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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology
• Body Systems
• Levels of Organization
• Homeostasis
• Terminology
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anatomy• Anatomy – study of structures of body
– Gross (macroscopic) anatomy - visible to naked eye
• Surface anatomy: superficial features
• Regional “ ”: body areas
• Systemic “ ”: groups of organs
– Microscopic anatomy - cells & molecules
• Cytology: study of cell structure
• Histology: “ ” tissues
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Physiology
• Physiology – how organisms perform vital functions
– Cell
– Special : fxns of specific organs
– Systemic : fxns of organ system
– Pathology: effects of diseases on organs/system fxn
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Circulatory System
• Transport of materials between all cells of the body
• Heart, Blood Vessels, Blood
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Digestive
• Conversion of food into particles that can be transported into the body; elimination of wastes
• Stomach, Intestines, Liver, Pancreas
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Endocrine
• Coordination of body function through synthesis and release of regulatory molecules
• Thyroid gland, adrenal gland
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Immune
• Defense against foreign invaders
• Thymus, spleen, lymph nodes
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Integumentary
• Protection from external environment
• Skin
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Muscular
• Allow movement of bones and body parts by working with the nervous and skeletal systems
• Skeletal Muscles
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Nervous
• Coordination of body function through electrical signals and release of regulatory molecules
• Brain, spinal cord
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Reproductive
• Perpetuation of the species
• Ovaries, uterus, testes
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Respiratory
• Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the internal and external environments
• Lungs, airways
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Urinary/Excretory
• Maintenance of water and solutes in the internal environment; waste removal
• Kidneys, bladder
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1-3: Levels of Organization
1. Chemical (Molecular) - atoms are smallest chemical units
2. Cellular - smallest unit of structure capable of carrying out life processes
3. Tissue - connections of cells that carry out related functions
4. Organ - Structural and Functional units formed from tissues
5. Organ System - Groups of organs integrating their functions
6. Organism – A living system
*Each level is dependent on the one(s) below it!
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Homeostasis
• Homeostasis: all body systems working together to maintain a
stable internal environment
1. Receptor – receives stimulus
2. Control Center (Integrator) - processes signal &
sends instructions
3. Effector - carries out response
– failure to restore balance results in illness/disease or death
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Negative & Positive Feedback
• Negative feedback: variation triggers response that corrects
situation
– response of effector negates stimulus homeostasis
restored
• Positive Feedback: response of the effector reinforces Δ
caused by stimulus body moves away from homeostasis
– Ex: clotting process, childbirth
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Anatomy
• Surface Anatomy
– Anatomical position: hands at sides, palms forward
– Supine: lying down, face up
– Prone: “ ”, face down
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Body Cavities
• 2 essential fxns:
1. Protection for organs (shock absorption)
2. Permit Δ’s in size & shape of internal organs
• Serous Membranes - line body cavities & cover organs
– consist of 2 layers:
a) Parietal — lines cavity
b) Visceral — covers organ
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Body Cavities• Ventral body cavity (coelom)
– Divided by diaphragm into thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities
– Thoracic cavity
• L & R pleural cavities: contain lungs
• Mediastinum
– contains blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus
– lower portion contains pericardial cavity (holds heart)
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Body Cavities– Abdominopelvic / Peritoneal Cavity
• Abdominal cavity — superior portion– contains digestive organs
• Pelvic cavity — inferior portion– contains reproductive organs, rectum, bladder
• Peritoneal cavity — chamber w/in abdominopelvic cavity–Parietal peritoneum lines body wall–Visceral peritoneum covers organs
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Radiological Procedures• X-rays – high-E radiation penetrates tissues
radiodensity – resistance to x-rays
• CT (computed tomography) rotating x-ray produces sectional view 3D relationships
• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) clear details of soft tissue
• PET (positron emission tomography) chemical fxn, organ structure
• Ultrasound Produces echogram from reflected sound waves
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