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C O N T E M P O R A R YL I N G U I S T I C A N A L Y S I S
AN I N T R O D U C T I O N
S I X T H E D I T I O N
Edited by
William O'GradyUniversity of Hawaii
and
John ArchibaldUniversity of Calgary
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PEARSON
Longman
Toronto
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Preface xAbout this book xiiiList of technical abbreviations xiv
One 1
Language: a preview 1
William O'Grady1.1 Specialization for language 11.2 A creative system 31.3 Grammar and linguistic competence 5
Summing up 12Notes 12Recommended reading 12Exercises 12
Two 15
Phonetics: the sounds of language
Michael Dobrovolsky2.1 Phonetic transcription 162.2 The sound-producing system 182.3 Sound classes 212.4 Consonant articulation 232.5 Manners of articulation 252.6 Vowels 342.7 Phonetic transcription of Canadian
English consonants and vowels 382.8 Suprasegmentals 402.9 Speech production 46
2.10 Other Vowels and Consonants 51Summing up 52Notes 52Recommended reading 52Exercises 53
Three 56
Phonology: the function andpatterning of soundsEwa Czaykowska-HigginsMichael Dobrovolsky
3.1 Segments in contrast 573.2 Phonetically conditioned variation:
phonemes and allophones 613.3 Phonetic and phonemic
transcription 703.4 Above the segment: syllables 733.5 Features 823.6 Derivations and rules 93
Summing up 99Notes 99Recommended reading 100Appendix: hints for solving
phonology problems 100Exercises 102
Four 109
Morphology: the analysis ofword structureWilliam O'GradyVidea de Guzman
4.1 Words and wordstructure 110
4.2 Derivation 1164.3 Compounding 1214.4 Inflection 1244.5 Other morphological
phenomena 1284.6 Morphophonemics 136
Summing up 137Notes 137Recommended reading 137Appendix: how to identify
morphemes in unfamiliarlanguages 137
Exercises 139
Five 146
Syntax: the analysis of sentencestructure 146William O'Grady
vil
vili Contents
5.1 Categories and structure 1475.2 Complement options 1585.3 Move 1625.4 Universal grammar and parametric
variation 1725.5 Some additional structures 176
Summing up 181Notes 181Recommended reading 181Appendix: how to build tree
structures 181Exercises 186
Six 190
Semantics: the analysis ofmeaningWilliam O'Grady
6.1 The nature of meaning" 1906.2 The conceptual system 1996.3 Syntax and sentence
interpretation 2076.4 Other factors in sentence
interpretation 218Summing up 223Recommended reading 223Exercises 224
Seven 229
Historical linguistics:the study of language changeRobert W. Murray
7.1 The nature of languagechange 229
7.2 Sound change 2337.3 Morphological change 2467.4 Syntactic change 2517.5 Lexical and semantic change 2547.6 The spread of change 2637.7 Language reconstruction 2667.8 Language change and
naturalness 278Summing up 279Notes 279Recommended reading 280Exercises 281
Eight 287The classification of languages
Aleksandra Steinbergs
8.1 Some preliminaries 2878.2 Typological classification 2918.3 Genetic classification 308
Summing up 315Recommended reading 315Exercises 315
Nine 318
Aboriginal languages of CanadaEung-Do CookDarin Flynn
9.1 Ethnolinguistic overview 3189.2 Structural features 327
Summing up 333Recommended reading 333
Ten 334
First language acquisitionWilliam O'GradySook Whan Cho
10.1 The study of language acquisition 33410.2 Phonological development 33810.3 Vocabulary development 34310.4 Morphological development 34910.5 Syntactic development 35310.6 What makes language acquisition
possible? 360Summing up 367Recommended reading 367Exercises 368
Eleven 371
Second language acquisition
John Archibald11.1 The study of second language
acquisition 37211.2 Interlanguage grammars 37711.3 Factors affecting SLA 39211.4 The L2 classroom 396
Summing up 402Notes 402
Contents ix
Recommended reading 403Exercises 403
Twelve 406Psycholinguistics: the studyof language processingGary Libben
12.1 Methods of psycholinguisticresearch 406
12.2 Language processing andlinguistics 416
12.3 Putting it all together:psycholinguistic modelling 425
Summing up 430Recommended reading 431Exercises 431
Thirteen 433
437
Brain and languageGary Libben
13.1 The human brain 43313.2 Investigating the brain13.3 Aphasia 44213.4 Acquired dyslexia and
dysgraphia 44613.5 Linguistic theory and aphasia
Summing up 453Notes 453Recommended reading 453Exercises 454
Fourteen 455
448
Language in social contextsGerard Van Herk
14.1 Language variation and socialdistinctions 457
14.2 Place 45914.3 Time 46314.4 Isolation 46514.5 Contact 46914.6 Distinctions within a community:
class, ethnicity, and gender 47314.7 Social interaction and language 47814.8 How societies deal with
language 482
Summing up 485Recommended reading 486Exercises 486
Fifteen 489Writing and languageMichael DobrovolskyWilliam O'Grady
15.1 Types of writing 48915.2 The early history of
writing 49015.3 The evolution of writing 49315.4 Some non-European writing
systems 49915.5 English orthography 50515.6 Writing and reading 509
Summing up 511Notes 511Recommended reading 512Exercises 512
Sixteen www.pearsoned.ca/ogrady(Companion Website)Animal communicationMichael Dobrovolsky
16.1 Non-vocal communication16.2 Communication structure: the study
of signs16.3 The bees16.4 The birds16.5 Non-human primates16.6 Testing non-human primates for
linguistic ability16.7 Comparing communication systems:
design featuresSumming upNotesRecommended readingExercises
Glossary 514
Sources 540
Language Index 555
Index 561
Recommended