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Drug Court Evaluation Using “Big Data” Presented at the Washington State Association of Drug Court Professionals 16 th Annual Conference Presented by Jim Mayfield, Senior Research Associate Department of Social and Health Services Research and Data Analysis Division October 18, 2013. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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1DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013
Drug Court Evaluation Using “Big Data”
Presented at the
Washington State Association of Drug Court Professionals 16th Annual Conference
Presented byJim Mayfield, Senior Research Associate
Department of Social and Health ServicesResearch and Data Analysis Division
October 18, 2013
2DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013
Our topic today . . . .
Review social service and criminal justice data integration in Washington State
Demonstrate the use of integrated data to evaluate drug courts
3DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013
Washington is one of a few states in the nation with an integrated social service client database
4DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013
That means we can identify costs, risks and outcomes at the state or community level . . .
. . . and at an individual or family level
5DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013
Internal
Institutions
Dispositional Alternative
Community Placement
Parole
Assessments
Detoxification
Opiate Substitution Treatment
Outpatient Treatment
Residential Treatment
Child Study Treatment Center
Children’s Long-term Inpatient Program
Community Inpatient Evaluation/ Treatment
Community Services
State Hospitals State Institutions
WASHINGTON STATEDepartment of Social and Health Services
INTEGRATED CLIENT DATA BASE
Food Stamps
TANF and State Family Assistance
General Assistance
Child Support Services
Working Connections Child Care
Nursing Facilities
In-home Services
Community Residential
Functional Assessments
Case Management
Community Residential Services
Personal Care Support
Residential Habilitation Centers and Nursing Facilities
Medical and Psychological Services
Training, Education, Supplies
Case Management
Vocational Assessments Job Skills
Child Protective Services
Child Welfare Services
Adoption
Adoption Support
Child Care
Out of Home Placement
Voluntary Services
Family Reconciliation Services
DSHS Mental Health
Services
DSHS Juvenile
Rehabilitation
DSHS Economic Services
DSHS Aging and Adult
Services
DSHS Developmental
Disabilities
DSHS Vocational
Rehabilitation
DSHS Children’s Services
DSHS Behavioral Health and
Rehabilitation
Internal DSHS client services data
6DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013
External
Administrative Office of the Courts
Employment Security
Department
Department of Health
Department of Corrections
Washington State Patrol
Department of Commerce
Health Care Authority
External client services and outcomes data
Dental ServicesMedical Eligibility Medicaid, State OnlyHospital Inpatient/OutpatientManaged Care ServicesPhysician ServicesPrescription Drugs
Homelessness
Housing Assistance
Arrests Charges
Convictions
Incarcerations
Community Supervision
Hours
Wages
Births
Deaths
External
Administrative Office of the Courts
Employment Security
Department
Department of Health
Department of Corrections
Washington State Patrol
Department of Commerce
Health Care Authority
WASHINGTON STATEDepartment of Social and Health Services
INTEGRATED CLIENT DATA BASE
7DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013
Dental ServicesMedical Eligibility Medicaid, State OnlyHospital Inpatient/OutpatientManaged Care ServicesPhysician ServicesPrescription Drugs
Homelessness
Housing Assistance
Arrests Charges
Convictions
Incarcerations
Community Supervision
Hours
Wages
Births
Deaths
External
Administrative Office of the Courts
Employment Security
Department
Department of Health
Department of Corrections
Washington State Patrol
Department of Commerce
Health Care Authority
Internal
Institutions
Dispositional Alternative
Community Placement
Parole
Assessments
Detoxification
Opiate Substitution Treatment
Outpatient Treatment
Residential Treatment
Child Study Treatment Center
Children’s Long-term Inpatient Program
Community Inpatient Evaluation/ Treatment
Community Services
State Hospitals State Institutions
WASHINGTON STATEDepartment of Social and Health Services
INTEGRATED CLIENT DATA BASE
Food Stamps
TANF and State Family Assistance
General Assistance
Child Support Services
Working Connections Child Care
Nursing Facilities
In-home Services
Community Residential
Functional Assessments
Case Management
Community Residential Services
Personal Care Support
Residential Habilitation Centers and Nursing Facilities
Medical and Psychological Services
Training, Education, Supplies
Case Management
Vocational Assessments Job Skills
Child Protective Services
Child Welfare Services
Adoption
Adoption Support
Child Care
Out of Home Placement
Voluntary Services
Family Reconciliation Services
DSHS Mental Health
Services
DSHS Juvenile
Rehabilitation
DSHS Economic Services
DSHS Aging and Adult
Services
DSHS Developmental
Disabilities
DSHS Vocational
Rehabilitation
DSHS Children’s Services
DSHS Behavioral Health and
Rehabilitation
Internal and external sources routinely updated in the Integrated Client Data Base – “The ICDB”
8DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013
(Includes dropouts)
Drug court participants and study sample
June 2007 through July 2009
Reported admissions (unduplicated)* 2,537
• Opt outs 582
• Did not link with the ICDB 121
• Missing critical data 163
Final Drug Court Sample 1,671
*Source: Administrative Office of the Courts, individual drug courts, and DCCM.
9DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013
-10 years -9 years -8 years -7 years -6 years -5 years -4 years -3 years -2 years -1 year +1 year +2 years +3 years
INDEXDate felony was filed
Baseline characteristics up to 10 years prior 3 years after filing date
• Age, gender• Race and ethnicity• Employment history• Location
• Arrest rate• Incarceration rate• Days incarcerated• Received AOD treatment• Days of AOD treatment• AOD treatment cost
• Most serious felony charge• Criminal history• AOD treatment need• Previous AOD treatment
BASELINE PERIOD FOLLOW-UP PERIOD
STUDY TIMELINE: Admissions from June 2007 through July 2009
10DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013
Dental ServicesMedical Eligibility Medicaid, State OnlyHospital Inpatient/OutpatientManaged Care ServicesPhysician ServicesPrescription Drugs
Homelessness
Housing Assistance
Arrests Charges
Convictions
Incarcerations
Community Supervision
Hours
Wages
Births
Deaths
External
Administrative Office of the Courts
Employment Security
Department
Department of Health
Department of Corrections
Washington State Patrol
Department of Commerce
Health Care Authority
Internal
Institutions
Dispositional Alternative
Community Placement
Parole
Assessments
Detoxification
Opiate Substitution Treatment
Outpatient Treatment
Residential Treatment
Child Study Treatment Center
Children’s Long-term Inpatient Program
Community Inpatient Evaluation/ Treatment
Community Services
State Hospitals State Institutions
WASHINGTON STATEDepartment of Social and Health Services
INTEGRATED CLIENT DATA BASE
Food Stamps
TANF and State Family Assistance
General Assistance
Child Support Services
Working Connections Child Care
Nursing Facilities
In-home Services
Community Residential
Functional Assessments
Case Management
Community Residential Services
Personal Care Support
Residential Habilitation Centers and Nursing Facilities
Medical and Psychological Services
Training, Education, Supplies
Case Management
Vocational Assessments Job Skills
Child Protective Services
Child Welfare Services
Adoption
Adoption Support
Child Care
Out of Home Placement
Voluntary Services
Family Reconciliation Services
DSHS Mental Health
Services
DSHS Juvenile
Rehabilitation
DSHS Economic Services
DSHS Aging and Adult
Services
DSHS Developmental
Disabilities
DSHS Vocational
Rehabilitation
DSHS Children’s Services
DSHS Behavioral Health and
Rehabilitation
Internal and external sources routinely updated in the Integrated Client Data Base – “The ICDB”
11DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013
-10 years -9 years -8 years -7 years -6 years -5 years -4 years -3 years -2 years -1 year +1 year +2 years +3 years
INDEXDate felony was filed
ADMITTED to Drug Court
BASELINE PERIOD FOLLOW-UP PERIOD
Study timeline andcomparison group
NOT Admitted to Drug Court – but
statistically similar
12DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013
The study population characteristicsAdults admitted to Drug Courts and a matched comparison group
are statistically identical across multiple dimensions
“Index” Felony:
• The most serious charge associated with admission to drug court
Demographics
• Age
• Gender
• Race/Ethnicity
Criminal History
• Felony Convictions by Type
• Misdemeanor Convictions by Type
• Arrests
• Juvenile Crime
Other Characteristics
• AOD Treatment Need
• AOD Treatment & Detox History
• Employment History
• Geography
13DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013
The study population characteristicsCharacteristics of adults Admitted to Drug Courts July 2007 through June 2009
and a matched comparison groupDrug Court
n = 1,671Comparison
n=1,671 p-value
DemographicsAge 32.1 32.2 0.8509Male 61.8% 60.7% 0.5228Hispanic 7.3% 6.7% 0.4568White 37.6% 36.9% 0.6815Black 15.5% 13.9% 0.1716Asian/Pacific Islander 5.0% 4.9% 0.8107Native American/Alaska Native 9.2% 8.8% 0.6723
Index Felony (Charge associated with admission to Drug Court)*Drug Possession 67.8% 68.4% 0.7105Property –Theft/Fraud 20.9% 20.8% 0.9661Property – Other 8.1% 7.6% 0.5631Other Drug (excluding delivery) 3.1% 3.1% 1.0000Other Felony (excluding violent, sex, and other drug-related) 3.4% 3.0% 0.4954
Criminal History: Past 10 years (Mean)Adult Felony Convictions 1.15 1.11 0.4441Adult Felony Drug Possession Convictions 0.47 0.47 0.9693Adult Felony Drug Delivery Convictions 0.04 0.04 0.9355Adult Violent Felony Convictions 0.03 0.02 0.5880Adult Non-criminal Convictions 1.79 1.76 0.7085Adult Misdemeanor Convictions 2.12 2.04 0.4224Total Arrests 6.73 6.58 0.5257Juvenile Felony Convictions 0.13 0.12 0.8460Juvenile Violent Felony Convictions 0.02 0.02 0.9117Juvenile Misdemeanor Convictions 0.51 0.47 0.1981
Other CharacteristicsTreatment Need Indicated Prior to Index Felony 100% 100% 1.0000Received AOD Treatment in Prior 2 Years 21.7% 19.6% 0.1349Any Detox Admissions in Prior 2 Years 7.1% 6.8% 0.6842Employed in Quarter Previous to Month of Index Felony 36.7% 36.7% 1.0000Number of Quarters Employed in Prior 2 Years 3.15 3.15 0.9859
Geographic DistributionKing County 28.6% 28.5% 0.9389Pierce County 19.2% 18.3% 0.4786Spokane County 10.8% 11.0% 0.8247Clark County 7.6% 6.8% 0.3501Snohomish County 6.6% 7.0% 0.6303Thurston County 6.4% 6.8% 0.5784Other Drug-Court Counties 20.7% 21.4% 0.5811Rural County 9.9% 10.3% 0.7314
*Index charges for the comparison group were randomly selected in such a way as to coincide with the distribution of charge dates of those admitted to Drug Courts.
14DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013
-10 years -9 years -8 years -7 years -6 years -5 years -4 years -3 years -2 years -1 year +1 year +2 years +3 years
INDEXDate felony was filed
BASELINE PERIOD FOLLOW-UP PERIOD
Study timeline andcomparison group
ADMITTED to Drug Court
NOT Admitted to Drug Court – but
statistically similar
15DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013
Study questions
1. How do drug courts influence incarceration (prison only)?
2. What is the impact of drug court on subsequent arrest rates?
3. How do drug courts influence treatment participation?
4. What are the costs and benefits of drug court participation?
16DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013
Drug Court participants were less likely to be incarcerated
Cumulative incarceration rate over the three-year follow-up period Drug Court and comparison group clients—DOC facilities only
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
MONTHS AFTER INDEX FELONY CHARGE
Drug Court group
Comparison group23%
17%
17DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013
Drug Court participants in the community were less likely to be re-arrested
Cumulative arrest rate over the three-year follow-up period for individuals in the community Drug Court and comparison group clients
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 360%
30%
60%
90%
MONTHS AFTER INDEX FELONY CHARGE
Drug Court group
Comparison group 85%
71%
18DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013
Drug Court participants were more likely to remain free of arrest
*Based on a multivariate predictive model.
Series1
15%
30%
Arrest-free during follow-up period*Adjusted
Drug Court Group
Comparison Group
2x HIGHER
n = 1,290 n = 1,384
*
19DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013
Chemical dependency treatment experiences differed significantly
Any AOD Treatment received during follow-up
DRUG COURT GROUP
3%No Treatmentn = 53
97%Received Treatment
n = 1,618
20DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013
Chemical dependency treatment experiences differed significantly
Any AOD Treatment received during follow-up
DRUG COURT GROUP COMPARISON GROUP
3%No Treatmentn = 53
97%Received Treatment
n = 1,61854%
No Treatment
n = 896
46%Received Treatmentn = 775
21DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013
Drug Court participants entered treatment more quickly
TIME TO TREATMENT
179
115 Drug Court
Group
Comparison Group
64DAYS EARLIER TO TREATMENT
n = 775 n = 1,618 Series1
16%
55%
Drug Court Group
Comparison Group
3x HIGHER
n = 775 n = 1,618
Number of days before entering treatment
Percent entering treatment within 90 days
22DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013
Drug Court participants entering treatment stayed longer
DAYS IN TREATMENT
Series1
62
190
Drug Court Group
Comparison Group
128 MORE
DAYS IN TREATMENT
n = 775 n = 1,618 Series1
18%
73%
Drug Court Group
Comparison Group
4x HIGHER
n = 775 n = 1,618
Number of days spent in treatment
Percent spending 90 days or more in treatment
23DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013
More treatment = higher treatment costs
Average monthly chemical dependency treatment cost Drug Court and comparison group clients
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36$0
$100
$200
$300
$400
$500
MONTHS AFTER INDEX FELONY CHARGE
Drug Court group
Comparison group
24DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013
More treatment = higher treatment costs
Average monthly chemical dependency treatment cost Drug Court and comparison group clients
Series1
$2,093
$8,624
Total per-person treatment costs
$6,531
NET INCREASE
25DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013
1 DSHS-RDA estimates of chemical dependency treatment costs based on TARGET.2 Cost effectiveness of Washington State adult prison offenders, final report, October 2012. Olympia: Criminal Justice Planning Services/KGM Consulting. 3 Barnosky, R., & Aos, S. (2003). Washington State’s drug courts for adult defendants: Outcome evaluation and cost-benefit analysis (Document No. 11-07-1201). Olympia: Washington State Institute for Public Policy.4 Bhati, A., Roman, J., & Chalfin, A. (2010). To treat or not to treat: Evidence on the prospects of expanding treatment to drug-involved offenders. Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute Justice Policy Center.
Drug Court cost per participant
PARTICIPANT COST DETAIL
2010 DollarsDrug
CourtOrdinary
Court Net Cost
Chemical Dependency Treatment 1 $8,624 $2,093 $6,531
Incarceration (@$94.50 per offender/day)2 $4,631 $7,655 $3,024
Superior Court Costs 3 $3,947 $2,114 $1,833
Sanction-related Costs (Jail) 3 $4,425 $6,917 $2,492
Drug Court Administration and Monitoring 4 $4,270 $0 $4,270
TOTAL $25,897 $18,779 $7,118
26DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013
$20,865
8404
Benefit to Taxpayers
Benefit to Society
Additional Costper Participant
TOTAL BENEFIT
$29,269 NET BENEFIT
$21,987
Benefits associated with reduced crime
Lifetime BenefitsPresent Values
SOURCE: Washington State Institute for Public Policy Benefit-Cost Model based on parameters provided by DSHS-RDA.
27DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013
$20,865
8404
$7,282
Benefit to Taxpayers
Benefit to Society
Additional Costper Participant
TOTAL BENEFIT
$29,269
NET COST
$7,282
NET BENEFIT
$21,987
Cost effectivenessLifetime Costs and Benefits
Present ValuesBenefit-Cost Ratio
= $4.02[Benefit of $29,269 Total Cost of $7,282]
SOURCE: Washington State Institute for Public Policy Benefit-Cost Model based on parameters provided by DSHS-RDA.
1 DSHS-RDA estimates of chemical dependency treatment costs based on TARGET.2 Cost effectiveness of Washington State adult prison offenders, final report, October 2012. Olympia: Criminal Justice Planning Services/KGM Consulting. 3 Barnosky, R., & Aos, S. (2003). Washington State’s drug courts for adult defendants: Outcome evaluation and cost-benefit analysis (Document No. 11-07-1201). Olympia: Washington State Institute for Public Policy.4 Bhati, A., Roman, J., & Chalfin, A. (2010). To treat or not to treat: Evidence on the prospects of expanding treatment to drug-involved offenders. Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute Justice Policy Center.
PARTICIPANT COST DETAIL
2010 Dollars DrugCourt
Ordinary Court Net Cost
Chemical Dependency Treatment 1 $8,624 $2,093 $6,531
Incarceration (@$94.50 per offender/day)2 $4,631 $7,655 $3,024
Superior Court Costs 3 $3,947 $2,114 $1,833
Sanction-related Costs (Jail) 3 $4,425 $6,917 $2,492
Drug Court Administration and Monitoring 4 $4,270 $0 $4,270
TOTAL $25,897 $18,779 $7,118
28DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013
Summary
RDA is building a foundation for evaluative research of specialty courts
A foundational analysis by RDA demonstrates the cost effectiveness of drug courts statewide
Ongoing, actionable research requires a systematic and consistent approach to reporting court data statewide
29DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013
Questions?
30DSHS | Research and Data Analysis Division ● MAYFIELD ● OCTOBER 2013
http://publications.rda.dshs.wa.gov/1485/
Available Report
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