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Four Types of Cyclists What do we know? How can it help?
Jennifer Dill, Ph.D.Professor, Urban Studies & PlanningDirector, Oregon Transportation Research & Education Consortium (OTREC)Portland State UniversityPortland, OR, USA
Friday Transportation Seminar, April 26, 2013
Portland’s “Four Types”
Roger Geller, Bicycle Coordinator, Portland Office of Transportation, Four Types of Cyclistshttp://www.portlandonline.com/transportation/index.cfm?a=264746&c=44597
This Research
• Objectives– Validate the Four Types or develop an alternative
way of categorizing Portland’s cyclists and non-cyclists
– Identify how to increase cycling for transportation, i.e. what is the market and what do they want?
• Funding– OTREC– City of Portland
Who are they?• Strong & Fearless
“will ride in Portland regardless of roadway conditions”• Enthused & Confident
“comfortable sharing the roadway with automotive traffic, but they prefer to do so operating on their own facilities”
“They appreciate bicycle lanes and bicycle boulevards”“attracted to cycling in Portland by…its bicycle network
and supporting infrastructure”About 60% of this group may now ride regularly for
transportation
Who are they?• Interested but Concerned
“curious about bicycling…They like riding a bicycle”“But, they are afraid to ride.”“Very few of these people regularly ride bicycles”
• No Way No How“not interested in bicycling at all, for reasons of
topography, inability, or simply a complete and utter lack of interest.”
“The separation between these four broad groups is not generally clear-cut…likely quite a bit of blurring…”
Survey Methodology• Random phone survey of ~900 adults in the
Portland, OR metropolitan area• Sample included both land-line and mobile phone
numbers• July 19 – August 10, 2011• Response rates:
– 19.5% of eligible numbers– 35.0% of resolved numbers
• Data were weighted by sex and age to reflect to population, using 2010 Census
Overview of Process
• Part 1: Level of comfort – Based upon stated level of comfort bicycling on
non-residential streets with and without bike lanes
• Part 2: Interest in bicycling more– With adjustment for actual cycling behavior
Part 1: Level of ComfortI'm going to read a list of places you could ride a bike. For each place, please tell me how comfortable you would feel biking there using a scale of 1 to 4, with 1 meaning you would be "very uncomfortable," and 4 meaning you would be "very comfortable." These are hypothetical scenarios.
A path or trail separate from the street.
Part 1: Level of Comfort…a two-lane neighborhood commercial shopping street with traffic speeds of 25-30 miles per hour, on-street car parking, and no bike lane.
What if a striped bike lane was added?…a major urban or suburban street with four lanes, on-street parking, traffic speeds of 30-35 miles per hour, and no bike lane.
What if a striped bike lane was added?…a major street with two lanes in each direction, a center divider, on-street parking, traffic speeds of 35-40 miles per hour, and no bike lane.
What if a striped bike lane was added?
Part 1: Level of ComfortLevel of Comfort Category Possible Type
Average ≥ 3.5 for non-residential street scenarios without bike lanes
Very comfortable onnon-residential streets without bike lanes
Strong and Fearless
Average ≥ 3.5 for non-residential street scenarios with bike lanes
Very comfortable onnon-residential streets with bike lanes
Enthused and Confident
Average < 3.5 for non-residential street scenarios with bike lanes
Not very comfortable onnon-residential streets with bike lanes
Interested (??) butConcerned
≤ 1.5 on paths or trails separate from the street
Very uncomfortablebicycling
Now Way No How
Physically unable to ride a bicycle or don’t know how to ride a bicycle
Unable/Don’t know Now Way No How
Part 2: Interest in Cycling
Please tell me if you strongly disagree, somewhat disagree, somewhat agree, or strongly agree.
…I would like to travel by bike more than I do now.
Comfort Interest in traveling by bike more Final Type
Very comfortable on non-residential streets without bike lanes
EitherStrong and Fearless
Very comfortable on non-residential streets with bike lanes
Either Enthused and Confident
Not very comfortable onnon-residential streets with bike lanes
InterestedInterested butConcernedNot interested, but cycled for
transportation in past 30 days
Not interested and did not cycle for transportation in past 30 days
Now Way No HowNot comfortable on pathsor trails
Either
Physically unable or don’t know how to ride
Either
Part 1+2
Distribution of AdultsType Description
City of Portland
Rest of region All
Strong & Fearless
Very comfortable without bike lanes 6% 2% 4%
Enthused & Confident Very comfortable with bike lanes 9% 9% 9%
Interested but Concerned
Not very comfortable, interested in biking more
Not very comfortable, currently cycling for transportation but not interested in biking more
60% 53% 56%
No Way No How
Physically unable or don’t knowVery uncomfortable on pathsNot very comfortable, not
interested, not cycling for transportation
25% 37% 31%
Notes: May not total 100% due to rounding. Data are weighted by sex & age to reflect population
Current BehaviorOver the past month, about how many days did you ride a bike?
Of those __ days, about how many days did you ride a bike to work or school?Of those __ days, about how many days did you ride a bike to shop, dine out, run errands, visit people, go to a movie, or similar activities?
In a typical summer month, how many days do you ride a bicycle for commuting or other transportation?In a typical winter month, how many days do you ride a bicycle for commuting or other transportation?
Current Behavior• Non-cyclist
– Zero times in the past 30 days OR– “I never ride a bicycle” (screening question)
• Utilitarian cyclist– At least once in the past 30 days for work, school,
shopping, etc. AND– Once a month in the typical summer OR winter month
for transportation• Recreational cyclist
– At least once in the past 30 days for any purpose– Not classified as utilitarian
Current Cycling Behavior
Type DescriptionUtilitar
ianRecreational
Non-cyclist
Unable/don’t know Total
Strong & Fearless
Very comfortable without bike lanes 42% 21% 36% 100%
Enthused & Confident
Very comfortable with bike lanes 46% 31% 23% 100%
Interested but Concerned
Less comfortable and interestedLess comfortable, currently cycling
for transportation but not interested in doing more
43% 30% 28% 100%
No Way No How
Physically unable or don’t knowVery uncomfortable on pathsLess comfortable, not interested, not
cycling for transportation
14% 46% 40% 100%
Notes: Includes the entire Portland region (Oregon only)May not total 100% due to rounding. Data are weighted by sex & age to reflect population
1.6%0.8% 1.3%4.2%2.7%2.1%
23.8%
16.6%
15.5%
4.5%
14.3%
12.5%
No Way No How (31%)
Interested but Concerned (56%)
Enthused & Confident (9%)
Strong & Fearless (4%)
Unable/Don’t know how to ride
Non-cyclist
Recreational cyclist
Non-cyclist
Recreational cyclist
Utilitarian cyclist
Non-cyclistRecreational cyclist
Utilitarian cyclistNon-cyclist
Recreational cyclistUtilitarian cyclist
City of Portland vs. RegionPortland Rest of Region
No Way No How - Unable/Don't Know 11%
25%
14%
37%No Way No How - Non-cyclist 11% 18%
No Way No How - Rec. cyclist 3% 6%
Interested but Concerned - Non-cyclist 15%
60%
16%
53%Interested but Concerned - Rec. cyclist 13% 20%
Intersted but Concerned - Util. cyclist 31% 17%
Enthused & Confident - Non-cyclist 2%
9%
3%
9%Enthused & Confident - Rec. cyclist 2% 3%
Enthused & Confident - Util. cyclist 6% 3%
Strong & Fearless 6% 6% 2% 2%
Total 100% 100% 100% 100%
n (unweighted) 407 492
Amount of Utilitarian Cycling in a Typical Month
46%
38%43%
78%
53%
79%
30%
19%
36%
13%
29%
21%24%
43%
21%
10%
18%
0%
Interested butConcerned -Util. cyclist
Enthused &Confident -Util. cyclist
Strong &Fearless - Util.
cyclist
Interested butConcerned -Util. cyclist
Enthused &Confident -Util. cyclist
Strong &Fearless - Util.
cyclist
0-9 days10-19 days20-31 days
Typical Summer Month Typical Winter Month
Gender
78%
63%
52%
58%
43%
43%
47%
20%
22%
21%
51%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
No Way No How - Unable/Don't Know
No Way No How - Non-cyclist
No Way No How - Rec. cyclist
Interested but Concerned - Non-cyclist
Interested but Concerned - Rec. cyclist
Intersted but Concerned - Util. cyclist
Enthused & Confident - Non-cyclist
Enthused & Confident - Rec. cyclist
Enthused & Confident - Util. cyclist
Strong & Fearless
All
% of Type that are Women
11%
25%
29%
22%
34%
47%
32%
20%
19%
86%
32%
17%
33%
52%
41%
47%
37%
32%
60%
68%
9%
37%
73%
42%
19%
37%
20%
17%
37%
20%
14%
6%
31%
No Way No How - Unable/Don't Know
No Way No How - Non-cyclist
No Way No How - Rec. cyclist
Interested but Concerned - Non-cyclist
Interested but Concerned - Rec. cyclist
Intersted but Concerned - Util. cyclist
Enthused & Confident - Non-cyclist
Enthused & Confident - Rec. cyclist
Enthused & Confident - Util. cyclist
Strong & Fearless
All
18 to 34
35 to 54
55 or older
Age
Experience as a kid
35%
36%
37%
53%
51%
42%
68%
63%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Enthused & Confident - Util. cyclist
Enthused & Confident - Rec. cyclist
Enthused & Confident - Non-cyclist
Intersted but Concerned - Util. cyclist
Interested but Concerned - Rec. cyclist
Interested but Concerned - Non-cyclist
No Way No How - Rec. cyclist
No Way No How - Non-cyclist
Never
Occasionally
Frequently
When you were under the age of 16, how often did you ride a bike to school?
Understanding the Market
• Focus on the “Interested but Concerned”
Interested but Concerned (% agreeing)
Non-cyclistRecreational
cyclistUtilitarian
cyclistThere are bike lanes that are easy to get to. 66% 62% 78%There are quiet streets, without bike lanes, that are easy to get to on a bike.
92% 81% 94%
There is so much traffic along nearby streets that it would make it difficult or unpleasant to bike.
61% 53% 43%
The speed of traffic on most nearby streets is usually slow. 56% 53% 64%
Most drivers exceed the posted speed limits in my neighborhood.
68% 73% 61%
n 141 153 217
Differences in Perceptions: Built Environment
Interested but Concerned (% agreeing)
Non-cyclistRecreational
cyclistUtilitarian
cyclistMost people who are important to me, for example myfamily and friends, think I should bike more.
33% 29% 48%
Most people who are important to me, for example myfamily and friends, would support me in using a bike more.
90% 89% 94%
People I live with ride a bike to get to places, such aserrands, shopping, and work.
17% 17% 53%
Many of my friends ride a bike to get to places, such aserrands, shopping, and work.
43% 37% 79%
Many of my co-workers ride a bike to get to work. 36% 30% 51%In general, I see people similar to me bicycling on citystreets.
71% 76% 85%
Social Factors
Interested but Concerned (% agreeing)
Non-cyclistRecreational
cyclistUtilitarian
cyclistI feel a personal obligation to bicycle instead of driving for everyday travel.
18% 17% 54%
For me to ride a bike for daily travel from home would be easy.
19% 17% 55%
I know where safe bike routes are in my neighborhood. 69% 78% 94%Many of the places I need to get to regularly are within biking distance of my home.
63% 47% 73%
I don't have time to bike places instead of driving. 62% 69% 49%Biking for commuting or transportation requires me to wear different clothes than normal.
72% 84% 69%
I don't like wearing a bike helmet. 31% 33% 36%I know how to ride a bike safely in traffic. 83% 93% 100%I would like to learn how to ride more safely in traffic. 63% 57% 61%There is secure bike parking at my work or school. 73% 73% 83%I would feel comfortable riding my bike when it is raining. 23% 28% 47%I would feel comfortable riding my bike in my neighborhood after dark.
48% 51% 67%
Personal Factors
What about different facilities?
• A major urban or suburban street with four lanes, on-street parking, traffic speeds of 30-35 miles per hour, and no bike lane– What if a striped bike lane was added?– What if it also had a wide bike lane separated
from traffic by a raised curb or parked cars?
Potentially a large effect on the Interested but Concerned
1%
2%
20%
1%
2%
43%
6% 96% 95% 100% 97%88%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
No
bike
faci
lity
…w
ith a
bik
e la
ne
…se
para
ted
lane
No
bike
faci
lity
…w
ith a
bik
e la
ne
…se
para
ted
lane
No
bike
faci
lity
…w
ith a
bik
e la
ne
…se
para
ted
lane
No
bike
faci
lity
…w
ith a
bik
e la
ne
…se
para
ted
lane
No Way No How Interested but Concerned Enthused & Confident Strong & Fearless
4 (VeryComfortable)3
Int./Concerned: All facilities3.7
3.6 3.7
1.9
2.7
1.4
2.2
3.2
1.3
2.0
3.0
A path or trailseparate from the
street
A quiet,residential street
with trafficspeeds of 20-25miles per hour.
What if that alsohad bicycle routemarkings, wide
speed humps, andother things thatslow down anddiscourage car
traffic?
A two-laneneighborhoodcommercial
shopping streetwith traffic
speeds of 25-30miles per hour,
on-street carparking, and no
bike lane.
What if a stripedbike lane was
added?
A major urban orsuburban streetwith four lanes,
on-street parking,traffic speeds of30-35 miles per
hour, and no bikelane.
What if a stripedbike lane was
added?
What if it alsohad a wide bikelane separated
from traffic by araised curb orparked cars?
A major streetwith two lanes ineach direction, acenter divider,
on-street parking,traffic speeds of35-40 miles per
hour, and no bikelane.
What if a stripedbike lane was
added?
What if it alsohad a wide bikelane separated
from traffic by araised curb orparked cars?
Mea
n C
omfo
rt L
evel
(1-
4 sc
ale)
ANOTHER APPROACH
Market Analysis
• Divide only based upon interest and current behavior1. High transportation cyclists now2. Interested, non or low-transportation
cyclists now3. Not Interested, non or low-transportation
cyclists now (but physically able)
Distribution & Demographics% of
population
% of group who are…
women 18-34 35-54 55+
High Transportation Cyclist 30% 40% 48% 37% 15%
Interested No/Low Transportation Cyclist 46% 46% 30% 45% 26%
Not Interested 24% 60% 30% 38% 36%
Remember: About 13% of the population not included due to physical inability to ride or missing data
3.4
3.8
2.5
3.1
3.4
2.7
2.2
3.9
3.4
3.5
3.4
3.8
2.6
3.1
3.4
2.8
2.3
3.8
3.6
3.6
I often use the telephone or the Internet to avoid having to travelsomewhere.
It is important to me to get some physical exercise every day.
Travel time is generally wasted time.
The price of gasoline affects the choices I make about my dailytravel.
When I need to buy something, I usually prefer to get it at theclosest store possible.
Vehicles should be taxed on the basis of the amount of pollutionthey produce.
The only good thing about traveling is arriving at your destination.
I prefer to organize my errands so that I make as few trips aspossible.
Pollution from vehicles is a major problem.
Fuel efficiency is an important factor for me in choosing a vehicle.
High transp cyclist Interested, non/low transp cyclist
No differences
Differences
3.0
3.1
3.6
3.1
2.4
2.1
3.4
2.7
3.1
3.6
3.2
3.1
I try to limit my driving to help reduce pollution.
Traveling by car is safer overall than riding a bike.
I need a car to do many of the things I like to do.
I like riding a bike.
I prefer to bike rather than drive whenever possible.
Biking can sometimes be easier for me than driving.
High transp cyclist Interested, non/low transp cyclist
Limitations, etc.
• Phone survey• Unclear how transferable findings are to other
regions• How does comfort level change with
experience?
Next Steps, etc.
• Next steps– Further analysis– Develop other typologies from scratch– Your ideas are welcome!
• Contact information– web.pdx.edu/~jdill
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