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Development
How much do Americans spend on Cosmetics?
Answer
$8 billion dollars!!!
• How much does it cost to build schools for the 2 billion people who need it?
Answer
$6 billion dollars
How much do Europeans spend on Ice Cream?
Answer
$11 billion dollars
• How much would it cost to provide working people with a toilet to the 2 billion people without them in their homes?
Answer
$9 billion dollars
Development
• The goal of development is to:– Close the disparity between wealthy and poor
countries.
How: by increasing wealth for poor countries and use that wealth to make more rapid improvements in people’s health and well-being
Human Development Index
• Countries are measured on a spectrum of developments.
• They are measured using three factors:– Standard of living– Access to knowledge– Life expectation and health• GDP, Literacy and Education, Life expectancy
Inequality within Countries
• HDI- scores a country holistically however errors in the true measurement can exist
• IHDI- Inequality-adjusted HDI• If IHDI is lower than HDI measurement it
means there is a greater development gap within the country.
• Very few: very wealthy, educated, healthy, etc.
Developed vs. Developing
How do we measure development?
• Standard of living• Access to knowledge• Health
First Measurement: Standard of Living
• People in MDC’s make a much higher income, on all levels, than those in LDC’s
• Gross National Income- the value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters a country.
• GDP- is the same except it does not calculate the incoming/outgoing money.
• GNI- $40,000 in Developed and $5,000 in developing
How people earn their income is important
• There are three sectors of jobs:– Primary- agriculture– Secondary- manufacturing – Tertiary- services Most people in developing countries are employed
in Primary or secondary jobs. Held with the responsibility to grown their own food they cannot work to make additional money.
Productivity
• With the lack of technological innovation/ availability, people in developing countries are saddled with the task of completingwork with a high *value added*• Produce less with more effort
Consumer Goods
Consumer Goods
• Vital to the growth of countries are goods and services related to communications.
• Telephones enhance interaction between buyers and sellers and computers help to share information and communicated easily.
• 150 phones/100ppl (Developed)• 60 phones/100ppl (Developing)
Second Measurement: Access to Knowledge
People in developed countries complete more years of school
Developed countries have lower pupil/teacher ratios and higher literacy
Quality of Schooling
• Considered to be the greatest/most influential indicator of development.
• Years of schooling:– MDC’s:11– LDC’s: 6
• Expected years of schooling:– MDC’s: 16– LDC’s: 11
• Pupil/teacher ratio: – MDC’s: 15pp/teacher– LDC’s: 30pp/teacher
Literacy rates: MDC’s: 99%
LDC’s: 90% East Asia and Latin America 70% sub-Saharan Africa/South Asia
Third Measurement: Health
• People live longer and are healthier in developed countries
• Developed countries spend more on health care
Life Expectancy
Health Care Access
• The greater wealth that is generated in developed countries is used in part to obtain health care.
• Healthier populations can be more economically productive.
• Immunization:– MDC’s: 93%– LDC’s: 83%
Women!!!!!!!
Gender-Related Development
• The status of women is lower than that of men in every country.
• GII- Gender Inequality Index• Measures the inequality between men and
women in a country. • Uses three measurements:
• Reproductive Health• Empowerment• Labor
Empowerment
• Two indicators of empowerment:– Percentage of seats held by women in the national
legislature .– Percentage of women who have completed high
school
Labor
• Women in developed countries are more likely to hold a full-time job than those in developing.
Reproductive Health
• Two indicators:– Maternal Mortality Ratio- number of women who
dies giving birth per 1,000– Adolescent Fertility Rate: number of births per
1,000 women age 15-19
– Reproductive health is the largest contributor to gender inequality.
– United States scores poorly in both empowerment and teen births
Ted Talks: Hans puts it all together
• https://www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_at_state#t-410399
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