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The Role of Agro Industries in the Development of Orissa
Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION
India is a country of villages whose total number is
approximately 5.76 lakh. According to the 1981 Census, out of a
total population 68.4 crores in the country, the rural population
was 52.8 crores and the urban population was 15.6 crores. The
rural population therefore constitutes 77 percent of the total.
The distribution of the population of a country among the
different occupations gives an indication of the stage of its
economic development. Occupation may be broadly divided into
three categories, viz, primary, secondary, and tertiary. The
'primary sector includes activities like agriculture, animal
husbandry, forestry, fishery, mining and the like. These are
called primary because their products are essential for human
life.
Industries, large and small, come under the secondary
sector. Transport, communications, banking and finance, and
other services are placed under the tertiary sector.
Agriculture is the mainstay of Indian economy. About 64%
of labour force depends upon agriculture and it. Contributes
approximately 26%of gross domestic product. Agriculture
contributes to 18 % of Indian exports. The ninth five year plan
gives emphasis on running the capabilities of small peasants and
promoting sustainable agricultural system for promotion of
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The Role of Agro Industries in the Development of Orissa
agricultural production. Agriculture as the main occupation of the
people of Rural India. So, the Development of
Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is the nodal
organization of the DARE to develop agricultural technology
input material and the use to gain self-sufficiency.
Indian Agriculture is pegged, by nature’s vagaries, low level
productivity, vast disguised unemployment, poor techniques of
agricultural' production, etc. The significance of agriculture in
India arises from, the fact that the development in agriculture is
an essential condition for the development of rural economy and
national economy as well.
AGRICULTURE AND ITS ORIGIN:
Agriculture as a planned, systematic approach to food
acquisition existed for at least 10,000 years. Evidence of the
presence of wheat and some legumes in the 6th millennium B.C.,
have been found in the Indus valley. By 2500B.C.Rice was an
important component of the staple diet in Mohenjo-Daro near the
Arabian Sea. By 3500 BCE Farming of Rice, coconut trade and
cotton growing and Textiles were quite advanced in the valley.
With the growth of rapid Industrialization there had been
development in agricultural production. Green Revolution implies
to improve agricultural production within and maintaining a high
level of agricultural production over a long, period of time to
improve agricultural production.
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Use of high yielding varieties of seeds, use of chemical
fertilizers, pesticides, use of improved technology, agricultural
credit to farmers are possible due to growth of Industrialization:
Invest in agriculture in irrigation facilities, tractors, ware houses
etc. have been rising continuously increasing the demand for
industrial output and adding to the nations capital stock.
AGRICULTURE IN INDIA:
India is an agricultural country. The backbone of Indian
economy is agriculture. India is one of the greatest growers of
sugarcane, rice, cotton, groundnuts, tea, jute, etc. India has her
place in the production of these materials. With the production of
so many things, India is faced with deficit in her food
requirements. The methods of Indian Agriculture are unscientific.
So the need for agricultural improvement is imperative from
many points of view.
AGRICULTURE IN ORISSA:
Orissa contributes one-tenth of the rice production in India.
Gram, ragi, maize, are second ranking crops in different districts.
Rice, oil seeds, jute, coconut, turmeric are important crops in
India, rice is also the most dominant crop of Orissa and is
concentrated in areas of Cuttack, Sambalpur, Puri, Koraput. Oil
seeds cultivation is concentrated in Districts like Cuttack,
Koraput, Kalahandi, Bolangir, Dhenkanal, etc. T like Kerala, in
Orissa coconut is primarily grown as a fruit crop. Oil seeds like
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The Role of Agro Industries in the Development of Orissa
Sasameum, mustard, castor are the principal oil seeds grown in
Orissa.
The unprogressive outlook of the Indian farmers is the
greatest hurdle III the way of, Improvement in agriculture. The
barrier in adopting the scientific methods of farming is the
conservative, orthodox and illiterate of the Indian Farmers. So
there is a need for RURAL INDUSTRIALIZATION.
RURAL INDUSTRIALISATION:
Rural industrialization refers to the setting up of a wide
range of agro-industries, light engineering Industries, and
consumer goods industries, organized on modern lines, in
suitable rural growth centers for fruitful utilization of local
resources, natural and human. The rural industries would form a
part of the process of industrialization of the country. But these
industries are expected to realize certain objectives like the
following:
1)To provide maximum support to agriculture by way of
supplying its Inputs and industrial services;
2)The growth of agricultural production by providing a market
3)Manufacture a few selected articles for local consumption
like soap edible oils.
4)Provide facilities for processing of agricultural goods,
supplying spares for agricultural machinery and the likes;
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5)Catering to towns and cities or even export markets in
certain selected goods manufactured by using local
resources and skills;
6)Sub-contracting to urban enterprises
7)Tap local mineral or energy resources
REASONS FOR RURAL INDUSTRILISATION:
The necessity for rural industrialization arises out of the factors
explained below:
1. Industrialization of the rural areas becomes necessary for
making the anti-poverty programmes more effective and
self-sustained. It is the success of the anti-poverty
programmes that "would make the process of planned
econ09mic development of the country more meaningful.
The anti-poverty programmes aim at approving the
conditions of living of nearly 37% of the total population
from 1985 onwards.
2. One may approach the process of development on the basis
of the observed facts about economic activities in the rural
and urban areas.ral areas are found specializing in
agriculture and industries are generally found in urban
areas. Therefore, it may be considered reasonable to
develop agriculture i9nrural areas and industries in urban
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The Role of Agro Industries in the Development of Orissa
areas. But such a strategy of development suffers from two
shortcomings.
In the first place, it leads to uneven development, as
agriculture has a tendency to grow at a slower pace than
industry. Secondly, as the level of output per worker in the
industrial sector is higher than in agriculture, the gap in the
income levels in the two sectors becomes very large in
course of time. In fact, it is this strategy of development
adopted in our country in the past that lies at the root of
the tragic contradictions in Indian planning.
3. Traditional agriculture is found' to be greatly dependent on
the industrial sector. The latter supplies some of the inputs
of agriculture and also provides the market for many kinds
of agricultural output. The wealth generate9 in rural areas,
the food grains grown there and the raw materials
produced have gone into urban areas where value added to
them has been very great. But the reverse flow of the value
added to rural areas, either partly or wholly, has not
materialized. As a consequence, the relationship between
traditional agriculture and modern industry has become
exploitative. This should be stopped by a process of
meaningful rural industrialization, Agro-industrial centers
and the establishment of a large number of rural fabricating
centers is likely to put an end to this rural exploitation.
4. We have a huge mass of rural landless laborers who
constitute over one-third of the rural population. These
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The Role of Agro Industries in the Development of Orissa
people are helped only when employment and wages rise in
the agricultural sector. If such opportunities don’t exist,
they have to be provided with employment avenues in
sectors other than agriculture in the rural areas. This gives
an additional reason for rural industrialization.
With the growth and impact of Industrialization, there are
many large-scale, small scale industries and cottage
industries have been increasing on a large number to
increase national income. Similarly Agro-industries have
contributed towards the gro.wth of rural economy. These
Agro industries are established in the rural areas as well as
urban areas for the improvement of agricultural
productivity.
AGRO-INDUSTRIES:
Agro-industries in a broad sense refer to those industries
which use agricultural raw materials for production and produce
certain inputs that farmers need for agricultural purposes.
The development of agro-industries in rural areas like food-
processing, dairy products, wood products, oil mills, rice mills
should form an important part of our future development
strategy. These agro-industries are based on the crops grown
and output produced in the agricultural e tor and should be
located in rural areas close in rural areas close to raw material
sources. These industries are known to have strong forward n
backward Linkage effects.
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The reasons for emphasizing agro-industries ill our future,
development energy may be explained.
1. There is very great scope for expansion of such industries
like food, tobacco, wood products and furniture, dairy
products and paper. In view of their high growth
potentialities and forward and backward linkage effects,
development of such agro-based industries will enable us to
have faster growth of output, employment and percapita
income in a shorter period.
2. These industries are easier to set up and provide more
Income and employment per unit of capital investment. As
such, they are very much suitable for a country suffering
from capital shortage.
3. Agro-industries produce consu.mer goods· whose demand
increases with the growth of employment and income. As a
result, these industries would help us to control the
pressure of inflation.
4. These industries expand the demand for agricultural goods
and raw materials. This encourages agricultural production.
Against the background of increased demand, integrated
development of agriculture and industry would be possible.
5. Agro-industries will not only provide an incentive to farmers
to raise the productivity of agriculture but also help in
modernization of the rural e tor. There is the possibility of a
change in attitudes and greater enthusiasm to adopt
improved methods of production.
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6. One of the important shortcomings of our process of
economic development so far has been a high
concentration of industrial activity in a few cities and
relative neglect of the rural areas. The rural industrial
sector has -remained relatively stagnant. The rural areas
have been insulted from the overall industrialization
process III the country. It is necessary to involve the rural
masses in the development process. This would be possible
only through the establishment of agro-industries in the
rural areas.
TYPES OF AGRO-INDUSTRIES:
Agro- industries are mainly classified into four categories such
as:
a. Agro-Produce processing unit’s viz., Rice mills, Flour mills,
and oil extracting units, sugar mills.
b. Agro-Produce manufacturing units viz, Bakery, Bread, and
sugar.
c. Agro-Inputs manufacturing units viz, fertilizers and
pesticides, etc.-
d. Agro-Service centers.
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ROLE OF AGRO-INDUSTRIES IN DEVELOPMENT OF A NATION:
Agro- industries play a vital role in the economic
development of a country. More particularly its role in the rural
development is significant because of the importance of
agriculture in the rural economy. Agro-industries help to improve
the state income and lead to an equitable, distribution, of the
same among different sectors, and regions in the economy.
Furthermore, they help to promote decentralization of
development in the economy; these industries generate
employment opportunities on a large scale and contribute
significantly the process of self-sustained growth. The economic
prosperity of a developing economy depends on the forward and
backward linkages of development process. Agro-industries lead
to the creation of these linkages on a large scale by maximizing
complementarities of agriculture and industry.
As improvement in agricultural productivity depends largely
on a variety of inputs of Industrial origin including fertilizers,
pesticides, agricultural tools and implements. The role of
agriculture in the development of industry cannot be ignored.
Industries supply fertilizers, pesticides to the development of
agriculture. While agriculture intern supplies to the industries not
only wage goods but also raw materials.
ROLE OF AGRO-INDUSTRIES IN THE RURAL ORISSA:
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Orissa is endowed with vast agricultural resources that
provide wide scope for the development of agro-industries.
Bhubaneswar, Puri, Koraput, Sambalpur, Cuttack, etc. being
agriculturally developed, offers immense possibilities for the
growth of agro-industries units which acts a guide post to
similarly situated districts and even to not so similarly situated
districts In respect of several parameters of agro-industrial
development.
AGRO-BASED INDUSTRIES:
Amongst the agro-based industries, the jute mill at
Dhanmandal in Gajpur district is the most important. Raw jute is
being supplied from the jute growing belt or the Mahanadi-
Brahmaili delta.
COTTON TEXTILE:
A textile mill was established at Chaudwar 111 1949 with a
capacity of .50,000 spindles and 864 looms. This mill is market
based. It gets its supplies or raw cotton from the cotton belt
located in the Western Peninsula. Six cotton spinning mills are
also operating at Jharsuguda, Bargarh, Khorda, Tistol, Athyarh,
Tara and Govindapur mostly in the cooperative sector. Other
small weaving and spinning mills are operating at Sambalpur,
Baripada-
SERICULTURE:
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Sericulture is an agro - based industry having very high
potential in rural Orissa. Sericulture is high employment
oriented, requires low investment and brings high return. It has a
low gestation period, can help earn a lot of being exchange can
dis non -polluting. Orissa is second to Bihar in the manufacture
of Tassar with a production of about 10 tonnes per annum. This
variety of silk is mostly manufactured in old maturbhanj,
sundergarh. Kendhujhar, Sambalpur and Koraput district. The
Tassar worms thrive mostly on the shorea robusta (sal),
Terminelia Arjuna and Terminalia Tomentosa. All these tress are
found in abundance in the forestry of Orissa. Sericulture which
stared in Orissa 1926 in Cuttack, Puri and Ganjam districts
gradually spread to-·sundergarh, phulabani and Koraput districts.
Mulberry silk is much less important compared to Tassar and Eri
in Orissa. Since1981, the Bivoltive Sericulture Development
project has been taken up by the state Government. It covers
areas' in R. Uuayagiri and Mohana blocks and in old Koraput,
Ganjan, phulabani, Kalahandi, Cuttack, Puri, Sambalpur and
Kendujhar districts.
SUGAR MILLS:
A sugar mill was started in Orissa on the eve of the Second
World War, at Aska. All sugar factories are raw material oriented.
The sugar factory at Aska is the oldest in the state. At the end of
the seventh plan, three sugar factories were operational at Aska,
Bargarh and Rayagada. Two more factories are being set up at
Nayagarh, in Nayagarh districts and Badamba "'in Cuttack.
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Besides, some other Sugar mills were started at Dharmagarh in
old Kalahandi district, Haripur in Dhenkanal district, abarangapur
in Nabarangpur district, Deogaon in Balangir district and
nandapur in Kendujhar district.
RICE MILL:
Rice mill are an important agro-based industry in Orissa.
They cluster variably around the railheads of old Baleshwar,
Cuttack and Sambalpur districts. Besides, a large number of rice
hullers are operating in rural collecting centers all over Orissa.
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Chapter-2REVIEW OF- LITERATURE
The term of review of related literature basically constitutes
two words namely, review and literature. Ordinarily by review we
mean to go back or to have a detailed view about the progress
'made during the previous period about any phenomena
whereas .literature means the knowledge of particular area.
From there search point of view, review of related literature
refers to reviewing the already published materials and to
discover and integrate new information which has never been
reported and never considered. The task of reviewing the related
literature is not so easy as it requires expertise knowledge and
creative ability as the researcher has to synthesize the available
knowledge of the field in a unique way in order to provide the
rationale for his study.
According to W.R.Borg is," The Review of related is the
literature in any field forms the foundation upon. Which all future
work will be built?
If we fail t.9 build the foundation of knowledge provided by
the review of literature our work is likely to be shallowed and
naive and will often duplicate work that has already been done
better by same are else."
Fundamentally, it has two phases. The first phase includes
identification all the relevant published materials in the problem
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area by the help of which the investigator develops fundamental
ideas on the basis of which to develop his/her own study. The
second phase of review of related literature involves writing, the
foundation of ideas into a section of research report. This section
proves to be very much essential for the researcher as well as
the reader. For the researcher it provides the background of the
study and for the reader it provides the summary of the thinking
and research necessary for them to understand the study. The
related literatures can be reviewed from' different sources like
books and text book materials, periodicals, journals, abstracts,
encyclopedia, handbooks, yearbooks guides, references on
international sociology, dissertations and press and newspapers.
IMPORTANCE OF RELATED RESEARCH
STUDIES:
The importance of review of related literature can In no way
be undermined in any research activity because it solves a
number of purposes like firstly it provides theories, ideas,
explanations or hypothesis which may prove useful in the
formation of new problem.
Secondly, it indicates whether the evidence already
available solves the problem adequately without requiring
further investigation. Thirdly it provides sources for formulating
relevant hypothesis. Fourthly, it recommends method,
procedure, sources of data and statistical techniques appropriate
to the solution of problems. Fifthly it helps to have comparative
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The Role of Agro Industries in the Development of Orissa
data and findings necessary in the interpretation and discussion
of results. Sixthly it helps to discover important variables to
determine the meanings, relevance of the study and relationship
with this and its deviation from the available study.
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Further, Review of Related literature helps the researcher to
assess the work done in past and to put the hypothesis to be
examined in the research report in the proper context.
It is very important for any research activity because they
are of the early steps in planning a research work is to review
research done previously in the particular area of interest. 1t is
also very essential on the part of the investigator to be upto date
in his information about the literature related to his own problem
already done by others. It enables the investigator to avoid
unnecessary replication of the previous study. It helps the
researcher by providing specific information required to interpret
the definitions, assumptions, limitations and hypothesis of
research.
A careful and detailed study of related research studies
provides clues concerning the research approach, method,
·instrumentation and data analysis to the investigator.
Review of related research studies:
1. "Agro-Industries through mutual development of agriculture
and industry has a complementary character, growth of one
being a ~ recondition and cause of the other (Misra and
Misra: 1988)
2. Agro- industries are those industries which use agricultural
raw materials for production and produce certain inputs
that farmers need for agricultural purposes.' '(Kurukshetra,
July 2001)
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The Role of Agro Industries in the Development of Orissa
3. Agro-industries are widely used simply as a convenient
portmanteak of agriculture and industry, referring to the
range of activities and disciplines encompassed by modern
food production. (encyclopaedia)
4. Agro-industries are related to the production or provision of
materials needed by both agriculture and indus.try:
(Encarta dictionary)
5. Agro-industries have the large scale production, processing
and· packaging of food using modern equipment and
methods (Dictionary)
6. The amount appears to be small, yet it indicates the linkage
the agro industries seek to establish In the agriculture for
growth. (Venkaiah: 1992)
7. In the scheme of agro-industries development more
emphasis be given for the establishment of agro-input
manufacturing industrial units. (Sharma: 1992)
8. Agro-industries have a great impact on rural economy and
development of agro-industries is the advancement of rural
economy." (Venkaiah, v.1987)
9. "Agro- industries expand the demand for agricultural goods
and raw materials. This encourages agricultural production.
Against the background of increased demand, integrated
development of agriculture and industry would be possible.
This would create the background for large- scale industrial
development."
10. "One of the important short- comings of our process of
economic development so far has been a high
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The Role of Agro Industries in the Development of Orissa
concentration of industrial activity in a few cities and
relative neglect of the rural areas. The rural industrial
sector has remained relatively stagnant. The rural areas
have been insulted from the overall industrialization
process in the country. Hence a majority of the population
living in the rural areas have not been touched by the
process of modernization. It is necessary to involve the
rural masses in the development process. This would be
possible only through the establishment of agro- Industries
in the rural areas. ( K. M. Patnaik,19,86)
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Chapter-3
METHODOLOGY
Methodology is the procedure of research techniques. It is
the logic of scientific investigation. It is not a research model
employed in a particular project but is a technique which entails
theoretical principles as well as a framework that provides
guidelines about how research is done in the context of a
particular paradigram. It translates the principles of a
paradiagram into research language and shows how the society
can be explained and studied.
Literally methodology means the science of methods. It
contains the standards and principles employed to guide the
choice, structure, process and use of methods, as directed by
the underlying paradiagram. Methodology in sociology includes-
1. The analysis of the basic assumption of science in general
and sociology in particular.
2. The process of theory construction.
3. The interrelationship of theory and research.
4. The procedures of empirical investigation.
Thus, methodology IS not concerned with building
knowledge but deals with the procedures. Conceptual, logical
and research-by which knowledge is built. Methodology is
determined not by the research model but rather by the
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principles of research entitled in the paradiagram. The
methodology may either be qualitative or quantitative.
According to George.L.Lundberg" scientific method consists of
systematic observation, classification, and 'interpretation of
data. The main difference between our day- to- day
generalization and conclusion usually recognized as scientific
method lies in the degree of formality; rigorousness, verifiability
and general validity of the latter.” Methodology involves the
formulation and application of research design. So, methodology
plays an important role in research undertakings.
It has been clearly pointed out by some sociologists that
every researcher has to follow certain methods systematically
while and doing and type of study or research following the
principles the present researcher has also followed some
systematic principles. These are' as follows:-
1. OBJECTIVES:
a. To study the role of agro-industries in Rural Orissa.
b. To study the socio-economic life of the workers of agro-
industries.
c. To study the living conditions of the workers,
2. RESEARCH DESIGN:
Research Design is a preliminary step in every research
activity. Designing provides a picture for the whole research
project before starting the work. In brief, it is a blue print of
proposed Research problem and it includes an outline of what
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the researcher proposes to do. The purpose of research may
broadly grouped into four categories.
i. Explorative or formulative
ii. Descriptive
iii. Diagnostic
iv. experimental
Exploratory or formulate studies are those which aim at
gaining familiarizes with a phenomena or which Insights into the
phenomena or studies which deal with formulation of a more·
precise Research problem. The study which accurately portray
the characteristics of a particular situation or groups or
individuals are descriptive studies, Diagnostic studies determine
the frequency with which something occurs with something else,
Experimental studies can aim at testing the hypothesis of a
casual relationship between variables.
Generally experimental and diagnostic are not used by the
researcher as it difficult to bring data by these methods, So the
researcher has used exploratory and descriptive method in this
research. The researcher has explored the condition of agro-
industries workers. Then includes the description of these
people, their.. age, sex composition, education and caste wise
distribution, etc. The researcher has explained also the socio-
economic status, various problems of the workers,
3. UNIVERSE OF STUDY:
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The total number of items or objects and the respondents
which are to be covered, known as universe of study. So it is
desirable that the universe should be manageable, taking into
consideration available in the or deals with 500 workers of a Rice
Mill, baliguali, Puri-2
4. SAMPLING:
Sampling plays an important role in the selection of universe
when a 11 group' .is selected as the representative of whole
mass is called sampling method. In this study the researcher has
taken 20 respondents for study from Baliguali Rice Mill.
5. TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES:
Data collection is of course very important but these are
different tools of data collection which need not only careful
consideration but also proper attention and planning.. The
different technologies of data collection; these are observation,
questionnaire, interview schedule, etc. The researcher has used
interview schedules in their study as the main technique. The
term interview schedule is usually applied to a set of questions,
which are asked and filled in by the investigator in a face-to-face
contact with the respondent. The schedule used by the
researcher consists of a total of 25 questions having two
sections. The first section with the personal identification of the
respondent having 11 questions and the second consists of a
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total of 14 questions which reflects the condition of Agro-
Industrial worker.
6. VARIABLES TAKEN IN THIS RESEARCH:
Variables play a significant role in classifying the complex
data. Variables in this study have been conceptualized as those
bring about variations in the attitude, outlook and mentality of
the attitude, outlook and mentality of the respondents. Variables
are of two types
1. Independent Variable
2. Dependent variable
The independent variables are those, which can be used
independently. The researcher has taken caste, age, religion.,
occupation, etc as any force can change independent variables.
But dependent variables are those which are used with the help
of independent variables such as the life or the social
background of the slum dwellers
7. ANALYSIS OF DATA:
Research findings very much depend on the analyzing of
data. Analysis of data sums up the findings and answers
questions for which research was conducted. While analyzing
some important points like coding the categories, tabulation, use
of statistical methods, etc. should be taken into consideration. In
this Research, the researcher has arranged the data - he
respondent on the basis of there. age, sex, occupation,
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education, monthly income, level of development among the
slum dwellers. As this research contains in numerical form
various measurements like percentage, frequency distributions
etc. have been used by the researcher to compute the data for
the sake of comparison.
8. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY:
It was very interesting to conduct the study on the Agro-
industries, on the part of the researcher. But to achieve
something, you have to struggle, so inspite of many obstacles
the researcher was determined to complete the research and to
collect data from the agro-industrial workers. As 20 workers are
taken for study as a sample, so the information is limited.
9. RELEVANCE OF THE STUDY:
This study takes note of the economic and living condition
of the workers of the Rice Mill, Baliguali, Puri-2. Though there are
various types of agro-industry in Orissa. But we study this Rice
Mill, one type of agro-industry and this study helps the
researcher to study the workers’ living condition, their problems
and their economic condition.
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The Role of Agro Industries in the Development of Orissa
Chapter- 4
SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE
In order to understand the very essence of the agro-
industrial workers, e has to study their socio-economic conditions
in details. It is a very crucial aspect in understanding their
problems and needs. The essential factors which give about the
standard of living of the agro-industrial workers ate like their
age, sex, marital status, educational status, monthly income,
their spending.
In this Research project, the respondents/ agro- industrial
workers are of different age, sex. These should be analyzed in
forms of their age structure, sex-structure religion, caste, marital
status, level of education, size of household.
4.1 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS
ON THE BASIS OF AGE.
AGE RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE (%)
25-35 5 25
35-45 6 30
45-55 7 35
Above 55 3 15
Total 20 100
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The Role of Agro Industries in the Development of Orissa
The above table 5.1 represents the frequency distribution of
the respondents on the basis of age-structure. This table shows
that 5 out of 20 respondents(25%) falls within the age group of
25-35 years,6(30%) of the total respondents fall in the age group
of 35-45 years, 7(35%) of the total respondents belong to the 45-
55 age group. Thus majority of the respondents comes under 45-
55 years age group who are middle-aged.
4.2 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ON THE
BASIS OF SEX.
SEX RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE (%)
Male 17 85
Female 3 15
Total 20 100
The above table shows that the frequency distribution of the
respondent on the basis of sex composition. 17(85%) of the total
respondents are ale and 3(15%) falls in the female category, So
majority of the respondents belongs to male category,
4.3 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION ON THE BASIS OF
EDUCATION
LEVEL OF EDUCATION RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE (%)
No education 4 20
Primary school 11 55
Upto primary school 5 25
Total 20 100
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The Role of Agro Industries in the Development of Orissa
On the basis of, we found that 4(20%) falls in the no
education category of the educational status. 11(55%) complete
the primary education and others 5(25%) up to primary level.
4.4 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION ON THE BASIS OF THEIR
MARTIAL STATUS.
MARITAL STATUS RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE (%)
Married 19 95
Un Married - -
Divorced 1 5
Widowed 0 0
Total 20 100
This table reveals that out of 20 respondents 19(95%)are
married, no one unmarried, l (5%) is divorced and no one is
widowed categories from this research, the researcher knows
that majority of married persons work in the rice mill.
4.5 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION ON THE BASIS OF THEIR
SIZE OF THE FAMILY
SIZE OF THE FAMILY RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE (%)
Nuclear 5 20
Joint 15 75
Total 20 100
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The Role of Agro Industries in the Development of Orissa
This table shows that out of 20 respondents 5(20%) belong
to the nuclear families and 15(75%) belong to the joint families.
4.6 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION ON THE BASIS OF CASTE
CASTE RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE (%)
Brahim 7 35
Kshatriya 11 55
Vaishya 1 5
Shudra 1 5
Total 20 100
Table shows that the caste affiliation of the industrial workers of
Baliguali Rice Mill. Castes have been classified into four
categories like Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Sudra. It ·was
observed that out of 20 respondents 7(35%)belong to Brahmin
caste. 11(55%) of the total respondents are Kshatriya, 1 (5%) of
the total respondents are sudra. So majority of the workers
belong to Kshatriya caste.
4.7 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION ON THE BASIS OF
RELIGION
RELIGION RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE (%)
Hinduism 20 100
Islam 0 0
Christianity 0 0
Sikhism 0 0
Total 20 100
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The Role of Agro Industries in the Development of Orissa
Table 5.7 shows that out of 20 respondents all the 20( 100%)
belong to the Hindu religion. So mostly the rice-mill workers
come from the Hindu religion in Puri.
4.8 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION ON THE BASIS OF LAND
OWNERSHIP OF THE RESPONDENTS.
LAND IN DECIMAL RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
1-2 2 10
2-3 18 90
3-4 0 0
Total 20 100
The above 5.8 shows the out of 20 respondent 2(10%) have their
own and in between 1-2 decimal & the rest 18(90%) have their
land from 2-3 decimal. No one has 3-4 decimal of land.
4.9 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION ON THE BASIS OF
MONTHLY INCOME OF THE RESPONDENTS:
MONTHLY INCOME RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Rs. 1000-1500 2 10
Rs. 1500-2000 - -
Rs. 2000-2500 18 90
Total 20 100
The above table shows that the out of 20 respondents
2( 10%) earn Rs.1000-1500per month and the rest 18(90%) earn
Rs. 2000-2500. No one earn Rs.1500 -2000.
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The Role of Agro Industries in the Development of Orissa
AN OVERVIEW:
From the socio-economic profile, the researcher came to
know that the largest percentage of the workers of the Rice mill
belong to the middle age group ('35 to 45).The male workers
work more than the female workers in the Rice lY1ili. Only the
married persons work in the Rice Mill and in terms of family
background a large number of workers come from joint families.
In terms of religious background most of the Hindu work in the
Rice Mill. Many of the workers belong to the Kshyatriya caste.
Most of the workers have the 2-3 decimal land of their own. Most
of the workers earn Rs.2000-2500 per month.
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The Role of Agro Industries in the Development of Orissa
Chapter-5WORKING CONDITION
5.1 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ON THE BASIS OF
THEIR SKILLNESS.
ANSWER RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Yes 18 90
No 2 10
Total 20 100
The above table shows the skillness of the workers of the
Rice Mill. It indicates that out of 20 respondents 18(90%)
respondents are skilled in their work, but the rest 2(10%) are
freshers. In this research the researcher found that on majority
of workers are skilled in their work.
5.2 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ON THE BASIS OF
THE TYPE OF WORKING CLASS THEY BELONG
ANSWER RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Seasonal 2 10
Permanent 18 90
Total 20 100
The above table shows the working status of the workers. It
indicates that out of 20 respondents 18(90%) respondents are
permanent workers and 2(10%) are seasonal workers. In this
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The Role of Agro Industries in the Development of Orissa
research the researcher found that on majority of the workers
are permanent workers.
5.3 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ON THE BASIS OF
THEIR WORKING HOUR.
The above table shows the working hour of the workers. It
indicates that out of 20 respondents 2( 10% ) respondents work
for 4-6 hours and 3(15%) respondents work for 6-8 hours.
15(75%) work for upto 8 hours. In this research the researcher
found that on majority of the workers work for upto 8 hours.
5.4 DISTIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ON THE BASIS OF
THEIR WORKING EXPERIENCE:
ANSWER RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
1-2 years 2 10
2-4 years 8 40
4-6 years 10 50
Upto 6 years - -
Total 20 100
The above table shows the working experience of the
workers. It indicates that out of 20 respondents 2( 10%)
respondents work for 1-2 years and 8(40%) respondents work for
2-4 years. 10 (50%) work for 4-6 years. In this research the
researcher found that on majority of the workers work for 4-6
years. No respondents work for up to 6 years.
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The Role of Agro Industries in the Development of Orissa
5.5 DISTIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ON THE BASIS OF
THEIR OVER TIME WORK:
ANSWER REPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Yes 18 90
No 2 10
Total 20 100
The above table shows the over- time work of the workers. It
indicates that out of 20 respondents 18(90%) respondents work
for over time while 2(10%) respondents don't work for over time.
5.6 DISTIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ON THE BASIS OF THE
BONUS THEY GET FOR OVER-TIME WORK
ANSWER REPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Yes 18 90
No 2 10
Total 20 100
The above table shows that out of 20 respondents 18(90%)
get bonus for working overtime and 2(10%) respondents don't
get any bonus as they don't work over-time.
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The Role of Agro Industries in the Development of Orissa
5.7 DISTIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ON THE BASIS OF THE
TYPE OF EQUIPMENTS THEY USE
ANSWER RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Modern 20 100
Old - -
Total 20 100
The above table shows that out of 20 respondents that means all
respondents use modern equipments. No one use old
equipments.
PERSONAL STATUS:
5.8 DISTIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ON THE BASIS OF
THEIR RESIDENCE.
ANSWER RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Hut 9 45
Ajbested 9 45
Pakka 2 10
Total 20 100
The above table shows that out of 20 respondents 9 (45 %)
respondents live in hut. 9(45%) live in ajbested houses and
2(10%) live in pakka houses.
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The Role of Agro Industries in the Development of Orissa
5.9 DISTIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ON THE BASIS OF
THEIR NUMBER OF CHILDREN
ANSWER RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
1 to 2 2 10
2 to 4 8 40
Upto 4 10 50
Total 20 100
The above table shows that out of 20 respondents that means
2(10%) respondents have 1 to 2 children and 9(45%) have 2 to 4
children and 9(45%) have upto 4 children.
5.10 DISTIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ON THE BASIS OF
THE EDUCATIONAL STATUS OF THEIR CHILDREN
ANSWER RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Yes 20 100
No - -
Total 20 100
The above table shows that out of 20 respondents that
means all the 20 workers send their children to school.
5.11 DISTIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ON THE BASIS OF THE UNION THEY HAVE:
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The Role of Agro Industries in the Development of Orissa
ANSWER RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGEYes 18 90No 2 10
Total 20 100The above table shows that out of the 20 respondents 18(90%)
respondents have their own union and 2(10%) respondents have
not any union.
5.12 DISTIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ON THE BASIS OF
THEIR VIEW ABOUT THE ROLE OF AGRO- INDUSTRIES
ANSWER RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGEYes 20 100No - -
Total 20 100
The above table shows that out of the 20 respondents all the
respondents said that agro-industries play a greater role in
giving employment opportunities to the unemployed one.
5.13 DISTIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ON THE BASIS OF THEIR SATISFACTION WITH THE JOB.
ANSWER RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Yes 20 100
No - -
Total 20 100
The above table shows that out of the 20 respondents all the
respondents said that they are all satisfied with their job.
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The Role of Agro Industries in the Development of Orissa
AN OVERVIEW:
From the working condition and personal status of the
workers of the Baliguali Rice Mill, the researcher came to know
that:
i. Most of the workers that is 18(90%) are skilled.
ii. Most of the workers 18(90%) are permanent workers.
iii. Majority of the workers i.e., 15(75%), work for upto 8 hours.
iv. Majority of the workers i.e., 10(50%) work for 4-6 years.
v. Majority of the workers 18(90%) work for over time
vi. 18(90%) get bonus for working over-time
vii. All the respondents i.e., 20(100%) use modern equipments
viii. Majority of the workers 9(45%) respondents live in hut.
ix. 10(50%) have 2-4 children
x. All the respondents send their children to school.
xi. 18(90%) have their union
xii. All the respondents i.e., 20(100%) agree that agro-
industries play a greater role in giving employment
opportunities to the unemployed one
xiii. All the respondents i.e., 20(100%) said that they are all
satisfied with their job.
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The Role of Agro Industries in the Development of Orissa
Chapter-6
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The present Research study entitled the Role of Agro-
Industries in Development of Rural Orissa" is an attempt to
explore the role of agro industries in Puri. This project report
consists of 6 chapters including this chapter. The first chapter
deals with "What is Agro-industry".
The second chapter is the Review of Literature. The third
chapter methodology consists of description of the procedure
adopted, tools and techniques of data collection, objectives of
the study, and description of the universe and field experience.
The main objective of the preceding chapter was to explore
the Role of Agro-industries. These objectives are
1. Objectives:
a. To study the role of agro-industries in Rural Orissa.
b. To study the socio-economic life of the workers of agro-
industries.
c. To study the living conditions of the workers
Against the background of the binding the socio- economic
nature of the Agro-industries in the Puri, can be described as
follows.
In our study 20 respondents are taken as sample of the universe.
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The Role of Agro Industries in the Development of Orissa
i. Majority of the workers that is 7(35%) are between the age
group of 45-55 years.
ii. The maximum number of respondents that is 11 (55%)
belong to Kshatriya caste.
iii. Most of the workers that is 19(95%) live in joint families are
get married
iv. Most of the workers that is 15(75%) live in joint families.
v. Most of the workers that is 18(90%) earn Rs. 2000-2500 per
month.
vi. Most of the workers that is 18(90%) have 2-3 decimal land.
The fifth chapter deals with the fact that:
i. Majority of the workers that is 18(90%) are skilled.
ii. Majority of the workers that is 18(90%) are permanent.
iii. Majority of the workers that is 15(75%) work for up to 8
hours.
iv. Majority of the workers i.e., 10(50%) work for 4-6 years.
v. Majority of the workers i.e., 18 (90%) work bonus for over-
time.
vi. All the 20 respondents use modern equipments.
vii. Majority of the workers i.e., 9(45%) respondents live in hut.
viii. Majority of the workers 10(50%) have up to 4 children
ix. All the 20 respondents send their children to school.
x. Majority of the workers 18 (90%) have their own union.
xi. All the workers i.e., 20 respondents opine that agro-
industries play a greater role in giving employment
opportunities to the employed one.
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The Role of Agro Industries in the Development of Orissa
xii. All the workers that is 20 workers opine that they are all
satisfied with their job.
In response to the present piece of research work, the
researcher is going to conceive some of the basic postulates
regarding the living condition, educational status of the children
of the workers, while the researcher put the prepared questions.
Most of the workers are co-operative in providing the
answers but a little bit of troubles have to be taken by the
researcher because she has to fail to meet them even if they
have given the time schedule.
Simply they are giving answer that is much burden upon us
for attaining other answers. However, may be the difficulties in
their cases, but the researcher by taking such hazardous
moments has collected all the desired data by which she has
completed- the thesis by analyzing and tabulating the data from
the respondents.
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The Role of Agro Industries in the Development of Orissa
Bibliography
1. Patnaik, K.M., Rural Industrialization, Cuttack, Kitab Mahal
Publication House Pvt. Ltd. 1986.
2. Misra Band S.N., Misra, Rural Industrilization, Cuttack,
Vidyapuri Publication, 1988.
3. Sharma, Somnath, Socio-economic study of Agro-industries,
New Delhi, Mital Publication Pvt. Ltd., 1992.
4. Venkaiah. V., Impact of Agro-industries on Rural Economy,
Bombay, Himalaya Publication House Ltd., 1992.
5. Chopra Suresh, “Role of Agro-Industries in Rural Orissa”, The
Kurukshetra, New Delhi, July 2001, p. 15
6. “Agro-Industries”, Encyclopaedia Britanica, 14th Edition.
7. “Macmillian”, Encarta Dictionary.
Websites:
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com
******
PROJECT
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The Role of Agro Industries in the Development of Orissa
THE ROLE OF AGRO- INDUSTRIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL ORISSA (A STUDY ON THE WORKERS OF BALIGUALI RICE MILL, PURI-2)
This project contains two parts i.e. PART- A and PART- B
containing 9 and 13 questions respectively which were asked to
he workers of that rice mill.
INTERVIEW SCHEDULE
PART-A
SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE
SL. NO DATE
1. Age
i. 25-35
ii. 35-45
iii. 45-55
iv. Above 55
2. Sex
i. Male
ii. Female
3. Qualification
i. No education ii. Primary school iii. Upto primary
school
4. Marital status
i. Married ii. Unmarried iii. Divorced iv. Widowed
5. Size of family
i. Nuclear ii. Joint
6. Caste
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The Role of Agro Industries in the Development of Orissa
i. Brahmin ii. Kshyatriya iii. Vaisya iv. Sudra
7. Religion
i. Hinduism ii. Islam iii. Christianity iv. Sikhism
8. Land ownership.
i. 1-2 decimal ii. 2-3 decimal iii. 3-4 decimal
9. Income
i. Rs. 1000-1500/- ii. Rs. 1500-2000/- iii. Rs. 2000-2500
PART-B
WORKING CONDITION:
1. Are you skilled?
i. Yes ii. No
2. To which working class do you belong?
i. Seasonal ii. Permanent
3. How many hours do you work in Mill?
i. 4-6 hours ii. 6-8 hours iii. Upto 8 hours
4. What is your working experience?
i. 4-6 years ii. 2-4 years iii. 4-6 years iv. Upto 6
years
5. Do you work for overtime in rice Mill?
i. Yes ii. No
6. Do you get bonus for working overtime?
i. Yes ii. No
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The Role of Agro Industries in the Development of Orissa
7. What type of equipments do you use?
i. Modern ii. Old
8. To which type of residence do you belong?
i. Hut ii. Ajbested iii. Pakka
9. How many children do you have?
i. 1-2 ii. 2-4 iii. Upto 4
10. Do you send your children to school?
i. Yes ii. No
11. Do have your own union?
i. Yes ii. No
12. Do you think that agro-industries play a greater role?
i. Yes ii. No
13. Are you satisfied with their job?
i. Yes ii. No
*******
S . C . S . ( A ) C o l l e g e , P u r i Page 9
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