Contributing the feed sustainability in aquaculture · 2018. 10. 1. · Contributing the feed...

Contributing the feed sustainability in aquaculture

Serhat Turkmen, Maria Jesus Zamorano, Marisol Izquierdo

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PHOTO

of the

Speaker

EcoAqua Institute, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain

Contributing the feed sustainability in aquaculture: Nutritional programming of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and

improvements towards better utilization of low n-3 HUFA diets

Zamorano M.J., and Izquierdo M.

Serhat Turkmen

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

Nutritional programming windowsDuring larval stages, early and late development

During spawning period , nutritional interventions of broodstock and eggs

Medium-term effects on juveniles

Long-term effects on offspring and molecular mechanisms

Is it possible to improve nutritional programming

effects with selection of the broodstock?

Conclusions

Introduction

#MedForum2018

Aquaculture is the fastest growing food producing sector

(FAO, 2018)

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

Pro

du

cti

on

(To

nn

es)

Th

ou

sa

nd

sGilthead sea bream is the one of the most

important specie for the marine aquaculture

FAO, 2018

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

Capture-derived sources are limited

Fish meal

(FO)

Fish oil

(FO)

Can not promote the growth of aquaculture

sector

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

Capture-derived sources are limited.

Fish meal

(FM)

Fish oil

(FO)

Can not promote the growth of aquaculture sector.

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

4

4.5

5

5.5

6

6.5

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Tota

l fish

oil

pro

duction

(mill

ion t

ones)

Tota

l fishm

eal

pro

duction

(mill

ion t

ones)

Fish meal Fish oil

Aquaculture production stats by FAO, FM&FO from IFFO

70%

73%

Aquaculture production consumes

Excellent high protein source

Best source of n-3 LC-PUFA – EPA & DHA

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

EPA 20:5n-3

DHA 22:6n-3

n-3 LC-PUFA

Fish oilVegetable

18:2n-6

C18

18:3n-3

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

C18

PUFA

Rich in vegetable

oils such as linseed,

rapeseed oil…

> C20

PUFA

Rich in marine

originated oils such

as fish oil…

Pathways adapted from Oboh et al. 2017, Scientific ReportsGilthead sea bream is observed to be deficient ∆5 desaturase activity (Tocher & Ghioni, 1999, Lipids)

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

WOULD IT BE POSSIBLE TO ENHANCE UTILISATION

OF VM/VO BASED DIETS?

“NUTRITIONAL PROGRAMMING”

LC-PUFA biosynthetic capabilities of teleost's are more varied and adaptive in comparation to other vertebrate groups

(Monroig et al., 2018, In Pol. Fat. Ac. Met., Burdge eds.)

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

These two mice are genetically identical and the same age

While pregnant, both of their mother were fed

Bisphenol A (BPA) but different diets

The mother of this

mouse received a normal

mouse diet

The mother of this

mouse received a

supplemented with

choline, folic acid,

betaine and B12

Mother's diet changes pups’ metabolism and colour

Waterland & Jurtle 2003

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

Exon 1 Exon 2

No methylation = activation of expression

Methylation = inhibition of expression

Early environmental factors change the phenotype

DNA methylation of agouti gene

Waterland & Jurtle 2003

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

In fish:

Geurden et. al., 2007, 2013…

Morais et. al., 2014…

Engrola et. al., 2017, 2018…

Rocha et. al., 2014…

Clarkson et. al., 2017

Vera et. al., 2017

Izquierdo et. al., 2015, 2016…

Turkmen et. al., 2015, 2016, 2017…

Vagner et. al., 2007, 2009…

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

Embryonic development Larval stage Juvenile stage

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

Nutritional programming windowsDuring larval stages, early and late development

During spawning period , nutritional interventions of broodstock and eggs

Medium-term effects on juveniles

Long-term effects on offspring and molecular mechanisms

Is it possible to improve nutritional programming

effects with selection of the broodstock?

Conclusions

Introduction

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

#MedForum2018

Embryonic development Larval stage Juvenile stage

When is the right time?Nutritional programming

30 329 1 23128

2421 23 25 272622

201814 17 191615

129 1187 10 13

S

6

F

5

T

4

W

3

T

21

M

30

S

Early Development

Select Today

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

Hatching

No exogenous feeding

0-3 dah

Early larval period Late larval period

Feeding with live prey

3-30 dah

Feeding with micro diets

15-30 dah

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

Feeding with live prey

3-30 dah

Feeding with micro diets

15-30 dah

Hatching

No exogenous feeding

0-3 dah

Early larval period Late larval period

?

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

Nutritional programming windowsDuring larval stages, early and late development

During spawning period , nutritional interventions of broodstock and eggs

Medium-term effects on juveniles

Long-term effects on offspring and molecular mechanisms

Is it possible to improve nutritional programming

effects with selection of the broodstock?

Conclusions

Introduction

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

#MedForum2018

Gilthead sea bream, is a multi-batch spawner whose oligolecitic eggs largely

depend on their continuous intake of nutrients during reproduction (Fernandez-Palacios et al., 2011)

YOLK SAC FATTY ACID PROFILES CAN BE MODIFIED THROUGH BROODSTOCK DIETS DURING

THE SPAWNING

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

100 FO40 FO

60 LO

20 FO

80 LO

Experiment 3

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

ISFNF 2018, Las Palmas 3-7 June

ProductsPrecursors

Izquierdo et al., 2015, Aquaculture

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

18:2n-6 18:3n-3 20:5n-3 22:6n-3

% o

f to

tal fa

tty a

cid

sin

die

ts

100FO 60LO 80LO

0

5

10

15

20

25

18:2n-6 18:3n-3 20:5n-3 22:6n-3

% o

f to

tal fa

tty a

cid

sin

eggs

ProductsPrecursors

Increase Decrease

Experiment 3

Izquierdo et. al., 2015, Aquaculture

100%

FO

60%

VO

fad

s2

80%

VO

Parental diets

fads2 GENE EXPRESSION UP-REGULATED IN

LARVAE AT 30 DAH.

WHAT ARE THE LONGER TIME EFFECTS?

Experiment 3

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

Experiment 3

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

4 MONTHS OLD JUVENILES

1.5

1.9

2.3

2.7

FO 60% LO 80% LO

SG

R (

%)

PARENTAL DIETS

FM/FO

BA A

1.5

1.7

1.9

2.1

2.3

FO 60% LO 80% LO

SG

R (

%)

PARENTAL DIETS

VM/VO

Izquierdo et. al., 2015, Aquaculture

Experiment 3

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

Later in lifeEmbryonic development and lactation

Enviromental changes Brain development

Immune development

Metabolic development

Later in lifeEmbryonic development and lactation

16 MONTHS OLD JUVENILES

0.50

0.55

0.60

0.65

0.70

0.75

FO 60%LO 80%LO

SG

R (

%/d

ay)

Turkmen et. al., 2017, British Journal of

Nutrition

*12% increase

If juveniles challenged with a high VM/VO based diets

GROWTH OF THE OFFSPRING WHOSE

PARENTS WERE FED WITH MODERATE

LEVELS OF VO PERFORMS BETTER EVEN

AFTER 16 MONTHS

WHAT ARE THE MECANISM INVOLVED?

Experiment 4

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

Turkmen et al. 2017, British Journal of Nutrition

Parental nutrition modifies gene exp. of

lipid related genes even after 16 months!

*

**

Created using genemania.org

16 MONTHS OLD JUVENILES

Experiment 4

Global methylation in liver is similar. However, would methylation of specific

genes be different?

16 MONTHS OLD JUVENILES

Piferrer F., Anastasiadi D., CSIC

Turkmen S., Zamorano M., Izquierdo M. (in prep).

Epigenetic marks, global methylation in liver?

Experiment 4

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

NUTRITIONAL PROGRAMMING

IMPROVES

VO BASED UTILISATION

SELECTION

+

WOULD IT BE POSSIBLE TO FURTHER IMPROVE

UTILISATION OF

VO BASED DIETS?

Selection + Nutritional Programming

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

Experiment 5

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

Nutritional programming windowsDuring larval stages, early and late development

During spawning period , nutritional interventions of broodstock and eggs

Medium-term effects on juveniles

Long-term effects on offspring and molecular mechanisms

Is it possible to improve nutritional programming

effects with selection of the broodstock?

Conclusions

Introduction

#MedForum2018

120 broodfish were tested to observe

the levels of

fads2 in peripheral blood cells

Turkmen et. al., in prep

Selected fishes divided into two groups:

High fads2 = HD

Low fads2 = LD

Experiment 5

Rela

tive f

old

fa

ds2

expre

ssio

n

0 5

1

0 1

5 2

0

Broodstock pit-tag number

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

ProductsPrecursors

≅

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

18:2n-6 18:3n-3 20:5n-3 22:6n-3

% o

f to

tal fa

tty a

cid

sin

die

ts

FO

VO

FO

Selected broodstock fed with one of the diets

VO

Fish meal Fish meal

Source of n-3 HUFA (EPA & DHA)

Turkmen et. al., in prep

Experiment 5

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

Spawning quality

High fads2 groups had similar spawning quality between them

and better than Low fads2, regardless the feed received during

spawning.

Selection HIGH fads2 low fads2

Nutritional stimulii

FO VO FO VO

Similar Lower

Turkmen et. al., in prep

Experiment 5

Experiment 6

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

A x

y

B

y

50

70

90

110 2way ANOVA

Diet 0.01

Delta exp. 0.001

Interaction 0.05

Fish oil – high fads2

Fish oil – low fads2 Vegetable oil – low fads2

Vegetable oil – high fads2

High fads2 groups, grew faster than low fads2

groups

However, nutritional programming only high in

C18 fatty acid resulted lower growth in

comparation to FO groups.

WHAT ARE THE MECANISM INVOLVED?

If juveniles challenge with

VM/VO based diets

Experiment 6W

eig

ht

gain

(%

)

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

Perez-Sanchez J., Turkmen S., Izquierdo M. CSIC, in prep.

Fatty acid desaturases

Fatty acid elongases

Methylation of fads2 promoter regions

Experiment 6

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

Nutritional programming windows

During larval stages, early and late development

During spawning period , nutritional interventions of broodstock and eggs

Partial replacement of FO and LO in parental diets during spawning induce long-term

stable positive effects on offspring (up to 16 months) (Turkmen et. al., 2017, British

Journal of Nutrition).Is it possible to improve nutritional programming effects with selection of the broodstock?

Genetic selection had very high impact on spawning performance, juvenile VM/VO

utilization. On the other hand, nutritional programming only with C18 fatty acids resulted

negative effects on juveniles (Turkmen et. al., in prep). DNA methylation also found to

be affected by broodstock nutrition even after 6 months.

Conclusions

In gilthead sea bream, nutritional programming of lipid metabolism was not effective

early or late larval development periods (Turkmen et. al., 2017, Aquaculture research,

Izquierdo & Turkmen, in prep).

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

#MedForum2018

Dr. Sachi Kaushik

Dr. Fransesc Piferrer

Renewable Marine Resources Department, Barcelona

Acknowledgments

Follow me on Twitter

@turkmens

Dr. Jaume Pérez-Sánchez

Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de La Sal

Dr. Bernardo Basurco

IAMZ-CIHEAM Zaragoza

MEDFORUM 2018, Bari, Italy 18-20 September

#MedForum2018

Thank YouAddress EcoAqua Institute, University of Las

Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain

E-mail:

serhat.turkmen@fpct.ulpgc.es

Phone number +34 685 10 17 18Serhat TURKMEN

Get in Touch

Follow me on Twitter

@turkmens