DeeDee Schumacher CVT, VTS (ECC) & Jeannie Stall, R.V.T. Credits: Alleice Summers Clip Art...

PANSYSTEMIC DISEASES

DeeDee Schumacher CVT, VTS (ECC)& Jeannie Stall, R.V.T.

Credits: Alleice SummersClip Art /Google images

Pansystemic Disease

Involve multiple body systems in addition to the primary target organ.

Causes Viral Bacterial Parasitic

Canine Distemper

Dogs & other carnivoresTransmission : Via aerosolized body

secretions Highly contagious / Fairly easy to

kill Many strains of the virus Causes immunosuppression then

secondary infectionsTreatment : None, just supportive therapy

Canine Distemper

Clinical Signs Fever Cough Nasal & ocular discharge Pneumonia Vomiting Diarrhea Dehydration Seizures Ataxia

Canine Distemper

Vaccine only preventionPrognosis guarded - (esp. if neuro problems present)Neuro issues can present weeks - yrs post infection

Canine Distemper

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Canine Parvovirus

Very resistant virus - can survive for yrs. in environment Via fecal-oral transmissionInvades rapidly dividing cells :

Lymph system GI tract Bone marrow

Black & tan breeds more susceptible

Canine Parvovirus

Clinical signs Lethargy Anorexia Vomiting Bloody diarrhea Fever Dehydration Death

Canine Parvovirus

Vaccine only preventionKeep puppies isolated until final vaccine: Avoid visits to dog parks, pet stores……

Trt: Supportive treatment only Infected animals require isolation ward: Step in/step out pans Protective gowns

Canine Parvovirus

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Rickettsioses

Small, Gram - , Obligate, intracellular bacteria Dogs

Rickettsiae Ehrlichiae

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

RickettsiiInduces vascular endothelial injury

Inflammation Necrosis Increased vascular permeability

Ticks: Dermacentor variabilis Dermacentro adersoni

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Clinical signs Edema Hypotension Shock Arrhythmias Seizures Coma ARF

Dx : Direct immunofluorescent test in skin/

tissue Hx of tick exposure

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Tx :Rx Tetracycline Doxycycline

Ehrlichia

Ehrlichia canis via tick: Rhipicephalus sanguineusDisease

Acute:2-4 weeksOrganism multiplies and is transported to other organs

Subclinical6-9 weeks after infection+/- signs

ChronicBone marrow suppression

Ehrlichia

Clinical signs : Anemia Depression Anorexia Fever Dyspnea CNS signs Bleeding tendencies

Dx : Positive indirect immunoflorescent antibody testTx: Rx Tetracycline or Doxyclicline Supportive care

Ehrlichia

Lyme ( Borreliosis )

Borrelia burgdorferi via tick:Ixodes sp./ Requires attachment for 48

hoursSymptoms:

FeverAnorexiaLameness

Dx : Via + ELISA test

Lyme

Tx :Rx Doxyclycline but not always effective…..Anti-inflammatory medsVx : Endemic areas & dog’s “life-style” due to tick

exposure: Hunting , timber walks,

camping

Rabies

All warm blooded animalsViral- induced neurologic dz.

Hosts:Raccoons / Skunks / Bats / Foxes / Coyotes

Transmission : Saliva via mucous membranes,

bites, open wounds

Rabies

Incubation time :3-8 weeks (from exposure to symptoms) Enters nerve endings @ bite /wound, ascends the nerve to the brain, where it multiplies then travels along nerves to salivary glands & enters saliva

Rabies

3 stages: Prodromal

Changes in behavior ie: “Friendly” wild animals Fearful

Excitative (furious)Hyperactive/aggressive Dazed stupor = “Dumb “ form of rabies

ParalyticAscending hind limb paralysis progesses to resp. failure & death

Rabies

No cure ***ZOONOTIC***

Clin. signs: Behavior changes

Difficulty swallowing HypersalivationAtaxiaDepression/stupor

Rabies

Dx. : Postmortem exam of brain onlyMust include brain stem / Not frozen tissues

Vx’d pet exposed = Re-vx. & watch for 90 days

Unvaccinated animal exposed:Euthanasia or Strict isolation x 6

months

Quarantine periods vary

Rabies Virus

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Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (Feline Herpes Virus)

Highly contagious upper respiratory virus

Still prevalent inspite of available vaccines

Transmission via : Aerosolization / Direct contact

Virus not hardy -- Inactivated in environment within

18-24 hrs.

Can shed virus up to 3 wks. after infection

Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (Feline Herpes Virus)

Clin. Signs:SneezingConjunctivitisNasal dischargeFever AnorexiaDepressionCorneal ulcers

Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (Feline Herpes Virus)

Tx.: Supportive therapy Anorexic- (Can’t smell food so won’t eat) Antiviral therapy for ocular infections Vaccine best prevention

People can transmit virus to other cats on clothes ,

etc…..

Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (Feline Herpes Virus)

Feline Calicivirus

Highly contagious upper resp. virus Ulcerative stomatitis common Hardy, resistant virus

Disinfectants don’t kill readily & can

live in environment for days

Transmission : Direct contact with infected cats

Feline Calicivirus

Clin. signs :Fever Ocular & nasal discharge Mild conjunctivitis Oral ulcers PneumoniaIn kittens, acute arthritis- a.k.a. “Limping kitten syndrome”

Feline Calicivirus

Trt: Supportive care only Vaccinations are the best

preventionClinical signs last ~ 5-7 days Oral ulcers last 7

days Anorexia a problem -- If cat can’t

smell food, won’t eat food……….

Feline Calicivirus

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Feline Distemper (Panleukopenia/parvo virus)

Closely related to K-9 ParvovirusTransmission : Direct contact Contaminated

environmentVirus remains in environment for years Incubation period : 4 - 5 days Exposure to

symptoms

Feline Distemper (Panleukopenia/parvo virus)

Clinical Signs:Fever Depression Vomiting Diarrhea Dehydration Anorexia Abortion

Feline Distemper (Panleukopenia/parvo virus)

Trt : Supportive therapy Force feed ( after vomiting is

controlled ) Rx Broad-spectrum abx

Post – virus “surviver” has lifelong immunity

Vaccinations are best prevention

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus

“Feline AIDS “ ( lentivirus )

Intact males living outdoors ( “Mail” cat )

Transmission : Fighting / bite

wounds Vaccine may cause cats to test positive

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus

Clin. signs :History of recurrent illnesses Anorexia / Stomatitis /

Chronic URIDiarrhea / Vomiting / Chronic

fever

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus

Keep infected cats indoors & stress-free

Casual contact transmission unlikely

No specific treatment / No human risk

Vaccine available

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus

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Feline Leukemia Virus

Retrovirus / Unstable in environment

Transmission via close contact:

Horizontal transmission – Sick cat to well cat

Urine, saliva , tears, fighting, grooming, bowls, etc…

Vertical – Poss. via parent?? Transplacental Transmammary - milk

Feline Leukemia Virus

ELISA test:Positive cats should be retested in 3-4

months

May remain in good health for a long time

Keep infected cats indoors: < stress < exposure to other dz. < transmission to others

Feline Leukemia Virus

Clin. signs :Fever / Anorexia / Wt. loss /

AnemiaSecondary infections /

Vomiting Diarrhea / Abortion / Renal

diseaseNeuro problems

Feline Leukemia Virus

Isolate infected cats & reduce stress

No treatment

Vx. infected cats for other diseases

Feline Leukemia Virus

Feline Infectious Peritonitis

Requires exposure to feline corona virus

(virus mutates) Virus sheds intermittedly Inactivated in environment by

disinfectants Issue for catteries / ++++ multi-

cat homes Highly contagious !!! Transmission via : Feces /

Urine / Saliva

Feline Infectious Peritonitis

Two forms of this dz.: “Wet “:

75% of cases

Effusive form has perivasculitisProtein-rich fluid accumulation in chest/ abd.

Faster progression of dz. than the dry form

“Dry “: 45% of non-effusive cases have ocular & neuro problems

Feline Infectious Peritonitis

“Wet” form clinical signs :Ascites Pleural effusion Anorexia Depression Weight loss Dehydration

Feline Infectious Peritonitis

“Dry” form clin. signs:Fever (unknown origin) Anorexia Depression Weight loss Ocular lesions Neuro signs

Feline Infectious Peritonitis

Trt : Supportive careAspirate fluids / Rx Steroids daily Rx Broad spectrum abx

Prevention is best :Isolate infected cats Don’t breed infected queens !!! + / - Vaccinate negative cats ??

( Vx. only effective when given to cat not prev. exposed to feline coronavirus)

Feline Infectious Peritonitis

Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasma gondii : Intracellular coccidianFeline only definitive host , but

other warm blooded animals (humans, too)

can be intermediate hosts

~ 30% - 60% of adults have been exposed

Toxoplasmosis

Transmission via:

Fecal - oral

Transplacental

Eating contaminated meat of intermed. host

ToxoplasmosisSporulated oocysts are ingested & tachyzoites form which then

invade body tissues Cat

Eye Lung

Dog ( rarely occur ) GI Neuro Respiratory

Host cat sheds oocysts for 1-2 weeks Undercooked meat > exposure risk

!!!

Clinical signs of Toxo

Dependent upon which tissue was invaded …. Anorexia / Lethargy / Fever / Wt. Loss

Diarrhea / Vomiting / Icterus ( jaundice )

Lameness / Resp. issues / Pancreatic issues

Anterior uveitis / Glaucoma / CNS issues

Sudden death

Toxoplasmosis

Immunocompromised or Pregnant : Requires someone else to change litterbox daily w/ hot H2O rinse

weekly

Dx:Difficult since so many people are

exposedNo long term shedding of oocysts (~

1-2 wks)

Tx: Rx Clindamycin ( BID x 2 -3

weeks )