Design and Implementation of Cooperative Learning

Design and Implementation ofCooperative Learning

Karl A. SmithSTEM Education Center / Technological Leadership Institute /

Civil Engineering – University of Minnesota &Engineering Education – Purdue University

ksmith@umn.edu - http://www.ce.umn.edu/~smith

Doane College

August 19, 2014

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Workshop Layout• Welcome and Overview• Formal Cooperative Learning Rationale and

Principles • Formal Cooperative Learning Strategies

– Cooperative Problem-Based Learning– Cooperative Jigsaw– Cooperative Project-Based Learning

• Aligning outcomes, assessment, and instruction• Design and Implementation

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Workshop Objectives• Participants will be able to :

– Describe design and facilitation decisions and options associated with implementing cooperative learning

– Apply cooperative learning to classroom practice

– Apply measures of individual learning in cooperative learning (assurance of learning that demonstrates both individual and group accountability for the task output)

– Develop an application of cooperative learning to a deep learning task in a course.

– Identify additional cooperative learning techniques and associated applications in course

Cooperative Learning is instruction that involves people working in teams to accomplish a common goal, under conditions that involve both positive interdependence (all members must cooperate to complete the task) and individual and group accountability (each member is accountable for the complete final outcome).

Key Concepts

•Positive Interdependence•Individual and Group Accountability•Face-to-Face Promotive Interaction•Teamwork Skills•Group Processing

http://www.ce.umn.edu/~smith/docs/Smith-CL%20Handout%2008.pdf

Reflection and Dialogue

• Individually reflect on your practice of Pedagogies of Engagement, especially Cooperative Learning and Challenge-Based Learning (Case, Problem, Project). Write for about 1 minute– Key ideas, insights, applications – Success Stories– Questions, concerns, challenges

• Discuss with your neighbor for about 2 minutes– Select one Success Story, Suggestion for

Implementing, etc. that you would like to present to the whole group if you are randomly selected

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Active Learning: Cooperation in the College Classroom

• Informal Cooperative Learning Groups

• Formal Cooperative Learning Groups

• Cooperative Base Groups

Notes: Cooperative Learning Handout (CL College-912.doc)

www.ce.umn.edu/~smith/docs/CL%20College-912.doc

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Book Ends on a Class Session

Smith, K.A. 2000. Going deeper: Formal small-group learning in large classes. Energizing large classes: From small groups to learning communities. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 2000, 81, 25-46. [NDTL81Ch3GoingDeeper.pdf]

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Active Learning: Cooperation in the College Classroom

• Informal Cooperative Learning Groups

• Formal Cooperative Learning Groups

• Cooperative Base Groups

See Cooperative Learning Handout (CL College-912.doc)

Formal Cooperative Learning Task Groups

Design team failure is usually due to failed team dynamics (Leifer, Koseff & Lenshow, 1995).

It’s the soft stuff that’s hard, the hard stuff is easy(Doug Wilde, quoted in Leifer, 1997)

Professional Skills(Shuman, L., Besterfield-Sacre, M., and McGourty, J., “TheABET Professional Skills-Can They Be Taught? Can They Be Assessed?” Journal of Engineering Education, Vo. 94, No. 1, 2005, pp. 41–55.)

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http://www.aacu.org/advocacy/leap/documents/Re8097abcombined.pdf

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Top Three Main Engineering Work Activities

Engineering Total• Design – 36%• Computer

applications – 31%

• Management – 29%

Civil/Architectural• Management –

45%• Design – 39%• Computer

applications – 20%

Burton, L., Parker, L, & LeBold, W. 1998. U.S. engineering career trends. ASEE Prism, 7(9), 18-21.

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Pseudo-group

Traditional G roup

C ooperative G roup

H igh-perform ing C ooperative G roup

Individual M em bers

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E L

EV

EL

TYPE O F G R O U P

Teamwork

Reflection and Dialogue• Individually reflect on the Characteristics of High

Performing Teams. Think/Write for about 1 minute– Base on your experience on high performing teams, – Or your facilitation of high performing teams in your

classes, or– Or your imagination

• Discuss with your team for about 3 minutes and record a list

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Characteristics of Effective Teams?• ?•?

A team is a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable

• SMALL NUMBER

• COMPLEMENTARY SKILLS

• COMMON PURPOSE & PERFORMANCE GOALS

• COMMON APPROACH

• MUTUAL ACCOUNTABILITY

--Katzenbach & Smith (1993)The Wisdom of Teams

Cooperative Learning is instruction that involves people working in teams to accomplish a common goal, under conditions that involve both positive interdependence (all members must cooperate to complete the task) and individual and group accountability (each member is accountable for the complete final outcome).

Key Concepts

•Positive Interdependence•Individual and Group Accountability•Face-to-Face Promotive Interaction•Teamwork Skills•Group Processing

http://www.ce.umn.edu/~smith/docs/Smith-CL%20Handout%2008.pdf

Teamwork Skills

•Communication• Listening and Persuading•Decision Making•Conflict Management•Leadership•Trust and Loyalty

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Active Learning: Cooperation in the College Classroom

• Informal Cooperative Learning Groups

• Formal Cooperative Learning Groups

• Cooperative Base Groups

See Cooperative Learning Handout (CL College-912.doc)

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Professor's Role inFormal Cooperative Learning

1. Specifying Objectives

2. Making Decisions

3. Explaining Task, Positive Interdependence, and Individual Accountability

4. Monitoring and Intervening to Teach Skills

5. Evaluating Students' Achievement and Group Effectiveness

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Decisions,Decisions

Group size? Group selection?Group member roles?How long to leave groups together?Arranging the room?Providing materials?Time allocation?

Personal Response System

• Socrative.com (Socrative Student)• My room 678635

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Optimal Group Size?

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2 3 4 5 6

0% 0% 0%0%0%

A. 2

B. 3

C. 4

D. 5

E. 6

Formal Cooperative Learning Task Groups

Perkins, David. 2003. King Arthur's RoundTable: How collaborative conversations createsmart organizations. NY: Wiley.

Group Selection?

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A B C D E

0% 0% 0%0%0%

A. Self selection

B. Random selection

C. Stratified random

D. Instructor assign

E. Interest

Formal Cooperative Learning – Types of Tasks

1. Jigsaw – Learning new conceptual/procedural material

2. Peer Composition or Editing

3. Reading Comprehension/Interpretation

4. Problem Solving, Project, or Presentation

5. Review/Correct Homework

6. Constructive Controversy

7. Group Tests

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Cooperative Jigsaw

www.jigsaw.org/

JIGSAW SCHEDULE

COOPERATIVE GROUPS (3-4 members)

PREPARATION PAIRS

CONSULTING/SHARING PAIRS

TEACHING/LEARNING IN COOPERATIVE GROUPS

WHOLE CLASS REVIEW

Cooperative Jigsaw Objectives

• Participants will be able to list and describe features of Informal, Formal and Base Cooperative Groups

• Participants will be able to elaborate on multiple ways Positive Interdependence and Individual Accountability were structured

• Participants will identify features to implement in their own lesson plans

JIGSAW SCHEDULE

COOPERATIVE GROUPS

PREPARATION PAIRS

CONSULTING/SHARING PAIRS

TEACHING/LEARNING IN COOPERATIVE GROUPS

WHOLE CLASS REVIEW

Preparation ~ 20 min

Teach & Learn ~ 15 minInformal ~ 5 minFormal ~ 5 minBase ~ 5 min

Cooperative Learning Jigsaw:

1. Overview – CL Notes p. 8 – All 2. Informal Cooperative Learning –

Notes pp. 9-13 (9-10) – 13. Formal Cooperative Learning – Notes

pp. 14-20 (14-15) – 24. Cooperative Base Groups – Notes

pp. 21-22 – 3

Jigsaw Procedure (Adapted from Johnson, Johnson & Smith, 1998)

When you have information you need to communicate to students, an alternative to lecturing is a procedure for structuring cooperative learning groups called jigsaw (Aronson, 1978).

Task: Think of a reading assignment you will give in the near future. Divide the assignment into multiple (2- 4) parts. Plan how you will use the jigsaw procedure.

Procedure: Positive Interdependence is structured in the jigsaw method through creating resource interdependence. The steps for structuring a "jigsaw" lesson are:

1. Cooperative Groups: Distribute a set of instructions and materials to each group. The set needs to be divisible into the number of members of the group (2, 3, or 4 parts). Give each member one part of the set of materials.

2. Preparation Pairs: Assign students the cooperative task of meeting with someone else in the class who is a member of another learning group and who has the same section of the material to complete two tasks: a. Learning and becoming an expert on their material. b. Planning how to teach the material to the other members of their group.

3. Practice Pairs: Assign students the cooperative task of meeting with someone else in the class who is a member of another learning group and who has learned the same material and share ideas as to how the material may best be taught. These "practice pairs" review what each plans to teach their group and how. The best ideas of both are incorporated into each presentation.

4. Cooperative Group: Assign students the cooperative tasks of: a. Teaching their area of expertise to the other group members. b. Learning the material being taught by the other members.

5. Evaluation: Assess students' degree of mastery of all the material. Recognize those groups where all members reach the preset criterion of excellence.

Preparation Pairs

TASKS:a. Master Assigned Material – Skim Chapterb. Plan How to Teach It To Group

PREPARE TO TEACH:a. List Major Points You Wish to Teach – 3 – 5 pointsb. List Practical Advice Related to Major Pointsc. Prepare Visual Aids/Graphical Organizersd. Prepare Procedure to Make Learners Active, Not

Passive

COOPERATIVE: One Teaching Plan From The Two Of You, Both Of You Must Be Ready to Teach

Processing

Please complete the sentence:

One thing you did that helped me learn was . . .

Consulting/Practice Pairs

TASKS:1. Find Someone Who Prepared To Teach the

Same Section2. Prepare Your Teaching Plan3. Listen Carefully To Other’s Teaching Plan4. Incorporate Other’s Best Ideas Into Your

Plan

COOPERATIVE: Ensure Both of You Are Ready to Teach

Teach and Learn Group

TASK: Learn ALL the Material (All three sections)

COOPERATIVE: Goal: Ensure All Group Members Understand All Sections of

Material Resource: Each Member Has One Part Roles: Teach, Learn

EXPECTED CRITERIA FOR SUCCESS: Everyone learns and teaches an area of expertise, Everyone learns others' area of expertise, Everyone summarizes and synthesizes

INDIVIDUAL ACCOUNTABILITY:Professor Monitors Participation of All LearnersTeam members check for understandingIndividual implementation

EXPECTED BEHAVIORS: Good Teaching, Excellent Learning, Summarizing, Synthesizing

INTERGROUP COOPERATION: Whenever it is helpful, check procedures, answers, and strategies with another group.

Jigsaw -- Role of Listening Members

Clarify material by asking questions

Suggest creative ways to learn ideas and facts

Relate information to other strategies and elaborate

Present practical applications of information

Keep track of time

Appropriate Humor

JIGSAW SCHEDULE

COOPERATIVE GROUPS

PREPARATION PAIRS

CONSULTING/SHARING PAIRS

TEACHING/LEARNING IN COOPERATIVE GROUPS

WHOLE CLASS REVIEW

Jigsaw Processing

Things We Liked About It Traps to Watch Out For

Cooperative Learning is instruction that involves people working in teams to accomplish a common goal, under conditions that involve both positive interdependence (all members must cooperate to complete the task) and individual and group accountability (each member is accountable for the complete final outcome).

Key Concepts

•Positive Interdependence•Individual and Group Accountability•Face-to-Face Promotive Interaction•Teamwork Skills•Group Processing

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http://www.ce.umn.edu/~smith/docs/Smith-CL%20Handout%2008.pdf

Formal Cooperative Learning – Types of Tasks

1. Jigsaw – Learning new conceptual/procedural material

2. Peer Composition or Editing

3. Reading Comprehension/Interpretation

4. Problem Solving, Project, or Presentation

5. Review/Correct Homework

6. Constructive Controversy

7. Group Tests

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Challenge-Based Learning• Problem-based learning• Case-based learning• Project-based learning• Learning by design• Inquiry learning• Anchored instruction

John Bransford, Nancy Vye and Helen Bateman. Creating High-Quality Learning Environments: Guidelines from Research on How People Learn

Challenge-Based Instruction Cycle

LegacyCycle

The Challenges

Generate Ideas

Multiple Perspectives

Research & Revise

Test Your Mettle

Go Public

45https://repo.vanth.org/portal/public-content/star-legacy-cycle/star-legacy-cycle

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Problem-Based Learning

Problem posed

Identify what weneed to know

Learn it

Apply it

START

First Course Design Experience UMN – Institute of Technology

• Thinking Like an Engineer

• Problem Identification

• Problem Formulation

• Problem Representation

• Problem SolvingProblem-Based Learning

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Problem Based Cooperative Learning FormatTASK: Solve the problem(s) or Complete the project.

INDIVIDUAL: Estimate answer. Note strategy.

COOPERATIVE: One set of answers from the group, strive for agreement, make sure everyone is able to explain the strategies used to solve each problem.

EXPECTED CRITERIA FOR SUCCESS: Everyone must be able to explain the strategies used to solve each problem.

EVALUATION: Best answer within available resources or constraints.

INDIVIDUAL ACCOUNTABILITY: One member from your group may be randomly chosen to explain (a) the answer and (b) how to solve each problem.

EXPECTED BEHAVIORS: Active participating, checking, encouraging, and elaborating by all members.

INTERGROUP COOPERATION: Whenever it is helpful, check procedures, answers, and strategies with another group.

Cooperative Problem-Based Learning

January 13, 2009—New York Times – http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/13/us/13physics.html?em51

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http://scaleup.ncsu.edu/

http://www.ncsu.edu/PER/scaleup.html

http://web.mit.edu/edtech/casestudies/teal.html#video

55http://tile.uiowa.edu/

Inside an Active Learning Classroom

• STSS at the University of Minnesota

http://vimeo.com/andyub/activeclassroom

“I love this space! It makes me feel appreciated as a student, and I feel intellectually invigorated when I work and learn in it.”

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http://www.udel.edu/inst/

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Professor's Role inFormal Cooperative Learning

1. Specifying Objectives

2. Making Decisions

3. Explaining Task, Positive Interdependence, and Individual Accountability

4. Monitoring and Intervening to Teach Skills

5. Evaluating Students' Achievement and Group Effectiveness

Team Charter

• Team name, membership, and roles• Team Mission Statement• Anticipated results (goals)• Specific tactical objectives• Ground rules/Guiding principles for team participation• Shared expectations/aspirations

Code of Cooperation

•EVERY member is responsible for the team’s progress and success.•Attend all team meetings and be on time.•Come prepared.•Carry out assignments on schedule.•Listen to and show respect for the contributions of other members; be an active listener.•CONSTRUCTIVELY criticize ideas, not persons.•Resolve conflicts constructively,•Pay attention, avoid disruptive behavior.•Avoid disruptive side conversations.•Only one person speaks at a time.•Everyone participates, no one dominates.•Be succinct, avoid long anecdotes and examples.•No rank in the room.•Respect those not present.•Ask questions when you do not understand.•Attend to your personal comfort needs at any time but minimize team disruption.•HAVE FUN!!•?

Adapted from Boeing Aircraft Group Team Member Training Manual

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Ten Commandments: An Affective Code of Cooperation

• Help each other be right, not wrong.• Look for ways to make new ideas work, not for reasons they won't.• If in doubt, check it out! Don't make negative assumptions about each other.• Help each other win, and take pride in each other's victories.• Speak positively about each other and about your organization at every opportunity.• Maintain a positive mental attitude no matter what the circumstances.• Act with initiative and courage, as if it all depends on you.• Do everything with enthusiasm; it's contagious.• Whatever you want; give it away.• Don't lose faith.• Have fun

Ford Motor Company

Team Charter Examples & Research

• Team Charter – Developed by Vivian Corwin and Marilyn A. Uy for COM 321 (Organizational Behaviour) Gustavson School of Business, University of Victoria

• Group Ground Rules Contract Form – Developed by Deborah Allan, University of Delaware

• Mathieu, John E. & Rapp, Tammy L. 2009. Laying the foundation for successful team performance trajectories: The role of team charters and performance strategies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(1), 90-103

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Group Ground Rules Contract Form (Adapted from a form developed by Dr. Deborah Allen, University of Delaware)

Project groups are an effective aid to learning, but to work best they require that all groups members clearly understand their responsibilities to one another. These project group ground rules describe the general responsibilities of every member to the group. You can adopt additional ground rules if your group believes they are needed. Your signature on this contract form signifies your commitment to adhere to these rules and expectations. All group members agree to:

1. Come to class and team meetings on time. 2. Come to class and team meetings with assignments and other necessary

preparations done. Additional ground rules:

1.

2. If a member of the project team repeatedly fails to meet these ground rules, other members of the group are expected to take the following actions: Step 1: (fill in this step with your group) If not resolved: Step 2: Bring the issue to the attention of the teaching team. If not resolved: Step 3: Meet as a group with the teaching team. The teaching team reserves the right to make the final decisions to resolve difficulties that arise within the groups. Before this becomes necessary, the team should try to find a fair and equitable solution to the problem. Member’s Signatures: Group Number:______________ 1.____________________________ 2.____________________________

3.____________________________ 4.____________________________

77Mathieu, John E. & Rapp, Tammy L. 2009. Laying the foundation for successful team performance trajectories: The role of team charters and performance strategies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(1), 90-103

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Active Learning: Cooperation in the College Classroom

• Informal Cooperative Learning Groups

• Formal Cooperative Learning Groups

• Cooperative Base Groups

See Cooperative Learning Handout (CL College-912.doc)

79

Cooperative Base Groups• Are Heterogeneous• Are Long Term (at least one quarter or

semester)• Are Small (3-5 members)• Are for support• May meet at the beginning of each session or

may meet between sessions• Review for quizzes, tests, etc. together• Share resources, references, etc. for

individual projects• Provide a means for covering for absentees

Edmonson-Competitive_Advantage_of_Learning-HBR-2008.pdf

Designing and Implementing Cooperative Learning

• Think like a designer• Ground practice in robust theoretical

framework• Start small, start early and iterate• Celebrate the successes; problem-solve

the failures

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