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Crisis and Multilocality case Kurdistan – North Iraq
Dr. Hasan Sinemillioglu Technische Universität Dortmund,
Spatial Planning in Developing Countries (REL) hasan.sinemillioglu@tu-dortmund.de http://www.rp.uni-dortmund.de/pliq
Conference „Multilocality in the Global South and North: Factors, features and policy implications“,
18-19 September 2014, TU Dortmund
Disputation Sinemillioglu | 09|11 | 2011
−Background
−Reconstruction: overlapping processes and emergence of Multilocality
−The case Welati Jeri
−Recent cases: Yazidis and Assyrians
−Concluding remarks
Preview
Development in Kurdish Autonomous Region in Northern Iraq
Disputation Sinemillioglu | 09|11 | 2011
− Background
− Reconstruction: overlapping processes
− The case Welati Jeri
− The Case Shingal
− Concluding remarks
Source: UN
Disputation Sinemillioglu | 09|11 | 2011
Destruction of the villages, from 1975 to 1988
− Background
− Reconstruction: overlapping processes
− The case Welati Jeri
− The Case Shingal
− Concluding remarks
Governorate Cities / towns
Total Villages
Destroyed villages
Dohuk 14 1,200 867 (72%)
Erbil 22 1,238 1,025 (83%)
Suleimaniyah 41 2,021 1,994 (99%)
Total 77 4,459 3,886 (87%)
Source: Sinemillioglu 2011, p. 113
Disputation Sinemillioglu | 09|11 | 2011
− Background
− Reconstruction: overlapping processes
− The case Welati Jeri
− Concluding remarks
Iraq after the crisis, 1991
Source: Sinemillioglu 2011, p. 16
Disputation Sinemillioglu | 09|11 | 2011
Reconstruction of the villages, march 1996
− Background
− Reconstruction: overlapping processes
− The case Welati Jeri
− The Case Shingal
− Concluding remarks
Governorate Total Villages
Destroyed villages
Resettled villages
Dohuk 1,200 867 (72%) 600 (69%)
Erbil 1,238 1,025 (83%) 868 (85%)
Suleimaniyah 2,021 1,994 (99%) 1,004 (50%)
Total 4,459 3,886 (87%) 2,472 (64%)
Source: Sinemillioglu 2011, p. 113, translation by Sinemillioglu
Disputation Sinemillioglu | 09|11 | 2011
− Background
− Reconstruction: overlapping processes
− The case Welati Jeri
− The Case Shingal
− Concluding remarks
Returnees in the village Bile
Source: Sinemillioglu 2011, p. 102
Disputation Sinemillioglu | 09|11 | 2011
− Non-existent sphere of Power (Weber, Dahrendorf): the establishment of Kurdish Autonomy
− Liminality und Communitas (Turner): returnees aim to re-establish the villages
The main obstacles for both processes:
− Lack of organisation was hindering the returnees to articulate their interests; communicative action (Habermas) is often not possible
− Lack of social and financial resources
− Background
− Reconstruction: overlapping processes
− The case Welati Jeri
− The Case Shingal
− Concluding remarks
Crises accelerate the social change, which requires in different fields an immediate response
Disputation Sinemillioglu | 09|11 | 2011
− Background
− Reconstruction: overlapping processes
− The case Welati Jeri
− The Case Shingal
− Concluding remarks
Model of Reality (traditional or existing concepts)
Reconstruction
Model for Reality (Future oriented concepts)
Concepts influencing future action: the field of reconstruction
Source: Sinemillioglu 2011, p. 65, translation by Sinemillioglu
Disputation Sinemillioglu | 09|11 | 2011
− Background
− Reconstruction: overlapping processes
− The case Welati Jeri
− The Case Shingal
− Concluding remarks
Reconstruction in regions
Internal inputs
Competitive
Mobilising
Com
patib
le
Com
plem
enta
ry
Continuousnes
Model of reality Model for reality
Financial resources
External inputs
External and internal factors influencing the field of reconstruction
Source: autors own construction
Disputation Sinemillioglu | 09|11 | 2011
− Background
− Reconstruction: overlapping processes
− The case Welati Jeri
− The Case Shingal
− Concluding remarks
Welati Jeri, 1992
Welati Jeri Source: Sinemillioglu 2011, p. 16
Disputation Sinemillioglu | 09|11 | 2011
− Traditional life world contra modern life world?
− Region as a whole versus individual family interests: developing community awareness
− Increasing the local capacity for the self sufficiency and self management
− Background
− Reconstruction: overlapping processes
− The case Welati Jeri
− The Case Shingal
− Concluding remarks
Welati Jeri as a learning region
Disputation Sinemillioglu | 09|11 | 2011
− Background
− Reconstruction: overlapping processes
− The case Welati Jeri
− The case Shingal
− Concluding remarks
Iraq after the recent crisis, 2014
Shingal Source: Sinemillioglu 2011, p. 16
Disputation Sinemillioglu | 09|11 | 2011
− Background
− Reconstruction: overlapping processes
− The case Welati Jeri
− The case Shingal
− Concluding remarks
Iraq after the recent crisis, 2014
Source: Sinemillioglu
Disputation Sinemillioglu | 09|11 | 2011
− Background
− Reconstruction: overlapping processes
− The case Welati Jeri
− The case Shingal
− Concluding remarks
Iraq after the recent crisis, 2014
Source: Sinemillioglu 2011, p. 16
Source: Sinemillioglu
Disputation Sinemillioglu | 09|11 | 2011
− Addressing the impacts of crisis: the migrants are forced to move or to leave their places of origin.
− survival strategies are the main response by the refugees – as long as they live in refugee camps.
− Background
− Reconstruction: overlapping processes
− Theoretical approach
− The case Welati Jeri
− The Case Shingal
− Concluding remarks
Disputation Sinemillioglu | 09|11 | 2011
− Moving to the developed countries might be still a part of survival-strategies; the crisis destroys the trust to the home country.
− The migrants are forced to move or to leave their places of origin. This is not comparable with the classical livelihood strategies, e.g. sending one or more family members for cash earning in the larger locations.
− Background
− Reconstruction: overlapping processes
− Theoretical approach
− The case Welati Jeri
− The Case Shingal
− Concluding remarks
Disputation Sinemillioglu | 09|11 | 2011
− The original location, i.e. the village might no more exist or the family moved to a larger settlement in the own country (IDP).
− From refugee to multi-locational household: Kurds in Europe, North America, Australia... and in Kurdistan.
− Nevertheless: the sharp cut in the ‘life world’ of people doesn't allow a gradual transformation process.
− Background
− Reconstruction: overlapping processes
− Theoretical approach
− The case Welati Jeri
− The Case Shingal
− Concluding remarks
Disputation Sinemillioglu | 09|11 | 2011
− “Thus most of the studies from Africa and Asia (...) converge on the statement that forming multi-locational households, thereby spreading assets and risks across space, is not simply an interim phenomenon but a strategy which may be upheld for generations.” (Einhard Schmidt-Kallert, 2009)
− Background
− Reconstruction: overlapping processes
− Theoretical approach
− The case Welati Jeri
− The Case Shingal
− Concluding remarks
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