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Tampa Convention Center • Tampa, Florida
Cooling Tower Water Conservation:Simple Strategies & Advanced Treatment
Track 2 – Core Energy Technologies Advanced Water Management
Eric ElamWater Savers LLC, RTS Water
August 15th, 2017
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Cooling towers come in all sizes
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Cooling Tower Water Use
3
Overflow
Make-up
Fill Material
Basin
Float
Fan and Motor
Drift Eliminators
Process Return
To Process
Pump
BlowDown
ConductivityController
Typical Cooling Tower Flow Diagram
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Cooling Tower Water Use
4
Six Ways of Water Loss• Evaporation• Blowdown• Drift loss• Wind loss• Overflow• Leaks
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Cooling Tower Water Use
Water Use Equations for Cooling Towers
5
MU = E + BD + D + LWhere
MU = MakeupE = EvaporationBD = BlowdownD= Drift and wind loss - accounts for less than 0.001% of water use
L = Leaks, overflows, and other losses- Should be controllable with proper fill valves and routine maintenance
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Cooling Tower Water Use
Water Use Equations for Cooling Towers
6
E = 1% x CWFR x ∆T/10 x 60min/hr x Annual Runtime Hours
WhereE = EvaporationCWFR = Condenser Water Flowrate∆T= Temp Change Across Tower- Generally towers are designed at 10oF ∆T - Higher ∆T generally translates to higher evaporation, but towers experience shorter
runtimes in order to meet load requirements
Annual Runtime Hours = Actual operating hours- Can be estimated using ASHRAE Full Load Equivalent Hours
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Cooling Tower Water Use
Water Use Equations for Cooling Towers
7
Full Load Equivalent Cooling Hours by RegionTampa Area = 3,068 FLE Cooling HoursRegion Specific FLE Cooling Hours:
• Pacific Northwest = 100-700• Northern CA = 200-800• Northeast = 300-900• Midwest = 700-1200• Mid-Atlantic = 1000-1500• Southern CA = 1200-2000• Southeast = 1500-2300• Texas & Florida = 1700-4000• Hawaii = 5000
Be Mindful of System Redundancy
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Cooling Tower Water Use
Water Use Equations for Cooling Towers
8
Evaporation is a function of Cooling LOAD!
So, Water Conservation opportunities result primarily from a reduction in
blow-down losses by increasing cycles of concentration.
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Cooling Tower Water Use
9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12
Gallo
ns pe
r Ton
-hr.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Cycles of Concentration
2.0 kWh/ton-hr.
1.5 kWh/ton-hr.
1.0 kWh/ton-hr.
0.5 kWh/ton-hr.
Process
Cooling Tower Water UseGallons per Ton-Hour
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Cooling Tower Water Use
Water Quality Dictates Cycles of Concentration Limits
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• pH• TDS (Total Dissolved Solids)• TSS (Total Suspended Solids)• Calcium Hardness• Total Silica• Organic Contamination
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Cooling Tower Water Use
11
What Determines the Amount of Blowdown?• There are many factors that
limit cooling water concentration
• The blowdown required is the least needed to satisfy ALL of the constraints.
• The only control the operator has to meet these limits is blowdown.
Typical CWS Water Chemistry Limits
Parameter Limit Constraint
Conductivity < 4000 uS
Towerwarranty
Calcium > 75 ppm
Corrosion Control
LSI < 2.5 Calcium Scale Control
Silica < 180 ppm
Silica ScaleControl
MagnesiumSilicate <25,000
MgSiO2 ScaleControl
pH 8 – 9 Corrosion ControlDischargeLimits
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Cooling Tower Water Use
Cycles of Concentration (CoC)A Measurement of Cooling Tower Water Efficiency
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CoC = MU / BDBD = E / (CoC – 1)CoC = κ condenser / κmake-up
Whereκ = (kappa) Conductivity in µS/cm, or µmhos
- Condenser water conductivity is presumably at or near the blow-down setpoint- Make-up water conductivity will fluctuate seasonally and depends on water
sourcing
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Cost Savings & Water Conservation Strategies
Sewer Exemption Sub-Metering
13
Evaporation Credits are available from most Water/Sewer Providers, especially in metropolitan areas.
Each Provider may have a different policy/procedure for obtaining the evaporation exemption, and may also impose significant fees/permitting requirements in effort to recover lost revenue.
Evaporation Credits are NOT a water conservation measure! But they can result in significant cost savings opportunities.
In Tampa area, the cost savings can equate to nearly $16 per Ton annually. (Lower Rate, Higher Cooling Load)In DC area, the cost savings can equate to nearly $18 per Ton annually. (Higher Rate, Lower Cooling Load)
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Cost Savings & Water Conservation Strategies
Traditional Chemical Treatment
14
Traditional chemical treatments typically involve 3 main components:
Anti-scalant – to combat against scale forming compounds such as calcium, magnesium
Biocide – to combat against algae, bacteria, and other biofouling contaminants
Corrosion Inhibitor – to prevent degradation of mechanical components and piping.
Depends on Regional Make-up Water Quality
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Cost Savings & Water Conservation Strategies
Traditional Chemical Treatment
15
Contact your Chemical Treatment Provider about opportunities for High Cycle water treatment programs,
and real-time monitoring capabilities.
Major treatment providers get very comfortable operating in the 3 cycle range.
THIS MEANS 50% of Evaporative load is lost as Blow-down Waste
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Cost Savings & Water Conservation Strategies
16
What if there was ANOTHER OPTION?
Treat water from the source!
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Cost Savings & Water Conservation Strategies
Advanced Water Treatment SolutionsPartial Softening
17
Softeners are designed to remove calcium hardness• They do so by exchanging with sodium, which
results in higher conductivity of make-up water, but lowered calcium hardness
• Allows for an increase of blow-down set-point• Why not make up with fully softened water?
Corrosivity is increased, which can shorten life of capital equipment.
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Cost Savings & Water Conservation Strategies
Partial Demineralization
18
Demineralization = Reverse Osmosis• Softeners will not reduce conductivity or remove
silica, so demineralization approach may be an effective solution
• Partial De-min utilizes pre-filtration and softening, and ultimately generates ideal condenser water make-up quality by blending RO permeate with filtered water
• Can achieve 15+ cycles of concentration, while effectively maintaining corrosion rates
MMF MMF SOFT SOFT
UV
UV
From Ground Water
System
WM WM
WM
WMBrineTank
ChemTank
Sensors
To Softeners
SensorsFrom softener, filter backwash, and nanofilter discharge
CityWater
(2 inch copper or steel)
Nanofilter Unit BreakTank
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Cost Savings & Water Conservation Strategies
Advanced Water Treatment SolutionsSide-stream Filtration
19
Side-Stream Filtration DOES NOT Save Water• Allows for better high cycle cooling tower
operation by filtering out debris, organics, and some bacterial contaminants
• Reduces bio-film on heat transfer surfaces• May result in heat transfer efficiency gains
of 5-15% depending on current tower conditions
• But, will actually result in increased water consumption due to filter backwashing
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Cost Savings & Water Conservation Strategies
Advanced Water Treatment Solutions
Real-time Monitoring & BAS Integration with Advanced Controllers
20
BAS Integration Capable utilizing BACNet or MODBUS• Allows for real-time monitoring of system conditions• Creates alarm case conditions for targeted maintenance• Provides for accurate measurement and verification of
system performance, with over 30 critical data points
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• MCRD Parris Island (Parris Island, SC)– Eleven locations with small packaged Partial Softening and Side-
stream Filters (100-300 ton chiller systems)– One location with Centralized Partial Softeners and localized Side-
Stream Filters (4x200 ton chiller system)
21
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MCRD Parris Island
22
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• NMSHA (Beaver, WV)– Centralized Partial Softening and SSF (750 ton chiller system)
23
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NMSHA
24
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• Corpus Christi Army Depot (Corpus Christi, TX)– Phase 1 – (4 space cooling systems ~2,730 ton total cooling capacity)
• Central Demineralization Plant with Distributed Make-up• Localized Side Stream Filtration, • BAS Integration
– Phase 2 – (10 process cooling towers ~500 ton equiv. each)• Partial Softening• Side-stream Filtration
25
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CCAD – Phase 1
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CCAD – Phase 1
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CCAD – Phase 1
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CCAD – Phase 1
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CCAD – Phase 2
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• Department of Interior HQ (Washington, DC)– Groundwater Collection– Partial Demineralization– Side-stream Filtration– BAS Integration
31
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DOI HQ
32
• Several underground sumps pits to capture ground water• 2-large sump pumps discharging water to storm sewer system
Its what you cant see that matters the most
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DOI HQ
33
• Water flow were measured at 30 gallons per minute• 43,200 Gallons per day or 15,768,000 Gallons per year potential• Cooling tower annual make-up is 6,500,000 gallons per year
Measurement and Verification
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DOI HQ
34
Ground Water Collection and Re-Use
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DOI HQ
35
Water Reclamation System Overview
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DOI HQ
36
Ground Water Filtration System
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DOI HQ
37
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Eric ElamVice President – Design & EngineeringWater Savers LLC, RTS Watereelam@watersaversllc.com
THANK YOU
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