View
35
Download
3
Category
Tags:
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
Dependency Syntax. An Introduction. Leonid Iomdin Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences iomdin@iitp.ru, iomdin@gmail.com. Program Overview: p. 1. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
Leonid IomdinInstitute for Information Transmission
Problems,Russian Academy of Sciences
iomdin@iitp.ru, iomdin@gmail.com
Program Overview: p. 11. Basic Principles of The Meaning-Text
theory by Igor Mel’čuk. Language as a Universal Translator of Senses to Texts and Texts to Senses. Text analysis and text generation. The theory of integral linguistic description by Juri Apresjan. The grammar and the dictionary of language.
2. Two syntactic levels of sentence representation: surface syntax and deep syntax.
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 2
Program Overview: p. 23. The dependency tree structure as a
syntactic representation of the sentence. Dependency tree vs. Constituent tree: advantages and drawbacks of both types of representation. Limits of the dependency tree. The hypothesis of two syntactic starts.
4. The notions of syntactic relation. Major classes of syntactic relations: actant, attributive, coordinative and auxiliary relation classes.
5. The notion of syntactic feature. Syntactic features vs. Semantic features.
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 3
Program Overview: p. 36. Actants and valencies. Active, passive and distant
valencies. The government pattern of a dictionary entry. An overview of actant syntactic relations. The predicative relation. The agentive relation. Completive relations.
7. An overview of attributive syntactic relations. Grammatical Agreement. Numerals and Quantitative Constructions. The system of Quantification Syntax of Russian.
8. Grammatical coordination as a type of grammatical subordination. An overview of coordinative syntactic relations.
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 4
Program Overview: p. 49. Auxiliary syntactic relations. Analytical
grammatical forms as an object of syntax. 10 Microsyntax of Language. Minor Type
Sentences. Syntactic Idioms.11. Lexical Functions in the Dictionary and
the Grammar. 12. Syntactic description and syntactic rules.
Dependency Syntax in NLP. Dependency Syntax in Machine Translation. Syntactically Tagged Corpus of Texts.
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 5
Surface Syntaxis the main linguistic discipline to
which this course is devoted: conversion between deep morphological representation and surface syntactic representation
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 6
Classes of Syntactic Relations1) actant relations;2) attributive relations;3) coordinative relations;4) auxiliary relations
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 7
Syntactic FeaturesMESURampere, angstrom, atmosphere,
barrel, bushel, centimetre, … Two inches wideTwo inches widerAn inch wideAn inch wider*A table wide*A table wider
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 8
Syntactic FeaturesPREDTOabnormal, absurd, acceptable,
aimless, altruistic, difficult, easy, hard…. (700 adjectives)
To stay one more day was absurdIt was absurd to stay one more dayabsolute, relative ≠ PREDTO
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 9
Syntactic Features and ValenciesABNORMAL: What valency structure?
Abnormal behavior Abnormal childbehavior, child are passive actants of
abnormal Can these actants be made active?No, they cannot.
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 10
Syntactic Features and ValenciesABNORMAL: What valency structure?
However, these actants can be made distant: The behavior is abnormal.
The child is abnormalCan we now elaborate on the
behavior? What can it be?
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 11
Syntactic Features and ValenciesABNORMAL: What valency structure?
Behaviors: Running aroundLoiteringStudying dependency syntaxAgreeing to everything
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 12
Syntactic Features and ValenciesABNORMAL: What valency structure?
Behaviors: To runTo loiterTo study dependency syntaxTo agree to everything
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 13
Syntactic Features and ValenciesABNORMAL: What valency structure?
Behaviors: To runTo loiterTo study dependency syntaxTo agree to everything
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 14
Syntactic Features and ValenciesABNORMAL: What valency structure?Can we elaborate on the child? What can
it be?John MaryMy sonYour brotherWhoever likes ice-cream
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 15
Syntactic Features and ValenciesABNORMAL: What valency structure?
It cannot, however, beLiking ice-creamStudying dependency syntax etc.
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 16
Syntactic Features and ValenciesABNORMAL: What valency structure?
Behaviors: To run is abnormalTo loiter is abnormalTo study dependency syntax is
abnormalTo agree to everything is abnormal
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 17
Syntactic Features and ValenciesABNORMAL: What valency structure?
It is abnormal to run It is abnormal to loiter It is abnormal to study dependency
syntaxIt is abnormal to agree to everything
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 18
Syntactic Features and ValenciesABNORMAL: What valency structure?
For completeness: is this the only valency of abnormal?
Before answering the question, we will consider the noun abnormality.
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 19
Syntactic Features and ValenciesABNORMALITY: What valency structure?
Abnormality of his behaviorBehavior instantiates an active valency
of abnormalityIs this the only valency of abnormality?How can we use this noun phrase
naturally? We can say e.g.December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 20
Syntactic Features and ValenciesABNORMALITY: What valency structure?
The abnormality of his behavior was that he could not concentrate on any subject for more than a few seconds at a time.
The abnormality of his behavior consisted in his inability to concentrate on any subject for more than a few seconds at a time.
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 21
Syntactic Features and Valencies
ABNORMALITY: What valency structure?
The abnormality of his behavior was that he could not concentrate on any subject for more than a few seconds at a time.
his behavior instantiates the 1st valency of abnormality (patient, active valency)
that he could not concentrate… instantiates the 2nd valency of abnormality (content, distant valency)
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 22
Syntactic Features and ValenciesABNORMALITY: What valency structure?The abnormality of his behavior consisted in
his inability to concentrate on any subject for more than a few seconds at a time.
his behavior instantiates the 1st valency of abnormality (patient, active valency)
his inability to concentrate… instantiates the 2nd valency of abnormality (content, distant valency)
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 23
Syntactic Features and Valencies
ABNORMALITY: What valency structure?
NB: this distant valency cannot be made active: * The abnormality that he could not concentrate…
* The abnormality of his inability to concentrate…
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 24
Syntactic Features and ValenciesABNORMAL: What valency structure?is patient the only valency of abnormal? No. It also has the 2nd valency of content:
His behavior is abnormal in that he cannot concentrate on any subject for more than a few seconds at a time.
Note that this valency is active, even though its instantiation is rather exotic.
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 25
Syntactic FeaturesPREDTHATabnormal, absurd, nice, fine,… (400
adjectives)That he stayed one more day was
absurdIt was absurd that he stayed one more
daydifficult, easy ≠ PREDTHAT
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 26
Syntactic FeaturesPREDIFabsurd, natural, contranatural,
accidental, amiable, smart, spiteful, splendid, …(50 adjectives)
It would be absurd if he stayed one more day
difficult, easy ≠ PREDIFnew = ? old =?
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 27
Syntactic FeaturesPREDTHAT, ^PREDTO (200 adjectives)wrong, right = PREDTHAT and PREDTOIt was wrong that he stayed one more dayIt was wrong to stay one more dayfalse, true = PREDTHAT, not PREDTOIt was false that he stayed one more day*It was false to stay one more day
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 28
Syntactic Featuresremarkable ?PREDTHAT, not PREDTOThat John agreed was remarkable*To make John agree is remarkable
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 29
Syntactic FeaturesPREDTO, ^PREDTHAT (500
adjectives)aimless, useless = PREDTO, not
PREDTHATIt was useless to plead with him
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 30
Syntactic Features: some training
greenniceAmericanmathematicalcomprehensivecuriouscriminal
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 31
Syntactic Features: some training
negativeprolificacceptableheavyhigholdsimilar
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 32
Completive relationsThe 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th or 5th completive SSRel (1-compl,
2-compl etc.) links an object or a complement to its governor
1-compl: He idolized [X] the girl [Y].1-compl, 2-compl: He gave Mary a piece of advice.Mary was given a piece of advice.A policeman noticed me cross the street. He helped her find the book.
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 33
Completive relationsHe wanted to help me. He wanted me to help.He considered it remarkable that
John agreed. *He considered it remarkable to
make John agree.
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 34
He considered it remarkable that…
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 35
He considered it remarkable to…
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 36
Completive relationsIt is very unlike John to be late. Two things are worth mentioning.This is worth its weight in gold.He is wary of giving evidence.John is reluctant to go.Pressure depends on temperature. Animals are different from us in that they
cannot speak
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 37
Completive relationsIt is easy to forget.‘To forget is easy’‘This thing is easy to forget’.
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 38
Copulative RelationThis is PragueHe was great.We all are in Prague.The story was about love.The story was by O’Henry.The letter was to Harry.The idea was to attract young researchersIt was of huge proportions.He was unlike the others
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 39
Agentive RelationThis question was answered [X] by [Y]
most of the students.The question [X] by [Y] the
commission concerned nuclear disarmament.
For [Y] him to agree [X] would require strength.
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 40
Prepositional RelationI brought the book from the library to my brother in the afternoon for no reason at all
Give the book to whoever comes first
He spoke with as many as ten people
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 41
Prepositional RelationIt depends on how you behave in future
It depends on whether you behave yourself
He put the book on the table*He put the book on whether you behave yourself
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 42
Next lectureThe remaining Actant Relations.
Attributive Syntactic Relations. Qualificative and Restrictive Modifiers
December 4, 2009. Lecture 5 43
Recommended