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Drink and Drug DrivingFuture Challenges
Andy BodkinCentre for Applied Science and Technology19th May 2015
Overview
• Recent Challenges in Drug Driving
• Vision for Drink/Drug Detection
• Long-term future challenges
2
CAST’s role
3
CAST
201420132012
Guide releasedPolice station
Guide released MobileISO 17025
First device approved Laboratory evaluation
2015
First mobile device approved
20142012 2013
DfT Expert Panel
New offenceCrime and Courts Act 2013
Expert Panelreports
CAST Advisory Committee
Public Consultation
Government response
New Offence
2015
Publication of Requirements
• Each drug has a cut-off• Tests undertaken above and below
cut-off
• Drugs are tested alone/combination• Common chemicals are tested (cigarette smoke, caffeine)
15 drugs
• Open process – Approval, not procurement
• Device for THC (Dec 2012), mobile device for THC and COC (Dec 2014)
Challenge Compared to Alcohol
• One Device to detect Guinness
• One Device to detect Vodka
• This is how Drug Devices might work!
• The start of the process – remember the tube and bag?
5
Oral Fluid
• Human oral fluid? Huge variable; age, oral hygiene, health, use of medications
pH - 6.2-7.4
Viscosity - 1.5 – 4.2 mPa.s
• Not a procurement
- Monitoring performance?
- New capability?
• Volume! (50+ litres)6
Drugs and limits
7
Drug Limit (ng/mL)
THC 2
Cocaine 10
Benzoylecgonine 50
Methylamphetamine 10
MDMA 10
6-MAM 5
LSD 1
Ketamine 20
Drug Limit (ng/mL)
Clonazepam 50
Diazepam 550
Flunitrazepam 300
Lorazepam 100
Oxazepam 300
Temazepam 1000
Methadone 500
Morphine 80
• Medical defence will be available – taking medication in line with prescriber’s instructions
Recent Challenges - Conclusion
• Two devices type approved for roadside use for THC and Cocaine
• Legislation commenced 2nd March 2015
• Initial prosecutions underway.
• First conviction – Shropshire, 3 yr ban.
8
Short-Term Challenges
• Relationship of oral fluid to blood?• Widening Drugs Panel• Variables - Time?
9
Lowest detectable level in
oral fluid
Risk of passive exposure
Existing capabilities
Vision for Drink/Drug Driving Detection
• Through skin technologies for blood levels.
• Alternative Matrix? – Sweat, Oral Fluid – Current DfT Tender
10
Maturity of TechnologyWhat Limits?
Time for detection?
Current Technology
11
• SBRI Challenge launched in May 2014:
Step-change in the detection and measurement of alcohol and drugs simultaneously in the human
body (specifically in blood)
• Screening test must be non invasive and provide a rapid response
• Proof of concept stage closed April 2015
Other Potential Technology
• Locking Mechanisms – e.g Alcolock
• GPS Monitoring – ‘Alcohol Tags’
• Roadside Lasers – Polish research
12
Future Challenges
• Automated and Autonomous Vehicles - Near
• Synthetic Biology – Mid to Long term
• Electronic Drugs – Potential Long term
13
Automated and Autonomous Vehicles
14
• Automated – Driver must be alert and can intervene.
• Autonomous – Driver can undertake other tasks.
Synthetic Biology
• Using genetic modifications to produce or detect drugs.• Poppy genes have been added to yeast to produce heroine.• Similar to NPS – ability for rapid addition of new illegal drugs.• Could also improve drug detection capability.
15
Electronic Drugs
• Direct electronic stimulation of the brain.
• For example – Binaural Beats.
• Requires user to wear headphones.
• Future devices may be unobtrusive.
16
ImpairmentDefinition
Drug Potency – Impairment Definition
• Electronic Drugs and other new drugs could be extremely potent in very small quantities.
• If undetectable – how define impairment?
• Need a baseline for individuals – insurance companies could insist.
• ‘Big Data’ could also provide baseline
17
Ethics
• Data gathering, people monitoring, ‘big data’ in general - many ethical considerations.
• Worries of ‘Big Brother’
• ‘Right to be forgotten’.
18
Conclusion
• Many Challenges
• May or may not arise
• Also opportunities – monitoring and remote sensing.
• Aware of Ethical Concerns.
19
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