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GESTALT THEORY
Gestalt Principles of Visual Perception
We impose visual organization on stimuli
W.E. Hill, 1915 German postcard, 1880
Rhythm
Direction
Unity
Conformity
... looseness... ...vastness... ...peace...
Scale
Continuance...
Continuance... Is that circle approaching us?
Continuance... Is that circle approaching us?
Continuance... Is that circle approaching us?
Continuance... Is that circle approaching us?
Continuance... Is that circle approaching us?
Continuance... Is that circle approaching us?
Continuance... Is that circle approaching us?
What do these seem to represent?
and these?
and these?
and these?
Pengertian
Teori Gestalt menganggap semua persepsi manusia terorganisasi ke dalam bentuk (figures) dimana garis, bidang, dan objek yang ada muncul sebagai suatu kekuatan dinamis, yang tampak seperti sesuatu yang cenderung bergerak, sesuatu yang ringan, atau sesuatu yang memberi kualitas gembira, sedih dengan latar belakang (ground) sekitarnya sebagai suatu bidang homogen (Laurens, 2005).
Gestalt merupakan teori aliran yang mengembangkan paradigma pemikiran yang
berpijak pada kerangka menyeluruh dalam melihat suatu obyek.
Tokoh-tokoh
Teori Gestalt
Max Wertheimer
Wolfgang Kohler
Kurt Koffka
Teori Gestalt dikembangkan dari penelitian psikologi
di Berlin, Jerman
Gestalt, artinya shape or form
Tokoh: Kurt Koffka, Max Wertheimer, and Wolfgang Khler.
Kesimpulan : seseorang cenderung mempersepsikan apa yang terlihat dari lingkungannya sebagai kesatuan yang utuh.
Gestalt adalah sebuah teori yang menjelaskan proses persepsi melalui pengorganisasian komponen-komponen sensasi yang memiliki hubungan, pola, ataupun kemiripan menjadi kesatuan.
What is Gestalt Psychology?
What is Gestalt Psychology?
Why is design so important?
Laws of Gestalt
Principles of Visual Design
Applying Gestalt to design
References
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts
Gestalt adalah "bukan kombinasi dari unsur-unsur, melaikanrelasi dari unsur-unsur itu" (Lyons, 2001)
Sebagai planner, kita harus dapat melihat konsep rencanasecara keseluruhan meskipun rencana itu terdiri daribeberapa bagian parsial .
How do we create? Imagine?
Creativity begins [as a] whole....the idea precedes the execution (Schamber, 1986)
What is Gestalt Psychology?
Why is design so important?
Laws of Gestalt
Principles of Visual Design
Applying Gestalt to design
References
Why is design so important?
Gestalt psychology can provide instructional designers with an understanding of aesthetic perception and cognition (Lyons, 2001).
Aesthetic design theory provides an avenue for visual analysis using the laws and principles of Gestalt psychology (Haupt & Blignaut, 2006).
Creative thought
Gestalt laws
Good design
What is Gestalt Psychology?
Why is design so important?
Laws of Gestalt
Principles of Visual Design
Applying Gestalt to design
References
Teori Gestalt suatu keseluruhan, dalam keseluruhan terdapat unsur baru berupa struktur dan arti yang ditentukan oleh hubungan antarbagian dalam keseluruhan tersebut. Hukum-hukum Gestalt mengatur pola hubungan antarbagian dalam keseluruhan itu sehingga muncul dalam medan persepsi dengan cara tertentu
proximityObjek-objek persepsi yang berdekatan akan cenderung diamati sebagai satu kesatuan
SimilarityObjek-objek yang ciriya berdasarkan warna, bentuk ukuran atau dimensi sebagian besar sama
ClosureBentuk-bentuk yang sudah kita kenal walaupun hanya tampak sebagian atau terlihat suatu bentuk yang tidak sempurna, tetapi terlihat sempurna
continuityPola yang sama berkesinambungan walaupun ditutup oleh pola lain, tetap diamati sebagai satu kesatuan
common fateUnsur-unsur yang bergerak dengan cara dan arah yang sama meskipun memiliki bentuk yang berbeda
Laws of Gestalt
Law of Proximity The closer objects are to each
other, the more likely they are to be perceived as a group (Ehrenstein, 2004)
bahwa unsur-unsur yang saling berdekatan (baik waktu maupun ruang) dalam bidang pengamatan akan dipandang sebagai satu bentuk tertentu
What is Gestalt Psychology?
Why is design so important?
Laws of Gestalt
Principles of Visual Design
Applying Gestalt to design
ReferencesGestalt Laws
2
Laws of Gestalt
Law of Symmetry Objects must be balanced or
symmetrical to be seen as complete or whole (Chang, 2002).
Benda/obyek yang seimbangatau simetris akan dilihatsebagai satu kesatuan
What is Gestalt Psychology?
Why is design so important?
Laws of Gestalt
Principles of Visual Design
Applying Gestalt to design
ReferencesGestalt Laws
2
Palm Island, Dubai
Laws of Gestalt
Law of Similarity Objects that are similar, with
like components or attributes are more likely to be organised together (Schamber, 1986).
sesuatu yang memiliki kesamaan cenderung akan dipandang sebagai suatu obyek yang saling memiliki.
Objects are viewed in vertical rows because of their similar attributes.
What is Gestalt Psychology?
Why is design so important?
Laws of Gestalt
Principles of Visual Design
Applying Gestalt to design
ReferencesGestalt Laws
3
Laws of Gestalt
Law of Common Fate Objects with a common
movement, that move in the same direction, at the same pace , at the same time are organised as a group (Ehrenstein, 2004).
benda yang berada dalam arah yang sama cenderung akan dipersepsi sebagi suatu figure atau bentuk tertentu.
What is Gestalt Psychology?
Why is design so important?
Laws of Gestalt
Principles of Visual Design
Applying Gestalt to design
ReferencesGestalt Laws
3
Laws of Gestalt
Law of Continuation Objects will be grouped as a
whole if they are co-linear, or follow a direction (Chang, 2002; Lyons, 2001).
Obyek akan dikelompokkanmenjadi kesatuan jikamengikuti bentuk linear yang kontinu atau mengikuti arahtertentu
What is Gestalt Psychology?
Why is design so important?
Laws of Gestalt
Principles of Visual Design
Applying Gestalt to design
ReferencesGestalt Laws
4
Laws of Gestalt
Law of Isomorphism Is similarity that can be
behavioural or perceptual, and can be a response based on the viewers previous experiences (Luchins & Luchins, 1999; Chang, 2002).
This law is the basis for symbolism (Schamber, 1986).
Sebuah simbol dipresepsikanmenurut pengalamanpengamat
What is Gestalt Psychology?
Why is design so important?
Laws of Gestalt
Principles of Visual Design
Applying Gestalt to design
ReferencesGestalt Laws
4
Laws of Gestalt
Law of Closure In perception there is the
tendency to complete unfinished or partially obscured objects (Ehrenstein, 2004).
Kanizsas triangle (right) is one of the most recognisable examples of this (Wikipedia, 2008).
orang cenderung akan mengisi kekosongan suatu pola obyek atau pengamatan yang tidak lengkap
(Wikipedia, 2008)
What is Gestalt Psychology?
Why is design so important?
Laws of Gestalt
Principles of Visual Design
Applying Gestalt to design
ReferencesGestalt Laws
5
Laws of Gestalt
Law of Figure - Ground Viewers will perceive an
object (figure) and a surface (ground) even in shapes are grouped together (Ehrenstein, 2004).
This law also defines use of contrast (Schamber, 1986).
menganggap bahwa setiap bidang pengamatan dapat dibagi dua yaitu figure (bentuk) dan latar belakang. Penampilan suatu obyek seperti ukuran, potongan, warna dan sebagainya membedakan figure dari latar belakang
(Chang, 2002)
What is Gestalt Psychology?
Why is design so important?
Laws of Gestalt
Principles of Visual Design
Applying Gestalt to design
ReferencesGestalt Laws
5
Laws of Gestalt
Laws of Gestalt
Law of Focal Point The idea that a point of
interest, something emphasised or different will catch and hold the viewers attention (Chang, 2002).
Penekanan pada sesuatu baik bentuk atau warna berbeda akan menjadi pusat perhatian pengamat
LOOK
LOOK
LOOK
LOOK
LOOK
What is Gestalt Psychology?
Why is design so important?
Laws of Gestalt
Principles of Visual Design
Applying Gestalt to design
ReferencesGestalt Laws
6
Laws of Gestalt
Law of Prgnanz Prgnanz means, in simple
terms, good form and refers to organising shapes to simple forms (Chang, 2002). Figures are seen as their simple elements instead of complicated shapes.
Humans tend to interpret ambiguous or complex images as simple and complete.
Simplest: fewer rather than more elements, symmetrical rather than asymmetrical
People are better able to visually process and remember simple figures thancomplex figures.
What is Gestalt Psychology?
Why is design so important?
Laws of Gestalt
Principles of Visual Design
Applying Gestalt to design
References
Hukum ini adalah sebagai hukum pokok oleh psikologi Gestalt.This is the law that states that people will visualise according to the simplest way of grouping items and the effort to simplify complex items is unconscious (Chang, 2002).
/ Simplicity
Lines & Shapes
Pictures & Layout
Design
Laws of Gestalt
Law of Unity Is the law of arrangement,
where elements and structures have a visual connection and look like they belong together, in unity (Chang, 2002).
Unity is one of the general principles of visual design.
Beberapa elemen yang memiliki koneksi visual akanterlihat sebagai sebuahkesatuan
What is Gestalt Psychology?
Why is design so important?
Laws of Gestalt
Principles of Visual Design
Applying Gestalt to design
References
Aplikasi Teori Gestalt dalam Elemen Kota
Hukum kesinambungan (continuity)
Path
Hukum kesinambungan (continuity)
Edges
Hukum kedekatan (proximity) dan hukum kesamaan (similarity)
District
Konsep figure dan latar belakang
Node
Konsep figure dan latar belakang
Landmark
PATH
NODE
DISTRICTS
LANDMARK
EDGE
Aplikasi Teori Gestalt
SIMILARITYCLOSURE
FIGURE GROUNDIMPOSIBLE FIGUREObjek yang tidak mungkin dibuat dalam dunia nyata
Kelebihan dan Kelemahan
Kelebihan individu yang memiliki keunikan, dimana harus
berhubungan dengan lingkungan sekitar mereka. Teori Gestalt dapat menjelaskan mengenai
bagaimana persepsi visual dapat terbentuk
Kelemahan Dalam hal waktu dan pengamatan berulang, bila
seseorang menggunakan waktu yang agak lama dalam merekam objek , maka semakin seseorang melihat bagian perbagiannya dan perbedaan
Slide Number 1Slide Number 2Slide Number 3Gestalt Principles of Visual PerceptionRhythmDirectionUnityConformitySlide Number 9... looseness... ...vastness... ...peace...ScaleContinuance... Continuance... Is that circle approaching us?Continuance... Is that circle approaching us?Continuance... Is that circle approaching us?Continuance... Is that circle approaching us?Continuance... Is that circle approaching us?Continuance... Is that circle approaching us?Continuance... Is that circle approaching us?What do these seem to represent?Slide Number 21and these?Slide Number 23and these?Slide Number 25and these?Slide Number 27Slide Number 28Slide Number 29What is Gestalt Psychology?The whole is greater than the sum of its partsWhy is design so important?Slide Number 33Laws of GestaltSlide Number 35Slide Number 36Slide Number 37Slide Number 38Laws of GestaltSlide Number 40Laws of GestaltSlide Number 42Laws of GestaltSlide Number 44Laws of GestaltSlide Number 46Laws of GestaltLaws of GestaltLaws of GestaltLaws of GestaltLaws of GestaltLaws of GestaltSlide Number 53Slide Number 54Slide Number 55Laws of GestaltSlide Number 57PATHNODEDISTRICTSLANDMARKEDGESlide Number 63Slide Number 64
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