:
– Order to evacuate is given by attendant or entry supervisor;
Confined Space Entry
Call Robert 208-371-7757 Great Western Painting
– Entrant recognizes any warning sign or symptom of exposure to a dangerous situation;
– Entrant detects a prohibited condition; or
– Evacuation alarm is activated.
Confined Space Entry
Duties of Attendants
Employer shall ensure that each attendant:» Knows that hazards that may be faced during
entry;» Know the possible behavioral effects of hazards;» Continuously maintain accurate count of entrants;
Confined Space Entry
Duties of Attendants
» Remains outside permit space during entry operations until relieved by another attendant;
» Communicates with entrants as necessary to monitor status and alert of need to evacuate space;
» Monitors activities inside and outside space to determine if safe for entrants to remain in space and orders evacuation when necessary
Confined Space Entry
Duties of Attendants» Takes the following actions when unauthorized
persons approach or enter a permit space while entry is underway:
– Warns them to stay away;
– Advised them to exit immediately if they have entered; and
– Informs authorized entrants and entry supervisor if unauthorized persons enter space.
Confined Space Entry
Duties of Attendants
» Summons rescue and emergency services when emergency exit from permit space is necessary;
» Performs non-entry rescues per employer’s procedure; and
» Performs no duties that might interfere with their primary duty to monitor and protect authorized entrants.
Confined Space Entry
Duties of Entry Supervisors
Employer shall ensure that each supervisor:» Knows the hazards that may be faced during entry;» Verifies that acceptable conditions for entry exist;» Terminates entry when operations are completed
or a prohibited condition arises;
Confined Space Entry
Duties of Entry Supervisors
» Verifies that rescue services are available;» Removes unauthorized persons who enter or
attempt to enter permit space during operations;» Determines, whenever possible and at appropriate
intervals, that acceptable entry conditions are maintained.
Confined Space Entry
Rescue Services If an on-site team is selected:
» Must be properly trained in entry procedures, rescue procedures and PPE requirements;
» Permit space rescues must be practiced at least annually from similarly configured spaces;
» Must be trained in basic first-aid and CPR, and have at least one member currently certified.
Confined Space EntryCONFINED SPACE RESCUE
THE RESCUE TEAM:
Must meet basic requirements:
- Good endurance - Possess enthusiasm - Must be a capable leader - Must have a positive attitude - Good physical fitness and health - Must be capable of following orders - Must have same training as entrants - Must regularly participate in practical exercises
Confined Space Entry
SAFELINE
SAFELINE
HORIZONTAL RESCUES VERTICAL RESCUES
CONFINED SPACE RESCUEContinued
RESCUE TYPES:
Horizontal Vertical
Confined Space Entry
SAFELINE
SAFELINE
ENTRY RESCUES NON-ENTRY RESCUES
CONFINED SPACE RESCUEContinued
RESCUE SYSTEMS:
Non-entry Rescue Entry Rescue
Confined Space Entry
CONFINED SPACE RESCUEContinued
NON-ENTRY RESCUE:
Safest for rescuer. Requires extensive entrant training. Tripod (or equivalent most common). NFPA approved rope may be used (15:1 tensile strength).
ENTRY RESCUE:
Used when obstacles prevent non-entry rescue. Requires extensive rescue team training. Various entry methods can be used.
Confined Space Entry
CONFINED SPACE RESCUEContinued
VICTIM CARE (No apparent injuries):
Assess physical condition. Look for signs of shock. Keep head stable and airways open. Don’t Injure the victim during extrication. Wristlets may be used if no trauma is created.
Confined Space Entry
CONFINED SPACE RESCUEContinued
VICTIM CARE (Injuries):
Assess physical condition. Look for signs of shock. Keep head stable and airways open. Immobilize the spine. Plastic Skeds are very useful. Never move or care for an injured victim unless you have been trained to administer first aid. If the situation is “life or death” use your best judgment.
Confined Space Entry
Rescue Services If an off-site team is selected:
» Inform rescue services of hazards they may confront;
» Provide rescue service with access to all permit spaces so they can develop appropriate rescue plans and practice rescue operations.
Confined Space Entry
Rescue Services
Host employer is required to ensure that arranged-for rescue services can effectively respond in a timely manner to a rescue summons and Evaluate their efficiency.
Confined Space Entry
Rescue Services
If injured entrant is exposed to a substance with a required MSDS or similar document, it shall be made available to medical facility treating entrant.
Confined Space Entry
Non-Entry Rescue
Retrieval systems or method shall be used whenever entry is made, unless the retrieval equipment could increase overall risk of entry or would not be of value.
Confined Space Entry
Non-Entry Rescue
Each entrant shall use a chest or full body harness, with retrieval line attached at the center of their back near shoulder level, or above their head.
Confined Space Entry
Non-Entry Rescue Wristlets may be used in lieu of the chest or
full body harness is employer can show use of chest or body harness is infeasible or creates a greater hazard and that use of wristlets is safest and most effective alternative.
Confined Space Entry
Non-Entry Rescue
Other end of retrieval line shall be attached to a mechanical device or fixed point outside permit space for immediate use.
Mechanical devices shall be used to retrieve personnel from vertical type permit spaces more than 5 feet deep.
Confined Space Entry
Permit Required Confined Spaces
Movie: “Death Trap - Permit Required Confined Spaces”
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING OSHA’S RECOMMENDATIONS
Remember: Follow your permit instructions Instruments should be adequately sensitive Instruments should be calibrated and documented Users should be technically qualified Testing must be done prior to each entry
ASPHYXIATION IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH INCONFINED SPACES
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
INSTRUMENT FUNCTION TESTS: Do not replace calibration Blow into 02 sensors to test 02 deficiency A solvent marker will test for combustibles Using a butane lighter is not recommended Function tests must be done prior to each entry
ASPHYXIATION IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH INCONFINED SPACES
Continued
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC TESTINGContinued
PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMITS (PEL’s) FOUND IN 29 CFR 1910.1000 (THE “Z” TABLES) ESTABLISHES OSHA’s EXPOSURE LEVELS LEGALLY ENFORCEABLE
PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT (OSHA):
RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LIMITS (NIOSH):
RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LIMITS (REL’s) USED TO DEVELOP NEW OSHA STANDARDS FOUND IN: “NIOSH RECOMMENDATIONS FOR OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH STANDARDS”
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
OXYGEN CONTENT (% BY VOLUME) EFFECTS AND SYMPTOMS
19.5% Minimum permissible oxygen level.15-19.5% Decreased ability to work strenuously. May impair coordination.12-14.9% Respiration increases, judgment affected10-11.9% Lips begin to turn blue. 8-9.9% Mental failure, nausea and vomiting. 6-7.9% 8 Minutes, 100% fatal 6 Minutes, 50% fatal 4 Minutes, recovery with treatment 4-5.9% Coma in 40 seconds then death
APPROXIMATE VALUES
Continued
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC TESTINGContinued
IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE & HEALTH
An IDLH level represents a maximum concentration from which one could escape within 30 minutes without experiencing any irreversible adverse health effects.
In practice, when the concentration of a toxic substance in a given area is known, IDLH levels may be used for determining whether self-contained breathing apparatus is needed when entering the area. If the concentration exceeds the IDLH level, positive- demand, self-contained breathing apparatus should be used.
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
ASPHYXIATION IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH IN CONFINED SPACES
HAZARD LIMIT
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) (PPM) 35 PPMHYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S) (PPM) 10 PPMOXYGEN (O2) 19.5% - 23.5%LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT (LEL) 10% >
Continued
Confined Space Entry
PPM PPM
OXYGEN LEL/CH4
35 10<19.5 - 23.5> 10%
BATT
EINDUSTRIALSCIENTIFIC TMX412
ATMOSPHERIC TESTINGContinued
TMX412 MULTI-GAS MONITOR
HAZARDS DETECTED
OXYGEN (O2) CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S)LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT (LEL)
TYPICAL GAS MONITOR
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC TESTINGContinued
UPPER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (UFL)
The “richer” point at which a mixture of flammable vapor and air will no longer support combustion
LOWER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (LFL)
The “leaner” point at which a mixture of flammable vapor and air will no longer support combustion
COMBINED, THE ABOVE EQUAL THE FLAMMABLE RANGE
Confined Space Entry
0%
2.5%
13%
50%
75%
100%
FLAMMABLE RANGE OF ACETONE 2.5 - 13%
PERCENTAGE OF ATMOSPHERE
ATMOSPHERIC TESTINGContinued
ACETONE
FLAMMABLE LIMITS
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC TESTINGContinued
TOXICS
CARBON MONOXIDE: - TLV 35 PPM (ACGIH) - PEL 50 PPM (OSHA) - IDLH 1200 PPM
HYDROGEN SULFIDE: - TLV 10 PPM (ACGIH) - PEL 10 PPM (OSHA) - IDLH 100 PPM
Confined Space Entry
PPM PPM
OXYGEN LEL/CH4
35 10<19.5 - 23.5> 10%
BATT
EINDUSTRIALSCIENTIFIC TMX412
ATMOSPHERIC TESTINGContinued
CONSIDERATIONS
- BATTERY CHECK - CALIBRATION- OXIDIZERS- ACIDS- DATA INTERPRETATION
Confined Space Entry
PPM PPM
OXYGEN LEL/CH4
35 10<19.5 - 23.5> 10%
BATT
EINDUSTRIALSCIENTIFIC TMX412
ATMOSPHERIC TESTINGContinued
ACCESSORIES
- BATTERY - PUMP- SAMPLING TUBE- SAMPLING TUBE FILTER
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
TESTING SEQUENCE
1. OXYGEN 2. FLAMMABILITY 3. TOXICITY
Continued
PPM PPM
OXYGEN LEL/CH4
35 10<19.5 - 23.5> 10%
BATT
EINDUSTRIALSCIENTIFIC TMX412
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
WHY A TESTING SEQUENCE?
1. OXYGEN - Most combustible gas meters are 02 dependent and must have 02 present to provide reliable data.
2. FLAMMABILITY - The threat of fire or explosion is both more immediate and more life threatening in most cases than toxic vapors.
3. TOXICITY - If tests for toxic vapors are necessary they are performed last.
Continued
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC TESTINGContinued
SAMPLING STRATEGIES:
Evaluation Testing - Evaluation of hazards present in the permit space. Verification Testing - Verification that acceptable entry conditions for entry into that space exist.
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC TESTINGContinued
SAMPLING STRATEGIES:
Duration of Testing - Measurement of values for each atmospheric parameter should be made for at least the minimum response time of the instrument specified by the manufacturer.
Confined Space Entry
Vapor Density
Air = 1 <1 = Lighter than Air >1 = Heavier than Air
AIR=1
<1
>1
ATMOSPHERIC TESTINGContinued
STRATIFIED ATMOSPHERES:
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC TESTINGContinued
Sample every 3 to 4 ft Don’t trust your senses Don’t get rushed Know the meter response time Keep the sampling tube out of the product Periodically retest Raise tube only as fast as the meter response time
TOP
MIDDLE
BOTTOM
STRATIFIED ATMOSPHERES:
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC TESTINGContinued
Retest after you enter Retest in your breathing zone Try and find the bad air! Don’t degrade your own air! Think! Think! Think!
PERIODIC RETESTING:
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC TESTINGContinued
Know your emergency response procedures! Immediately notify entrants of unsafe conditions! If there is any doubt - EVACUATE THE SPACE! Know the time it takes to evacuate! Don’t try to remedy before ordering evacuation! EVACUATE THEN CONTROL THE HAZARD!
UNACCEPTABLE TEST RESULTS:
Confined Space Entry
ATMOSPHERIC TESTINGContinued
CONSULT THE OWNERS MANUAL FOR SPECIFICS
REGARDING THE INSTRUMENT YOU ARE USINGDO NOT ASSUME ANYTHING!
Confined Space Entry
Ventilation
Control Atmospheric Contaminants Prevent Fire and Explosion Hazards Control Heat and Humidity
Confined Space Entry
Natural Ventilation Employs wind and thermal convection to dilute
atmospheric hazards Dependant on configuration of confined space
and predictability of wind currents Unreliable as a primary control method When natural ventilation is insufficient,
mechanical ventilation is necessary
Confined Space Entry
Mechanical Ventilation
General Ventilation Local Exhaust Ventilation Method is dependant on the type and
origin of the hazard
Confined Space Entry
General Ventilation Utilizes mechanical means to supply
uncontaminated air to a permit space Places the permit space in a positive pressure
atmospheric condition Seldom effective in controlling fume and dust
generating processes
Confined Space Entry
GENERAL VENTILATION:
Exhaust Ventilation:
CONFINED SPACE VENTILATIONContinued
AIR FLOW
SPACEOUTSIDE
Confined Space Entry
GENERAL VENTILATION:
Supply Ventilation:
CONFINED SPACE VENTILATIONContinued
AIR FLOW
SPACEOUTSIDE
Confined Space Entry
Localized Exhaust Ventilation
Captures contaminants at their point of generation Contaminated air is discharged outside the
confined space Effective for welding, cutting, burning and brazing
operations Should maintain an exhaust airflow velocity of at
least 100 linear feet per minute in the capture zone
Confined Space Entry
Efficient Ventilation
Depends on many factors:» fan or blower capacity» configuration and size of space» number and size of openings» airborne contaminant, its properties, and point of
generation» position of blower and length of ductwork
Confined Space Entry
Cleaning and Purging
Residues of hazardous chemicals must be cleaned
Pre-entry cleaning and purging are necessary to decrease chance of atmospheric hazards
Confined Space Entry
Cleaning and Purging
Ensure that material feed lines are completely and effectively isolated
Drain or pump out contents - remove as much as possible
Test for hazardous atmosphere If atmospheric hazards are present, the space
must be purged and ventilated
Confined Space Entry
Cleaning and Purging
The purging agent used will depend on the following:» The product in the space and any possible reaction
with the purging agent» The work to be performed in the space» The suspected hazards
Confined Space Entry
Cleaning and Purging
It may be necessary to purge with inerting gas, i.e.. CO2, N, Ar, etc.
May be possible to utilize natural ventilation Water may be used to remove flammable and
toxic residues Beware of of using steam on flammables with
low vapor pressure
Confined Space Entry
Cleaning and Purging When solvents are needed, make sure they are
compatible After cleaning and purging, test the atmosphere If hazardous atmosphere exists, clean and purge again Continue to ventilate and frequently test the atmosphere Attempt to clean as much as possible from the outside
Confined Space Entry
Lockout/Tagout Program
OSHA requires lockout/tagout program Identify and implement specific procedures in
writing Use locks where equipment can be locked out Ensure new equipment can accommodate
locks
Confined Space Entry
Lockout/Tagout Program
Institute procedures for release of lockout/tagout
Obtain standardized locks and tags Require that lockout/tagout device is removed
by employee that applied it Train employees in specific energy control
procedures
Confined Space Entry
Lockout/Tagout Energy within confined space poses significant
hazards Equipment must be deenergized and locked
out/ tagged out OSHA requires energy sources to be locked out If energy source cannot be locked out, it must
be tagged out
Confined Space Entry
Lockout/Tagout
OSHA differentiates between employees who are authorized to perform lockout/tagout» Affected employees» Authorized employees
Confined Space Entry
Lockout/Tagout Procedures
Step One - Preparation for Shutdown» Assure that affected employees are informed» Identify all isolation points» Determine if stored energy is present» Select appropriate PPE» Determine what tools and equipment is needed» Obtain locks and hardware
Confined Space Entry
Lockout/Tagout Procedures
Step Two - Equipment Shutdown» Initial stopping of the flow of energy» May be simple or complex
Confined Space Entry
Lockout/Tagout Procedures
Step Three - Equipment Isolation» Once equipment has been shut down, it must be
isolated» Can be achieved by opening a disconnect switch,
breaking a line, etc.
Confined Space Entry
Lockout/Tagout Procedures
Step Four - Apply Control» Attach locks and or tags to energy isolation
devices
Confined Space Entry
Lockout/Tagout Procedures
Step Five - Dissipate Stored Energy» Kinetic» Electrical» Potential
Confined Space Entry
Lockout/Tagout Procedures
Step Six - Verify Effectiveness» Before work begins, test operating controls
Confined Space Entry
Isolation
Prior to allowing personnel to enter space sources of energy present must be evaluated
The space must be isolated by disconnecting, releasing, or restraining all energy sources
Confined Space Entry
Isolation Procedures
Blanking and blinding Double-block and bleed Line breaking or misalignment
Confined Space Entry
Blanking and Blinding Absolute closure of a pipe Fastening of a solid plate that covers bore
hole Plate should be made of same materials as
the line Must be able to withstand maximum pressure
exerted by the line
Confined Space Entry
Blanking and Blinding
Involves installing a blank between flanges with leak-proof gasket
Should be marked to identify purpose
Confined Space Entry
Double Block and Bleed
Three point system to prevent leakage into the confined space
Two closed valves and an open drain or vent valve located between
Lockout or tagout of valves adds additional protection
Confined Space Entry
Line Breaking
Intentional and physical disconnection of a pipe, line, or duct
Added protection id obtained by misaligning or removing a section
Any disconnected line should be monitored for hazardous atmosphere to determine if leaking
Confined Space Entry
Control of Combustible or Explosive Dust
Interior surfaces must be kept clean as possible
Sources of ignition must be removed from the space
Static electricity must be prevented Ventilation is necessary
Confined Space Entry
Personal Protective Equipment
Permit Spaces pose many types of hazards to entrants
Various types of equipment may be necessary to protect entrants
Proper planning and evaluation is necessary
Confined Space Entry
Head Protection
Head injuries are caused by falling or flying objects, or bumping the head against fixed objects
Head protection must do two things:» Resist penetration» Absorb the shock of a blow
Confined Space Entry
Head Protection
Three classes of head protection» Class A - general service, limited voltage
protection» Class B - utility service, high voltage protection» Class C - special service, no voltage protection
Confined Space Entry
Eye and Face Protection
Eye and face protection must be suitable for work to be performed
Protection must meet the following minimum requirements:» Provide adequate protection for particular hazards
they are designed for
Confined Space Entry
Eye and Face Protection
» Be reasonably comfortable» Fit snugly without interfering with movement or
vision» Be durable» Be capable of being disinfected» Be easily cleaned» Be clean and in good repair
Confined Space Entry
Eye and Face Protection
If employees are at risk of contact with corrosive chemicals, an eyewash with at least fifteen minutes flushing capacity is required
Must be in accordance with ANSI Z87.1-1989
Confined Space Entry
Hearing Protection
Exposure to high noise levels can cause hearing loss
Can also create physical and psychological stress
Extent of damage depends on intensity and duration
Confined Space Entry
Hearing Protection Short term exposure can cause temporary
loss Gradual and prolonged exposure can cause
permanent loss There is no cure for permanent noise induced
hearing loss Prevention is the key
Confined Space Entry
Hearing Protection Employees exposed to levels exceeding 85
decibels OSHA requires them to be included in hearing
conservation program Employees must be trained in correct use,
maintenance, and limitations of protection used.
Confined Space Entry
Torso Protection
Many chemical and physical hazards Pre-entry evaluation must include
determination of proper protective clothing Includes: clothing for particulate and chemical
protection, chemical splash suits, insulated workwear, flame resistant clothing, etc.
Confined Space Entry
Arm and Hand Protection
Wide variety of hazards to the arms and hands of employees
Gloves, hand pads, sleeves and wristlets should be considered
Confined Space Entry
Foot and Leg Protection
Protection for feet and legs from falling or rolling objects, sharp objects, molten metal, hot surfaces, wet and slippery surfaces is required.
Confined Space Entry
Respiratory Protection
OSHA standards require employers to establish respiratory protection program when respirators are necessary
OSHA 29 CFR 1910.134
Confined Space Entry
Respiratory Protection
Respiratory protection devices fall into three classes:» Air-purifying» Atmosphere or air supplying» Combination air-purifying and air-supplying
Confined Space Entry
Air-Purifying Devices
Clean contaminated atmosphere Chemicals can remove gases and vapors Filters can remove particulate matter Devices are limited
Confined Space Entry
Air-Purifying Devices
Contaminant level must be within specified concentration limitations of the device
Do not protect from oxygen deficient atmospheres
Confined Space Entry
Air-Purifying Devices Various types include:
» Mechanical-filter respirators» Chemical-cartridge respirators» Combination respirators» Gas masks» Powered air-purifying respirators
Confined Space Entry
Air-Supplying Devices
Provide respirable atmosphere to wearer Air supply is independent of ambient air Fall into three groups:
» Supplied-air respirators (SAR)» Self contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)» Combination SCBA and SAR
Confined Space Entry
Supplied-Air Respirators
Deliver breathing air through a supply hose Air supply must be free of contaminants and
from clean source Three classes of airline respirators
» Continuous flow» Demand flow» Pressure-demand flow
Confined Space Entry
SCBA Wearer is completely independent of the
surrounding atmosphere Provides complete respiratory protection
against toxic gases and oxygen deficiency Two basic types:
» Closed-circuit» Open-circuit
Confined Space Entry
Combination SCBA and SAR
Airline respirators with auxiliary self contained air supply
Provides back-up supply in the event the main supply fails
Confined Space Entry
Combination Air-Purifying and Air-Supplying Devices
Provides protection in the event the air supply fails
Recommended for asbestos work
Confined Space Entry
Precautionary Equipment
Once an entrance cover is removed, it must be protected
Railings, temporary covers, fences, or barriers Protect employees from falling into confined
space
Confined Space Entry
Communication Systems
Attendants must monitor the activities of authorized entrants
Reliable method must be in place
Confined Space Entry
Communication Systems
Types of communications include:» Battery operated voice activated» Continuous electronic monitoring equipment» Hand operated communications» Continuous voice contact» Visual observation
Confined Space Entry
Retrieval Equipment
The standard requires employers to provide, maintain and ensure the use of protective equipment
Confined Space Entry
Retrieval Equipment
Proper retrieval equipment generally includes:» Chest or full-body harness» Life-line» Mechanical winches» Tripods» Wristlets
Confined Space Entry
Retrieval Equipment The appropriate retrieval equipment will depend
on the following considerations:» Size and configuration of the space» The size and location of the opening» Any obstacles within the space» Whether or not rescue would be horizontal or
verticle» The potential hazards within the space
Confined Space Entry
Heat Stress Confined space operations may present potential
heat stress problems Factors that contribute include:
» high temperatures
» radiant heat sources
» high humidity
» direct physical contact with hot objects
» strenuous physical activity
Confined Space Entry
Heat Stress Personal characteristics that predispose an
individual to heat stress» Age» Weight» Degree of physical fitness» Metabolism» Use of alcohol and drugs» Various existing medical conditions
Confined Space Entry
Heat Stress Most heat related problems can be prevented The following basic precautions can reduce heat
stress problems:» Acclimatization
» Engineering controls
» Work practices
» Work and rest
» Employee education
Confined Space Entry
Hot Work Hot work includes operations which provide a
source of ignition:» Welding and cutting» Burning» Riveting» Grinding and spark/arc producing tools» Static discharges» non-explosion proof lighting
Confined Space Entry
Hot Work These operations pose unique hazards within
confined spaces:» Fire and explosion hazards in the presence of
flammables» The generation of toxic atmospheres» The generation of physical hazards, such as noise,
vibration, heat stress, etc.
Confined Space Entry
Hot Work
A combination of engineering controls, work practice controls and personal protective equipment are required to reduce the hazards associated with hot work
Confined Space Entry
Hot Work
The control of hot work hazards must be coordinated by using a hot work program which includes:» A written hot work permit» Evaluation of the existing hazards» Evaluation of potential hazards created from hot
work operations
Confined Space Entry
Hot Work General precautions to keep in mind include:
» Use of localized exhaust ventilation» Selection of appropriate tools» Use of necessary protective equipment» Surface coating and residues must be evaluated to
avoid creating hazards
Recommended