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LESSON 17
EAST ASIAN
CIVILIZATION
REPORT OF: GROUP 2 (ARAL.PAN.)
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Chinese literature abound with
stories about ancient empires and
emperors who were bearers of
knowledge and skills used by men
for their daily lives, like farming
and weaving.
The earliest Chinese empire is said
to be the Hsia Dynasty, but apart
from literature, there is no proof of
its existence.
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THE
SHANGDYNASTY
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The second oldest empire.
In the city of Anyang, located (80) miles from the
Huang Ho or Yellow river, farmers stumbled on
fragments of what they called dragon bones
which were polished and bore markings.
The dragon bones were in fact bones of oxen,
sheep, turtles, and other animals which were morethan three thousand years old.
ANYANG
CITY
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They were called oracle bones.
The diviners (probably priests) interpreted signsfrom gods and recorded the questions and
answers on the bones, thus the term oracle
bones.
Chinese historians and scholars were able to read
the writings on the bones, which is similar to
modern-day Chinese script.
ORACLE BONE
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THE
CHOUDYNASTY
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Thus, through the excavation of the city of Anyang,
the Shang Dynasty is now considered as the first
Chinese empire.
Archaeological excavations indicate that during the
Shang Dynasty, the people used the wheel, wore silk
and furs from animals which were hunted and later,
domesticated.
The emperors of the Shang Dynasty came from
aristocratic families who were former military
leaders.
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The emperor ruled the kingdom like an authoritative
father who decides on everything and whose word must
be followed by everyone.
It is presumed that their soldiers were very
efficient because the Dynasty lasted for a long
time.
The Dynasty had numerous enemies, most of
them from the fringes of the kingdoms
boundaries.
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Human sacrifices was probably practiced; a dead
Shang emperor was buried with his entire retinue.
The Shang people believed that upon his
death, the emperor became a god deserving
worship by the people.
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The Chou period lasted for eight hundred sixty six
(866) years, from 1122 B.C. to 256 B.C.
Aside from the huge territorial expansion, the
Dynasty was known for the ideas that laid thefoundations for a bureaucratic form of government.
The Chou conquerors explained the reason for theirsupremacy as a mandate from heaven, a belief that
became the center of Chinese political thought.
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According to this belief, Heaven grants the
emperor, the Son of Heaven, the right to rule as
long as he behaves properly and virtuously.
When the emperor behaves otherwise, the
mandate is withdrawn and the Heavens show thisthrough a series of calamities and natural disasters.
Another person may then be chosen as a
ruler.
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The emperors duty was to ensure peace among the
nobles and the maintenance of the entire kingdom.
In the latter part of the Chou Dynasty, the
noblemen built more powerful kingdoms, and
initiated wars among themselves.
This created chaos in Chinese society.
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Different thinkers attempted to restore peace and
order by teaching their philosophies.
The most popular of all Chinese scholars is
Confucius.
According to him, harmony in society is attained
only if the proper relationship between people is
restored and properly observed.
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An individual should respect his superiors and
expect deference from those in the inferior rank.
According to Confucius, virtue is not given or
inherited.
Virtue is attained through education, and anyone
who wants to work for the government must work
toward a proper education.
Confucius followers wrote down his teachings
in the Five Classics and the Analects.CONFUCIUS
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Another philosopher, Lao Tzu, blamed society for
the individuals behavior.
According to his philosophy, the laws and
traditions created by man forced the
individual person to live contrary to the
ways of nature, or the Tao, causing chaos
in society.
LAO TZU
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According to Han Fei Tzu, the leading proponent of
the school is the Legalism, the most important
element is the state, and the welfare of the individualperson is subordinate to that of the state.
By 600 B.C, the power of the Chou Dynasty was
over, but the legacies of the Shang and Chou
Dynasties remain enduring traditions of the
Chinese people.
HAN FEI TZU
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Among these are the notion of the importance of
the state, respect for elders and observance of
family relations (ultimately traceable to onesancestors), the system of writing, and an
education based on values.
China may be vast, with various cultures, but
these traditions unite the Chinese people
wherever and in whatever time they are.
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END OF OURPRESENTATION
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