View
1
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
Discussion of a Framework for an Alternative Spectrum Use by PMSE
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Georg Fischer
Lehrstuhl für Technische Elektronik
Chairman ETSI STF386
Birthplace of mp3
1. What’s going on? - Challenges of the future
2. Spectrum situation with PMSE
3. Proposal for a way forward - Creative Spectrum
4. Technical approach with Creative Spectrum
5. Conclusion
2
Content
Creative Spectrum
1. What’s going on? - Challenges of the future
3
4
What’s going on? - Challenges of the future Moore‘s law
Creative Spectrum
Quelle: H. Bähring, Mikrorechnertechnik, Band , Springer, 2002.
Gordan Moore, TI
1965:
“Complexity of an IC
is doubling every 2
years”
Integration density of Electronics is doubling every two years
5
What’s going on? - Challenges of the future ITRS Roadmap
Creative Spectrum
Source: INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP FOR SEMICONDUCTORS (ITRS) 2009 EDITION
New Sensors
enablers for
immersive
perception!
6
What’s going on? - Challenges of the future Edholm’s law of bandwidth
Creative Spectrum
Wireless data rates
are growing faster
than wireline!
We will run into a
serious problem!
LTE 50 Mbit/s
1 Gbit/s
Source: Steven Cherry, Edholm’s Law of Bandwidth,
Telecommunications data rates are as predictable as Moore’s Law, IEEE Spectrum, July 2004
Phil Edholm, Nortel’s chief technology officer and vice president of network architecture
Extrapolation
EASY-A/C,
LTE Advanced
7
What’s going on? - Challenges of the future Analysis by APWPT
Creative Spectrum
Source: M. Fehr, APWPT
Data Rate is doubling every two years
8
What’s going on? - Challenges of the future CISCO study
Creative Spectrum
Mobile Communication Data amount is Doubling each year!
9
What’s going on? - Challenges of the future CISCO study
Creative Spectrum
Laptops and
Smartphones with
QuadCore and HD
Display…
10
What’s going on? - Challenges of the future CISCO study
Creative Spectrum
Where does the
audiovisual content
come from?
Wireless cameras,
wireless microphones,
so PMSE…
11
What’s going on? - Challenges of the future CISCO study
Creative Spectrum
If we want HD on our
tablet, how do we
produce the high
quality content we want
to consume?
…PMSE is key for
production
Find a modus for
coexistence between
PMSE and mobile
communication
12
What’s going on? - Challenges of the future Eurovision Song Contest
Creative Spectrum
Number of links doubling every 5 years
1998 Birmingham / UK 40 ch Mic + 2 ch IEM 42
1999 Jerusalem / Israel 42 ch Mic + 6 ch IEM 48
2000 Stockholm / Sweden 48 ch Mic + 16 ch IEM 64
2001 Copenhagen / Denmark 48 ch Mic + 16 ch IEM 64
2002 Tallinn / Estonia 54 ch Mic + 16 ch IEM 70
2003 Riga / Latvia 54 ch Mic + 16 ch IEM 70
2004 Istanbul / Turkey 54 ch Mic + 16 ch IEM 70
2005 Kyiv / Ukraine 54 ch Mic + 16 ch IEM 70
2006 Athens / Greece 54 ch Mic + 16 ch IEM 70
2007 Helsinki / Finland 56 ch Mic + 16 ch IEM 72
2008 Belgrade / Serbia 56 ch Mic + 16 ch IEM 72
2009 Moscow / Russia 56 ch Mic + 16 ch IEM 72
2010 Oslo / Norway 72 ch Mic + 32 ch IEM 104
2011 Düsseldorf / Germany 82 ch Mic + 40 ch IEM 122
2012 Baku / Aserbaijan 104 ch Mic + 40 ch IEM 144
Number of
PMSE links
13
What’s going on? - Challenges of the future Evolution of Audio Formats
Creative Spectrum
# of audio channels with audio format in the past doubling every
20 years, now quicker growth rate
1920 Mono Rundfunk in Deutschland 1
1962 Stereo Einführung in D 2
1970 Quadrophonie Schallplatten in Quadro 4
1987 Surround 5.1 Definition des Standards 6
1999 Surround 6.1 Star Wars Film 7
1993 Surround 7.1 Last Action Hero 8
Surround 9.1 10
Surround 8.4 12
Surround 22.2 24
Surround 29.1 30
Number of
channels
Wishes
• Multichannel Audio/Video, immersive
• HD Audio/Video wireless
• 24 bit Audio Studio quality over wireless
14
What’s going on? - Challenges of the future Discussion of findings
Creative Spectrum
Findings
• Microelectronics integrations density - doubling every 2 years (Moore’s law)
• Data rate on interfaces – doubling – doubling every 2 years (Edholm’s law)
• Data amount in mobile communication – doubling every 1 year (Cisco Study)
• PMSE Growth – doubling at least every 5 years, probably faster…
• Drivers: HD and Immersive audio-visual capture
Discussion
• Every user of spectrum has an exponential growth rate
• The content that is to be distributed must be produced
• So spectrum need by distribution and production both have exponential growth
Fairness
• There is no argument why only one kind of services has the right for growth and the
other not…
• All services have their socioeconomic benefit and interdepend
• Without HD content being produced there would be no HD content to be distributed
• Several growing services are competing with the limited spectrum resource
• Spectrum is a naturally limited finite resource, it cannot be magnified
15
What’s going on? - Challenges of the future Immersive perception
Creative Spectrum
Holodeck,
telepresence
Source: Star Trek
Can we fully
capture an event,
performance?
Produce it ?
Reproduce it in
an immersive
way?
We are on the
way by audio &
video in HD, 3D,
multichannel,…
16
What’s going on? - Challenges of the future New Mobile GUIs
Creative Spectrum
Google Glasses
Source EDN
Source: Microvision
Source: Celluon
Source: Microvision Quadcore Smartphone LG
2. Spectrum situation with PMSE
17
18
Spectrum situation with PMSE Spectrum lost for PMSE-Audio
Creative Spectrum
470 862
f/MHz
790
Mobile Communication
co-primary to TV
880 915
TV primary, PMSE secondary
925 960
GMS/UMTS/LTE
UL DL
Digital Dividend I
-20%
694
Digital Dividend II
-24%
502
Further Digital
Dividend -8%
If primary assignment
is lost,
secondary is also
immediately lost
PSS Public Safety
and Security
e.g. TETRA
-52%
Regulation
• PMSE-Audio is a secondary service in TV band
• It is imagined that in future 400…6000 MHz could all be Mobile
Communication
19
Spectrum situation with PMSE exponential growth
Creative Spectrum
Exponential growth
It is impossible to satisfy an exponential traffic growth
by linearly adding more spectrum
Do you know the fairy tale?
1 rice corn on the first field, then
2, 4, 8,16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048, ...
There is rumour 400…6000 MHz will all become Mobile communication…
Giving more spectrum in a linear way will not satisfy Mobile demand…
Total spectrum needs to double after each DD?
Yearly DDs? Doubling total spectrum …..impossible….
It is a hydra....
cut one head, two new will grow…
20
Spectrum situation with PMSE exponential growth
Creative Spectrum
Linear growth
of Spectrum
Exponential
growth of data
How to fill
the gap
coming up?
21
Spectrum situation with PMSE How to increase cellular network capacity?
Creative Spectrum
View from a regulator - OFCOM
Small Cells (Femtos) have the highest potential,
far more than a total digital dividend, consequence?
The source coding card
Reducing
protocol
overhead
Digital
Dividend
card
The FEMTO
option
3. Proposal for a way forward
- Creative Spectrum
22
23
Proposal for a way forward - Creative Spectrum Spectrum assignment for PMSE
Creative Spectrum
PMSE Applications
• Audio
• Video
• Effect control (Lighting, Fire, Coloured walls, fog, …)
• Conference Systems
• Talk-back Systems
• Stage-Alarm Systems, production safety networks
Actual spectrum assignments
• Every application has an individual piece of spectrum
• Increases spectrum fragmentation - inefficient
• Only secondary status or even ISM band without any protection at all
• Does PMSE want status as secondary, competing with WSD?
Proposal for future spectrum assignment
• Assign spectrum to an event/production
• Spectrum is dynamically partitioned across applications according to real-time need
• Under control of producer
• Chance for a status in preference to secondary applications
Wireless Microphone
Camera receiver
Camera
Light effect
Fog machine
24
Proposal for a way forward - Creative Spectrum Spectrum assignment for PMSE
Creative Spectrum
You need to talk one voice
Audio, Video, effect, safety,…
We need to join forces….
CREATIVE SPECTRUM
The only one chance for primary/Co-primary status…
25
Proposal for a way forward - Creative Spectrum SWOT analysis for “Creative Spectrum”
Creative Spectrum
Strength
• Spectrum is a very valuable resource (recent 120 Mil €/MHz paired in Germany)
• Spectrum handled very efficiently, fragmentation is overcome
Weaknesses
• So far Audio, Video, effect, safety community not well interlinked
• Need to join forces, talk one voice, bring communities together
Opportunities
• Only a summarized view on all kinds of PMSE applications will open the chance for
primary/co-primary status in regulation
• Ensure highest and increased production quality and immersiveness
• Enabling us to cope with the challenges of the future (growth laws)
Threads
• Total Creative Spectrum will be very fragmented, e.g. spread over several duplex gaps
• Dynamic partitioning of Creative Spectrum across multiple applications
• In-situ change of spectrum partitioning during production
• Joined Radio Resource Management across all applications
4. Technical approach with Creative Spectrum
26
27
Technical approach with Creative Spectrum Source Coding
Creative Spectrum
Todays view on source coding
• PMSE for high quality production uses limited compression
• Digital Audio typical 2:1 to 4:1 (analogue compander equiv. to 2:1)
• Constant rate coder
• Spectrum would be saved with higher compression, but this would
severely degrade quality and lead to artefacts when concatenating
codecs in production and distribution
• Higher compression typically comes with increased latency
New approach
• Use “near lossless” codecs to meet quality objectives
• A near lossless codec will always be variable rate
• Produced data rate depends on level of details in information source
• Quiet microphones and still pictures deliver low rate….
28
Technical approach with Creative Spectrum Statistical Multiplexing Gain
Creative Spectrum
Realistic view on an event/production…
• It is very unlikely that all sensors (Microphones, cameras, talk back) at
the same time capture a very detailed information source
• It is very unlikely that all microphones produce the highest data rate in
the same moment
• It is very unlikely that all cameras produce the highest data rate in the
same moment
• It is very unlikely that a peak in data rate coincide with audio, video,
effect control,…
Statistical Multiplexing Gain
• If several sources vary their data rate, the sum has less variation
• Central limit theorem – the sum has less variation than its individual
summands
• In total less spectrum needed
29
Technical approach with Creative Spectrum Statistical Multiplexing Gain
Creative Spectrum
Will all people talk at the same time?
Will all cameras capture fast changing pictures?
All happening in exactly the same moment? NO!
Source: Benedikt & Jakob
30
Technical approach with Creative Spectrum Physical Layer Design
Creative Spectrum
PHY Design
• Data rate per link must follow the variable rate produced by source coder
• Dynamic scheduling at a scale of 1…20 ms
• Video frame rate naturally 20 ms (50 fps)
• OFDM air interfaces using Radio Resource blocks (time-frequency-tiles)
allow for high flexibility, e.g. LTE PHY 10 ms frame, 10x 1 ms subframes
Radio Resource Management
• Controls total spectrum “Creative Spectrum”
• In charge of partitioning spectrum across applications
• Must be highly dynamic 1...20 ms scale
• Must know the in situ need by each sensor
• Not all services with same latency requirements
• Serving different QoS and QoE requirements across applications
• Scaling of Service Levels, soft degradation mechanisms
31
Technical approach with Creative Spectrum Open Questions
Creative Spectrum
Source coding related
• How much rate variability is there with audio and video source coding?
• Suitable near lossless Audio and Video codecs?
• Peak and average compression factors?
• Quantify the Statistical Multiplexing gain with an event
• Latency introduced by near lossless codes
PHY related
• OFDM air Interface design? Air interface parameters?
• Reuse of existing air interfaces?
• Reuse of existing chip solutions? Synergistic cost savings?
RRM Related
• Update rate of RRM? 1…20 ms? What makes sense?
• QoS to QoE mapping
• Cross Layer aware scheduling
32
Technical approach with Creative Spectrum Open Questions
Creative Spectrum
Neighbour and nomadic production
• How to exchange information between neighboured productions?
• Real-time exchange of signalling and resource information?
• What to align with nomadic productions?
• How does the RRM know about what’s going on
in its surrounding?
Regulation
• Will regulators accept the concept for “Creative Spectrum” supporting the
Cultural and Creative Sector CCS?
• Will we be successful in obtaining primary/co-primary status?
Alternative way? GDB – keep secondary status of PMSE
• Geolocation databases (GDB) are gaining acceptance
• WSD and PMSE using GDB would also deliver protection
• What if GDB is not accepted or not all WSD hook up with GDB?
• PMSE would not have protection…Plenty of WSD creating interference for
PMSE…not really an option
Source: Benedikt &
Jakob
5. Conclusions
33
34
Conclusions Open Questions
Creative Spectrum
Spectrum
• Spectrum is a naturally limited finite resource
• Spectrum demand exponentially increasing in production (PMSE) and
distribution (mobile communication)
• All have to use spectrum more efficiently
Creative Spectrum
• A new approach for overcoming fragmentation across all PMSE applications
• The only one chance for primary or co-primary status
• The only way to cope with increasing future demands
• The next level after BMWI C-PMSE project and ETSI STF386
Technical Approach
• Near lossless, variable rate audio and video codecs
• Drawing statistical multiplexing gain
• A new PHY with highly dynamic RRM at 1…20 ms scale
• QoS, QoE aware scheduling, cross layer optimization
Recommended