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Crop Management Strategies to Crop Management Strategies to Enhance Soil Carbon SequestrationEnhance Soil Carbon Sequestration
Steve WatsonDepartment of Agronomy
KK--State Research and ExtensionState Research and Extension
Atmospheric Concentrations of CO2, Methane (CH4), and Nitrous Oxide (N2O) from 1000 A.D.
From IPCC (2001)
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Soil Organic Matter(Humus)
CO2
product
energy
Climate ManagementSoil Type
Crop Management Strategies for C Sequestration
Enhance C Inputs Reduce C losses
• Crop Management • Tillage
• Crop Selection • Fallow Management
• Crop Rotations
Develop Crop Management Programs that:
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Improved Agricultural PracticesConservation tillageConservation buffers
Cover crops
Improved rotationsSoil organicmatter
CO2
Enhancing C Input – Fertility
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0 N-CT 150 N-CT 0N-NT 150 N-NT
Cha
nge
in S
OC
/Yea
r (T
/a)
C-C NF 1991-1999
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Enhancing C Input – Crop Selection
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Corn Wheat Soybean Grain Sorghum
Cha
nge
in S
OC
/Yea
r (T
/a)
Enhancing C Input – Intensifying Rotations
Jan
Apr Jul
Oct Jan
Apr Jul
Oct Jan
Apr Jul
Oct Jan
Apr Jul
Oct
Soybean Corn Wheat
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
SO
C (
T/a
)
SB-C-Wht-DCSBSB-C
Brown Co. KS
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Soil organic C after 2 and 12 y of CRP in
Nebraska(Baer, Kitchen, Blair, and Rice)
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Soi
l Org
anic
C (T
C/a
)
2-y CRP 12-y CRP
0.4 tons/a/y
Fire (Eastern Kansas) –after 10 Years (T C a-1)
21.4Annual Burning
20.4Control
Total C
Treatment
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Crop Management Strategies for C Sequestration
Enhance C Inputs Reduce C losses
• Crop Management • Tillage
• Crop Selection • Fallow Management
• Crop Rotations
Develop Crop Management Programs that:
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Enhancing C Input – Tillage
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0 N-CT 150 N-CT 0N-NT 150 N-NT
Cha
nge
in S
OC
/Yea
r (T
/a)
C-C NF 1991-1999
Reducing Loss – Reducing tillage
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
SO
C (
T/a
)
No-till SB-CConv till SB-C
Brown Co. KS
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41%4%
18%
4%
33%
CroplandCRP/WRPGrazingland*ForestlandUrban lawn
Soil C sequestration potential of differentSoil C sequestration potential of differentUS land Categories (% of 322 MMT C/yr) **US land Categories (% of 322 MMT C/yr) **
• Federal government established a goal of 18% improvement in GHG efficiency (Roughly a reduction of 100 Mt carbon)
• USDA is utilizing conservation programs to encourage carbon sequestration and GHG reductions
– GHG offsets are factors in setting priorities under:• The Environmental Quality Incentives Program
• The Conservation Reserve Program• The Forest Land Enhancement Program
• Federal government challenged the private sector to take action– USDA is working with the Department of Energy to improve the
voluntary GHG reduction registry
– USDA is negotiating voluntary agreements with businesses and sectors
– Several corporations are undertaking projects in partnership with farmers and land owners
United States efforts in Agriculture
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Carbon Credits/Trading
• Carbon reduction– C reduction at point of emissions
– C reduction by sequestration
• Is it cheaper to buy a credit than control emissions?
What is needed
• Sellers of C credits: Land managers• Aggregator• Buyers• Monitoring/Verification
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Examples of feasibility and pilot projects on soil carbon sequestration
Agriculture to grasslandCroplandKazakhstan
Direct seedingCroplandPampas, Argentina
Fruit tree intercrops with annual crops / Conservation tillage
Crop / natural fallow secondary forest
Oaxaca, Mexico
No-tillNew grass plantings
CroplandGrass planting
MidwestIowa, Kansas
Direct seeding / cropping intensification
CroplandPacific Northwest, USA
Direct seeding / cropping intensification
CroplandSaskatchewan, Canada
Land management change
Land UseRegion
Izaurralde (2004)
Kansas Coalition for Carbon Kansas Coalition for Carbon ManagementManagement
• Mission– To inform, educate and motivate land
managers to apply management practices that result in reduced atmospheric carbon levels
• Website
–www.oznet.ksu.edu/kccm
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Kansas Coalition for Carbon Management
• Kansas Resource Conservation and Development Councils
• Kansas Corn Growers Association• Kansas Grain Sorghum Producers
Association• Kansas Association of Wheat
Growers• Kansas Electric Power Cooperative• Kansas Forage and Grasslands and
Society for Range Management• Kansas Livestock Association• Kansas Farm Bureau• Kansas Rural Center
• Kansas Association of Conservation Districts
• Kansas Department of Agriculture• State Conservation Commission• Kansas Department of Health and
Environment
• USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service
• USDA Farm Services Agency• Kansas Sate University
Member Organizations
Questions
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Semi-arid KS370wheat/sorghum/fallow rotation
Conservation tillage
SC KS100.764
0.605
0.624
CT - NT wheat
CT - NT sorghum
CTsorg/NTwheat to NT sorg/wheat
Rotations
NE120.80CRP
NE Kansas101.19
1.05
1.01
NT 150 N manure
NT 150 N Fert
CT 150 N manure
Integrated Nutrient Management (corn)
Eastern Colorado
120.073
0.117
0.229
3-year system
4-year system Continuous cropping
Eliminate summer fallow
StateDuration
(yrs)
Rate
(MgC/ha/y)
ScenarioTreatment
Corn production relative to conventional tillage in NE KS (10 years)
1.08
1.01
22.86
77.9
CT-168-M NT-168MNT-84MNT-168 FNT-84 F
1.250.291.080.02Net C (MT C/ha/y)
1.190.221.050.13Soil C (MT C/ha/y)
44.0451.4373.2863.48Net Return ($/a) (39.19)
74.369.287.675.7Mean Yield (Bu/a) (85.8)
Pendell et al. 2004
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Sorghum and wheat production in SC KS (10 years)
1.23
0.11
1.34
20.24
CT-WW NTS-NTWNT-SSCTS-NTWCT-SS
1.350.760.730.15Net C (MT C/ha/y)
0.120.130.110.12Emissions from Inputs (MT C/ha/y)
1.480.880.830.27Soil C (MT C/ha/y)
45.6258.2954.2663.51Net Return ($/ha)
Williams et al. 2004
Why Tillage– Eliminate soil compaction
– Control weeds
– Eliminate residue• Harbor insects and diseases
• Tie up fertilizer N
• Barrier for herbicide
– What hard working people do• Sense of accomplishment
• Cleansing operation
• Why not?
Because it causes soil erosion and reduces soil organic matter
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• Websiteswww.oznet.ksu.edu/kccmwww.soilcarboncenter.k-state.edu/
www.oznet.ksu.edu/ctecwww.casmgs.colostate.edu/
KK--State Research and ExtensionState Research and Extension
SoilOrganicMatter
WaterHoldingCapacity
CropYield
Soil Biodiversity
Rootgrowth
Nutrient Reserves
Soil Structure
PlantBiomass
SoilQuality
Lal, Kimble, and Follett 1997
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Strategies to ReduceStrategies to ReduceAtmospheric COAtmospheric CO22
Strategies
Reduce fossilfuel consumption
Identify sinks andsequestration
rate
Improve efficiency Renewableenergy sources
Terrestrial Aquatic
Soils Plants
Geologic
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Potential of U.S. Agriculture for Mitigation
Scenario MMTC/yr
C sequestration in cropland 132
C sequestration in CRP 13
C sequestration in rangelands 58
Biofuel production (C offset) ~50
Saving in fuel consumption 1-2 Reduction of C emission from eroded sediments
~15
Total 270
Lal et al., 1999, 2003
US emissions: ~1750 MMTC/yr
Enhancing C Input – Tillage
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
NT RT CT
Cha
nge
in S
OC
/Yea
r (T
/a)
NE W-F 1970-1990
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Crop Management Strategies for C Sequestration
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
3 Year 4 Year Continuous
Cha
nge
in S
OC
/Yea
r (T
/a) Eastern Colorado
Crop Management Strategies for C Sequestration
Enhance C Inputs Reduce C losses
• Crop Rotations Fallow Management
•To increase soil carbon levels, we need crop rotations that reduce fallow periods.
•Especially rotations with fallow periods during the summer when temperatures result in maximum soil respiration rates.
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Land Use for C SequestrationManagement Strategies
Land Use Soil Management
Crop Management
• Cultivation • Tillage • Varieties
• Rangeland • Residue Management
• Crop Rotations
• Forestry • Fertility • Cover Crops
• Water • CRP
• Erosion Control
US Major Land Resource Areas
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Kansas MRLAs and Carbon Pilot Counties
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