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Developing Sustainable Turfgrass Mixtures for Roadsides in Minnesota
Eric Watkins
Professor
Horticultural Science
Minnesota Roadsides
What is the problem?
Photo Credit: Dwayne Stenlund, MnDOT
Extreme Stresses
Extreme
Temperature
Drought
& Compaction Photo Courtesy Andrew Hollman
Disease
Road Salt Use in MN
• Saline soil
• Soil degradation
• Tissue desiccation
• Ion toxicity
(Biesboer & Jacobsen, 1994; Kronzucker et al. 2013, Munns & Tester 2008)
(Biesboer & Jacobsen, 1994)
Grass Type Acceptable
Varieties
Minimum
Percent
by Mass
Maximum
Percent by
Mass
Alkaligrass Fults, Salty 15 20
Red fescue Dawson,Cindy
15 20
Park Kentucky bluegrass
Park 10 15
Improved Kentucky bluegrass
(Baron, Odyssey, Rugby2, Shamrock,
Limousine, Chateau)
20 30
Low maintenanceKentucky bluegrass
(America, Aquila, Caliber, Certified Park, Challenger, Impact, Kenblue, Nassau, Newport, Ram 1, Nugget)
20 30
2010 MnDOT Specification
Grass Type Acceptable
Varieties
Minimum
Percent
by Mass
Maximum
Percent by
Mass
Alkaligrass Fults, Salty 15 20
Red fescue Dawson,Cindy
15 20
Park Kentucky bluegrass
Park 10 15
Improved Kentucky bluegrass
(Baron, Odyssey, Rugby2, Shamrock,
Limousine, Chateau)
20 30
Low maintenanceKentucky bluegrass
(America, Aquila, Caliber, Certified Park, Challenger, Impact, Kenblue, Nassau, Newport, Ram 1, Nugget)
20 30
2010 MnDOT Specification
• Minnesota Crop Improvement, MnDOT, Minnesota Turf Association
• Quality assurance program (records, inspections, etc.)
• Economic benefit for rural Minnesota
• Must be based on unbiased data in order to succeed
• Started BEFORE research was funded
STS Certification Program
Project 1: Determine Best Species and Cultivars for Roadsides
Roadside Cultivar Evaluation
• 2 Locations
– I-94, Albertville, MN
– Larpenteur Ave, Roseville, MN
• Randomized complete block
• 3 Replications
• 75 Cultivars in 14 Species
Species EntriesSeeding Rate (lb-1000 ft-2)
fine fescue (Festuca spp.) (HD,SLCR,STCR,SH,CH) 23 5
tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) 14 7
Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) 13 1.5
perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) 16 8
tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P. Beauv.) 2 2
prairie junegrass (Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult.) 2 3
creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) 2 1
alkalaigrass (Puccinellia spp.) 4 4
Idaho bentgrass (Agrostis idahoensis Nash) 1 3
Friell, J.*, E. Watkins, and B. Horgan. 2012. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Soil & Plant Science 62:44-52.
ROSELAWN BLVD SURVIVAL
APRIL 27, 2011a
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Cultivar
Me
an R
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- perennial ryegrass
- tall fescue
- fine fescue
- alkaligrass
- creeping bentgrass
- tufted hairgrass
MNROAD SURVIVAL
MAY 15, 2011a
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Cultivar
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an R
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- perennial ryegrass
- tall fescue
- fine fescue
- alkaligrass
- creeping bentgrass
- tufted hairgrass
Salt Tolerance Screening
KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS
Friell, J*, E. Watkins, and B. Horgan. 2013.
Crop Science 53:1743-1749.
Fine Fescues
Species Common Name
Festuca rubra ssp. rubra strong creeping red fescue
Festuca rubra ssp. litoralis slender creeping red fescue
Festuca rubra ssp. commutata Chewings fescue
Festuca trachyphylla hard fescue
Festuca ovina sheep fescue
Identifying Best Mixtures
Friell, J., E. Watkins, and B.P. Horgan. 2015.. Ecological Engineering 84:579-587.
Sod Strength Testing
Sod Strength Testing
Friell, J., E. Watkins, B. Horgan, M. Cavanaugh. 2016. Agronomy Journal doi:10.2134/agronj2016.05.0295.
Impact
• Identified new turfgrass mixtures for roadsides in Minnesota
• Results were used to amend species proportions in MnDOT mixture specifications
Grass Type Acceptable
Varieties
Minimum
Percent
by Mass
Maximum
Percent by
Mass
Alkaligrass Fults, Salty 15 20
Red fescue Dawson,Cindy
15 20
Park Kentucky bluegrass
Park 10 15
Improved Kentucky bluegrass
(Baron, Odyssey, Rugby2, Shamrock,
Limousine, Chateau)
20 30
Low maintenanceKentucky bluegrass
(America, Aquila, Caliber, Certified Park, Challenger, Impact, Kenblue, Nassau, Newport, Ram 1, Nugget)
20 30
2010 MnDOT Specification
Common Name Approve Varieties %
Creeping red fescue (slender)
Seabreeze GT, Shorline, Sealink 20
Creeping red fescue (strong)
Cardinal, Celestial, Epic, McAlpin, Navigator
20
Kentucky bluegrass Bedazzled, Diva, Moonlight SLT, Shiraz 20
Hard, Sheep and/or Chewings fescue (minimum of two species, each making up at least 10% of the total mix)
Hard fescue: Beacon, Bighorn GT, Little BighornSheep fescue: Marco PoloChewings fescue: Radar, SR5130
40
2012 MnDOT Specification (MNST-12)
Reality…• Designing a good mixture is not enough
• Success of sod or seed installation depends on a number of factors
– Time of year
– Water
– Soil preparation
– Temperature
– Sod harvest depth
Photo Credit: Dwayne Stenlund, MnDOT
JULY
AUGUST
Photo Credit: Dwayne Stenlund, MnDOT
Photo Credit: Dwayne Stenlund, MnDOT
Photo Credit: Dwayne Stenlund, MnDOT
Project 2: Best Management Practices
Seeding and Sodding Date
May 1
August 1
October 1
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May - Seed May - Sod June - Seed June - Sod July - Seed July - Sod August -Seed
August -Sod
September- Seed
September- Sod
October -Seed
October -Sod
November- Seed
November- Sod
Turf
qu
alit
y (1
-9)
Planting month (2015) and type
Blaine, MN
Turf Quality (May 2016)
Water Requirements
Soil Amendments
1
2
3
4
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6
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8
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Control 22-5-10 8-2-4 5-8-0 Grade 1 Compost Grade 2 Compost Verdyol Black
Turf
qu
alit
y (1
-9)
Amendment type
Turf Quality - St. PaulJune 2016
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Control 22-5-10 8-2-4 5-8-0 Grade 1 Compost Grade 2 Compost Verdyol Black
Clip
pin
g yi
eld
(g)
Amendment type
Clipping Yield - St. Paul14 days after planting in 2015
Impact and Next Steps
• Work with MnDOT to change specifications for managing new installations (ongoing)
• Contractors are familiar with Kentucky bluegrass sod, need to be educated about differences
• Watering is critical, no good options exist
Project 3: New Irrigation Options and Educational Resources
Watering Methods
Education: Installers
• Education and training to address:
– Basic turfgrass management
– Salt tolerant turfgrasses
– Roadside specific issues
• Free and “voluntary” for contractors
• Website developed for training program, factsheets and videos
Education: Homeowners
• Designed for use by homeowners that receive salt tolerant turfgrass installation
• Content will detail how to properly manage salt tolerant grasses:– Watering
– Fertilizing
– Mowing
– etc…
• Videos, information sheets, brochures
It Works!
Next Steps….
• Better understanding of stress tolerances necessary for roadside turfgrass success– More than just salt
– Inform makeup of recommended mixtures
– New cultivars have been developed
– Test additional species
• Knowledge about the importance of region-specific mixture recommendations
• Continue to improve MnDOT specifications for roadside turfgrass installations
Project 4: Stress Tolerance Screening
Trial 1: Ice encasement
Trial 2: Salt tolerance
Trial 3: Heat stress tolerance
Project 5: Regional Roadside Testing
• Multiple state DOTs contribute to a single project (pooledfund.org)
• Researchers within each state establish and evaluate two roadside cultivar trials
• UMN coordinates, analyzes data, reports, etc.
• Reduces issues related to non-stressful conditions at any given site
• Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Jersey, Wisconsin
Benefits for MnDOT
• Fewer failed turf installations
• Reduced erosion and improved infiltration
• Development of more effective seed mixture specifications
• Knowledge about the need/lack of need for region-specific recommendations
• Builds off of previous research
• Informs educational efforts
• Continues MnDOT leadership in this area
Acknowledgements
• Local Road Research Board / MnDOT
• Dwayne Stenlund(MnDOT)
• Ben Lang (MCIA)
• Sam Bauer
• Brian Horgan
• Josh Friell
• Matthew Cavanaugh
• Maggie Reiter
• Andrew Hollman
• Craig Krueger
• Mario Gagliardi
• Jonah Reyes
• Jon Trappe
Questions?
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