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91Pragmatic Approaches or Managing Overexploited Aqui ers in India

Epilogue: Summing up

Groundwater is now arguably the most criticalwater resource o India. In a vast majority o settingsin urban and rural India, it underpins agricultural

production, livelihoods depending on the ruralagrarian economy, and urban and rural watersupplies. The resource development has beenexplosive over the last our decades. This growth ingroundwater use has been driven not only by itssuperior virtues o widespread access and controlover the quality and timing o supply, but has alsoresulted rom the mass exit o users in response tothe poor quality o public sur ace water supplies. The explosive growth in groundwater use has alsobeen urtive in its nature, as a result o millions

o private well drillings un ettered by any directlaw or management ramework. As aqui ers in anincreasingly large number o areas are threatenedby overexploitation, India aces a unique challengein managing its groundwater use, which:

in its aggregate quantum ranks as the highestin the world;

is being pumped by a similarly unrivaled highnumber o groundwater users spread across

large tracts o the country;has developed without much consideration o the actual groundwater potential o aqui ers;

has been only marginally governed, i at all,and is a subject o wel are as well as populistpolitics.

While the international experience in groundwatermanagement provides help ul insights into whatmay or may not work in the particular settingso groundwater overexploitation in India, thereis a lack o groundwater management modelsthat would be suitable or these settings. Theapproaches based on state-en orced regulation,pricing, and property rights systems have a mixedrecord o success at best, and have per ormed wellonly in authoritarian governance environments or

in situations characterized by a ormalized watereconomy and a comparatively small number o users.

While these instruments may be adapted or somespeci c situations ( or example regulation in urbanenvironments or groundwater allocations ororganized user groups), the transaction costs o implementing them or millions o wells and usersmake them impractical or state en orcement inmost o the groundwater settings in India.

This absence o appropriate and credible modelso groundwater management is one reason whystate action has been limited to rather ine ectiveattempts at regulating groundwater use in

critically threatened areas. Some o the policymeasures needed or addressing the problem(such as removing the perverse incentives orgroundwater pumping inherent in the provisiono cheap agricultural power) are highly unpopularand there ore unviable in the current politicalenvironment. Between these “not appropriateor India” prescriptions and “sensible butin easible” recommendations, the groundwateroverexploitation crisis has continued to growdeeper in India.

The premise and mandate o the World Bank’sstudy and technical assistance initiative ongroundwater management was to accept as giventhe political economy and identi y pragmaticoptions or groundwater management thatcan be implemented largely within the existinginstitutional ramework. The key emphasis was onpraxis, namely the translation o ideas into plansor management action. The activities under thisinitiative were there ore deliberately structuredto draw lessons rom the analytical work as wellas rom the technical assistance provided toimplementation o groundwater managementinterventions in di erent states o India.

Based on these analytical ndings and lessons romthe ground, a menu o pragmatic management

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Deep Wells anD pruDence: Towards Pragmatic Action or Addressing Groundwater Overexploitation in India92

interventions has been developed or the mainsettings o groundwater overexploitation inIndia:

The recommendations comprise speci cand practical actions to start managinggroundwater here and now, and alsoinclude innovative technical measures(such as separating tubewell power eedersystems to exercise control on electricityand groundwater use in agriculture, andgroundwater recharge through existing dugwells to make it more cost-e ective) thatcan sidestep political di culties or enhancepotential results.

The menu is not uni ormly rich while thesigni cant demand management resultsachieved by an innovative community-based groundwater management initiativein Andhra Pradesh point to a viable modelor community management in hard-rock areas o India, no similar solutions can berecommended or the alluvial aqui ers.

The menu is practical, and unlike a number o classical recommendations, does not proposeoptions that appear to be political suicide tothe decision makers.

The con dence in the recommended actionscomes rom extensive consultations with andsupport rom a broad range o stakeholderson both the technical and political economyaspects o implementation.

Together, the proposed set o interventions setsthe basis or changing the game on groundwatermanagement in India, rom one that presently consistso either inaction or waiting or champions who canpush through unpopular re orm interventions, toone where diligent implementation o interventionswithin the current ramework can start producingimmediate management results on the ground. ForIndia today, groundwater is too critical a resourceto continue to be le t unmanaged, and it is hopedthat the ndings o this report can inspire an actionagenda or moving swi tly to protect the vital butever-declining aqui ers o the country.

Sahebrao Nikam o Pandherwadi shows his “water account passbook”, containing thedetails o the groundwater budget or the local aqui er (Satara, Maharashtra).

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93Glossary

alluvial aqui er: Water storage system inunconsolidated geological materials (sand, gravel,cobbles, and thin beds o silty clay) deposited by astream and retaining a hydraulic connection withthe depositing stream.

cropping intensity: Number o croppings on agiven piece o agricultural land per year. Doublecropping occurs when two crops are plantedsequentially with no overlap in the growthcycle.

evapotranspiration: The process by which wateris trans erred to the atmosphere through bothtranspiration rom plants and evaporation rom soiland plant sur aces. Bene cial evapotranspiration is evapotranspiration o moisture that hasalready been utilized by the crop; nonbene cial evapotranspiration is evapotranspiration o moisture that has not contributed to cropproduction ( or example rom soil, weeds, orsur ace water).

graben: A depressed segment o the earth’s crustthat has slid downward between two aults and isbounded by them.

graben ll sedimentary aqui er: An aqui er basedin the sediment that is deposited by a river owingin the graben.

hard-rock aqui er: Water storage system in thecrystalline basement complex and metamorphicrocks typical o peninsular India, including thoseareas underlain by ancient volcanic rocks, such asthe basalts o western India (Deccan Traps).

headwater zone: Upper reaches o canal system.

khari : The agricultural season that commenceswith the onset o the monsoon (June/July) andcontinues until October; also re erred to as the“monsoon crop” or “autumn harvest crop”.

nonrecoverable raction o irrigation water: That part o irrigation water that seeps into waterstorage systems rom which it cannot be recovered,or example saline water bodies.

rabi: The agricultural season spanning approximatelythe period rom October to March/April; also calledthe “winter crop” or “spring harvest crop”.

tailwater zone: Lower reaches o canal system.

Glossary

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95Re erences

GW-MATE (Groundwater Management Advisory Team). BN-2.Characterization o Groundwater Systems: Key Concepts and Frequent Misconceptions .Brie ng Note 2. Washington, DC: World Bank (http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTWAT/

Resources/4602122-1210186362590/GWM_Brie ng_2.pd , accessed May 16, 2009).

GW-MATE (Groundwater Management Advisory Team). CP-6. Integrated Approaches to Groundwater Resource Conservation in the Mendoza Aqui ers .Case Pro le 6. Washington, DC: World Bank (http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTWAT/Resources/4602122-1210186345144/GWMATE_English_CP_06.pd , accessed May 16, 2009).

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