DNA Techniques€¦ · Recombinant DNA 1) A restriction endonuclease is selected that can cut both...

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DNA Techniques

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Recombinant DNA

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Recombinant DNARecombinant DNA: a molecule of DNA composed of genetic material from different sources

Produced in the laboratoryOften combines DNA from different species

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Recombinant DNA

Recombinant DNA is created using restriction enzymes isolated from bacteria

Restriction endonuclease: an enzymes that cuts the interior of DNA in a sequence specific manner

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Steps to Produce Recombinant DNA

1) A restriction endonuclease is selected that can cut both DNA segments.2) Each piece of DNA is reacted with endonuclease.3)Two cute fragments are incubated with DNA ligase which joins the two fragments.

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Monday, November 27, 17

Gene Cloning

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Gene Cloning

Gene cloning: The process of manipulating DNA to produce many identical copies of a gene

Scientists clone genes in bacteria that interest them to make them easier to study

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Steps in Gene Cloning

1) A recombinant DNA molecule is produced composed of the gene of interest and a vector(carrier for the gene to be cloned).

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Steps in Gene Cloning

2) The recombinant DNA is introduced into a bacterial host. This is called transformation and requires the correct environmental factors to be met.

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Steps in Gene Cloning

3) Bacterial cells enriched with growth medium.

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Steps in Gene Cloning

4) Bacterial colonies that have the recombinant DNA is identified using markers.

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Steps in Gene Cloning

5) Cells with recombinant DNA selected and grown to produce a larger population.

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Steps in Gene Cloning

6) The recombinant DNA is isolated from bacterial cells.

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Steps in Gene Cloning

7) An analysis of the recombinant DNA determines of the DNA has been made properly.

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Monday, November 27, 17

Polymerase Chain Reaction

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DNA amplification: produces large quantities of DNA for analysis

Polymerase Chain Reaction: automated method of amplifying DNA

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1) DNA is heated in a high temperature so DNA is denatured into single strands.

Steps in PCR

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2) Once cooled the DNA sample is introduced to nucleotide primers.

Steps in PCR

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3) DNA is heated in the presence of Taq polymerase (similar to DNA polymerase but can withstand high temperatures).

Taq polymerase attached free base pairs using complementary pairing.

Steps in PCR

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4) Steps 1 to 3 are repeated for several cycles, doubling the amount of DNA each time.

Steps in PCR

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Monday, November 27, 17

Analyzing DNA

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Gel Electrophoresis

Gel Electrophoresis: separated fragments of DNA bases on mass and size

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Steps in Gel Electrophoresis

1) DNA is added to gel and are died so they can be seen.

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Steps in Gel Electrophoresis

2) The gel is placed in a buffer and is electrified. DNA moves to the positive anode because DNA has a negative charge.

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Steps in Gel Electrophoresis

3) Smaller DNA fragments move quicker, so travel further. Larger DNA fragments move slower so don’t travel as far.

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Steps in Gel Electrophoresis

4) The gel is exposed to UV light exposing bands on DNA

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Monday, November 27, 17

DNA Fingerprinting

DNA Fingerprinting: technology used to identify individuals by analyzing DNA sequences

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DNA fingerprinting uses a combination of DNA amplification and electrophoresis.

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