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DIVIDEDIVIDEDD
CO
UN
TR
IEC
OU
NTR
IESS
SRI LANKASRI LANKA
Racial DifferencesSinhalese vs Tamils
Conflicts overConflicts overCitizenship rightsGovernment Jobs
University AdmissionResettlement of
Population
NORTHERN IRELANDNORTHERN IRELAND
Religious DifferencesProtestants vs
Catholics
Conflicts overConflicts overDivided Loyalties
The Education System
EmploymentHousingVoting
SRI LANKASRI LANKA
ConsequencesConsequencesArmed ConflictUnemploymentLoss of Foreign
InvestmentFall in Tourists
Foreign Intervention
NORTHERN IRELANDNORTHERN IRELAND
ConsequencesConsequencesPeaceful Protests to
ViolenceUnemploymentLoss of Foreign
InvestmentFall in Tourists
Foreign Intervention
HISTORY OF N.IHISTORY OF N.I..
• United Kingdom and Republic United Kingdom and Republic of Irelandof Ireland
• UK : BRITAIN UK : BRITAIN England, Scotland, WalesEngland, Scotland, Wales and and N.I.N.I.
• Let’s tour Britain & LondonLet’s tour Britain & London
HISTORY OF N.IHISTORY OF N.I..
• Before 12Before 12thth century century• In the 12In the 12thth century century• 16901690• 18001800
1212THTH CENTURY CENTURY
• Before 12Before 12thth century century– N.I. & Republic of Ireland = N.I. & Republic of Ireland =
IRELANDIRELAND
• In the 12In the 12thth century century– Ireland conquered and colonised Ireland conquered and colonised
by Englandby England
1690 (171690 (17thth CENTURY) CENTURY)
• King James II of England, a Catholic• Forced to flee to north of Ireland. Why?• Because he failed to force Catholicism on the
Protestants in England• There, he tried to defeat the locals• New King of England, William of Orange
PROTESTANTPROTESTANT arrived in north of Ireland and defeated King James
• Battle of Boyne• King William remains a hero to Protestants to
this day
1717thth CENTURY CENTURY
• 17TH century : England ruled Ireland– English landlords in Ireland – brought in Protestant Scottish and English
settlers– To increase Protestant population there– Newcomers – settled in northern part of Ireland– Pushed out many local Irish Catholic farmers– Those Irish Catholics who stayed behind given
least fertile lands– Northern part of Ireland thus became mainly
Protestant
1717thth CENTURY CENTURY
• The Scots like to wear kilts
• What they wear beneath that is anybody’s guess!
1919thth CENTURY CENTURY
• For years, Catholic Irish fought against Protestant Scottish and English settlers without success
• 1800 : Ireland became part of UK• Hostilities between Catholics and Protestants
did not end• Late 1800s : some local Irish demanded HOME HOME
RULERULE (like our concept of self-government)(like our concept of self-government)
• Fighting often broke out
2020thth CENTURY CENTURY
• 1921 : Ireland divided into two separate parts• Based on majority religion of each part• Northern part PROTESTANTPROTESTANT became known as
NORTHERN IRELANDNORTHERN IRELAND – remained part of UK• Southern part CATHOLICCATHOLIC became known as IRISH IRISH
FREE STATEFREE STATE• Both had own Parliaments• But continued to recognise English monarchy
and laws regarding foreign affairs• 1949 : Irish Free State cut ties with Britain• Became the REPUBLIC OF IRELANDREPUBLIC OF IRELAND
• 1993 : 1,000,000 Protestants– Mostly of English and Scottish origin
• 600,000 Catholics– Mostly descendants of local Irish
inhabitants
PEOPLE IN N.I. TODAYPEOPLE IN N.I. TODAY
• Before 1972– Own Parliament at Stormont Castle near
Balfast
• Since 1972– Ruled directly by the British Parliament in
London– British PM chooses a Secretary of State MINISTER
for N.I.– N.I. Government in charge of finance,
commerce, health and education– Britain in charge of foreign affairs and defence– Majority of ministers in N.I. Are Protestants
THE N.I. GOVERNMENTTHE N.I. GOVERNMENT
1. Divided Loyalties2. The Education System3. Employment4. Housing5. Voting
THE PROTESTANT-CATHOLIC TENSIONTHE PROTESTANT-CATHOLIC TENSION
• In N.I. Most protestants regard In N.I. Most protestants regard themselves as Britishthemselves as British
• Want the country continued as Want the country continued as part of UKpart of UK
• Many afraid of union with the Many afraid of union with the Republic of Ireland, a Catholic Republic of Ireland, a Catholic countrycountry
• A Catholic government would not A Catholic government would not be tolerant of Protestant beliefsbe tolerant of Protestant beliefs
1. DIVIDED LOYALTIES1. DIVIDED LOYALTIES
• Catholics in N.I. See themselves as Catholics in N.I. See themselves as IrishIrish
• Want to be united with IrelandWant to be united with Ireland• Resent past history of English Resent past history of English
conquestconquest• Many Catholics massacred or Many Catholics massacred or
treated harshlytreated harshly• Remembered long struggle for Remembered long struggle for
Home RuleHome Rule
1. DIVIDED LOYALTIES1. DIVIDED LOYALTIES
• Protestants – celebrate annv of Protestants – celebrate annv of battle of Boyne as a mark of battle of Boyne as a mark of protestant dominanceprotestant dominance
• Usually march through Catholic Usually march through Catholic residential areasresidential areas
• This sense of loyalty to different This sense of loyalty to different countries make them intolerant of countries make them intolerant of each othereach other
1. DIVIDED LOYALTIES1. DIVIDED LOYALTIES
• Today, public schools that cater for Today, public schools that cater for Protestants onlyProtestants only
• Private schools that cater for Private schools that cater for Catholics Catholics PARTLY FUNDED BY GOVERNMENTPARTLY FUNDED BY GOVERNMENT
2. EDUCATION SYSTEM2. EDUCATION SYSTEM
2. EDUCATION SYSTEM2. EDUCATION SYSTEM
PROTESTANT PROTESTANT CHILDRENCHILDREN
• Taught British history
• Play British sports – rugby, hockey, cricket
• Very loyal to Britain
CATHOLICCATHOLIC
CHILDRENCHILDREN
• Taught Irish history• Play Irish sports –
hurling• Taught Irish
language and culture• Regard Britain as a
foreign country
2. EDUCATION SYSTEM2. EDUCATION SYSTEM
• Mixed schoolsMixed schools• Set up by private individualsSet up by private individuals• Not as popularNot as popular• Result : Protestant and Catholic Result : Protestant and Catholic
children rarely get to meet and children rarely get to meet and know each otherknow each other
• Generations grow up to distrust Generations grow up to distrust each othereach other
• Makes them hostile to each otherMakes them hostile to each other
• Competition for jobs
• Catholics – feel that they do have have an equal chance of getting the jobs they want, even if they’re as qualified as the Protestants
3. EMPLOYMENT3. EMPLOYMENT
• 1971 : Population survey• Catholics males 2 ½ times more
likely to be jobless than Protestants males
• No of Catholic engineers and civil servants – not proportionate to their numbers in N.I.
• Fewer Catholics in senior positions in public and private sectors
3. EMPLOYMENT3. EMPLOYMENT
• Grievance : Provision of public Grievance : Provision of public housing by city councils housing by city councils PARTLY PAID FOR BY PARTLY PAID FOR BY GOVTGOVT
• Councils comprise largely ProtestantsCouncils comprise largely Protestants• Catholics often delayed in getting Catholics often delayed in getting
public housingpublic housing• 1968 : 71% of local houses in 1968 : 71% of local houses in
Dungannon given to Protestants but Dungannon given to Protestants but 53% of the people there were 53% of the people there were CatholicsCatholics
4. HOUSING4. HOUSING
• Catholics frustrated – shortage of Catholics frustrated – shortage of houses means they have to wait houses means they have to wait many years before getting own many years before getting own househouse
• Thus find provision of housing Thus find provision of housing unfairunfair
4. HOUSING4. HOUSING
• Before 1968 : Voting rights a problem• Each household – 2 votes• Companies
• entitled to more votes • depended on size
• Many companies owned by richer Protestants – thus had more votes
• Voting districts often drawn to include a larger proportion of Protestants
• Catholics were of course unhappy about this
5. VOTING5. VOTING
• Since 1968 : Everyone entitled to one vote
• Must be a British subject and above 18 years old
• Had to be born in N.I. • Or lived in UK for 7 years
• Voting districts redrawn to ensure fairness
5. VOTING5. VOTING
• Voting rights no longer a problem today
• But conflicts persist because other issues such as housing and employment not addressed
5. VOTING5. VOTING
VIDEO CLIP : CAUSES OF THE VIDEO CLIP : CAUSES OF THE CONFLICTCONFLICT
CONSEQUENCESCONSEQUENCES
• How did the Catholics make How did the Catholics make their demands?their demands?
• Effects of the Protestant-Effects of the Protestant-Catholic ConflictCatholic Conflict
• ConclusionConclusion
achristchurchhistory production
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