Ecological Assessment of Storm Impacts on Marine ResourcesMarine Resources Ecological Assessment of...

Ecological Assessment of

Storm Impacts on Marine Resources

Ecological Ecological Assessment of Assessment of

Storm Impacts on Storm Impacts on Marine ResourcesMarine Resources

Thomas SiewickiThomas SiewickiErica Boyce Erica Boyce Karl PhillipsKarl Phillips

Peter KeyPeter KeyWei PanWei Pan

NOAA National Ocean ServiceNOAA National Ocean ServiceCenter for Coastal Center for Coastal

Environmental Health and Environmental Health and Biomolecular ResearchBiomolecular Research

Katy W. Chung

Michael Fulton

Geoffrey Scott

Thomas Pullaro

Stacey McDaniel

Robin Glenn

Lou Ann Reed

Florida DEP

Dr. Ashok Shahane (FDACS)

SJRWMD

Katy W. ChungKaty W. Chung

Michael FultonMichael Fulton

Geoffrey ScottGeoffrey Scott

Thomas PullaroThomas Pullaro

Stacey McDanielStacey McDaniel

Robin GlennRobin Glenn

Lou Ann ReedLou Ann Reed

Florida DEPFlorida DEP

Dr. Dr. AshokAshok ShahaneShahane (FDACS)(FDACS)

SJRWMDSJRWMD

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

The authors wish to thank the following for The authors wish to thank the following for

their invaluable contributions to this researchtheir invaluable contributions to this research

Project PurposesProject PurposesProject Purposes

• Identify species at risk

• Identify geographic locations at risk

• Focus post-storm ecological assessments

• Assist mitigation planning

• Provide access to available risk information

• Promote responsible pesticide use

•• Identify species at riskIdentify species at risk

•• Identify geographic locations at Identify geographic locations at riskrisk

•• Focus postFocus post--storm ecological storm ecological assessmentsassessments

•• Assist mitigation planningAssist mitigation planning

•• Provide access to available risk Provide access to available risk informationinformation

•• Promote responsible pesticide Promote responsible pesticide use use

Coastal Storms Initiative

Florida Pilot AreaFlorida Pilot AreaFlorida Pilot Area

Risk Assessment° Land uses° Toxicology° Database

Modeling° Transport and Fate° Lake Bethel

Toxicology° Indigenous Species° Developmental Model (NWFC)

Risk AssessmentRisk Assessment°° Land usesLand uses°° ToxicologyToxicology°° DatabaseDatabase

ModelingModeling°° Transport and FateTransport and Fate°° Lake BethelLake Bethel

ToxicologyToxicology°° Indigenous SpeciesIndigenous Species°° Developmental Model (NWFC)Developmental Model (NWFC)

Source: www.sjrwmd.orgCoastal Storms Initiative

Risk AssessmentRisk AssessmentRisk Assessment

Crop Information° Acreage of Each Crop per County

° Pounds of Active Ingredient per Crop Year Applied to Each Crop

Pesticide Information° Chemistry

° Toxicity

° Allowable Land Cover for Application

Web Accessibility

Crop InformationCrop Information°° Acreage of Each Crop per CountyAcreage of Each Crop per County

°° Pounds of Active Ingredient per Crop Year Applied to Each Pounds of Active Ingredient per Crop Year Applied to Each CropCrop

Pesticide InformationPesticide Information°° ChemistryChemistry

°° ToxicityToxicity

°° Allowable Land Cover for ApplicationAllowable Land Cover for Application

Web AccessibilityWeb Accessibility

Coastal Storms Initiative

Land Application Rates of Three Pesticides Used in the St. Land Application Rates of Three Pesticides Used in the St. JohnJohn’’s River Florida Watershed.s River Florida Watershed.

AtrazineAtrazine FipronilFipronil ImidaclopridImidacloprid

Land Cover DataLand Cover DataLand Cover Data

Coastal Storms Initiative

EASIMR Web Site

http://www.chbr.noaa.gov/easi/

EASIMR Web SiteEASIMR Web Site

http://http://www.chbr.noaa.gov/easiwww.chbr.noaa.gov/easi//

Coastal Storms Initiative

Larval Grass Shrimp Toxicity Testing

Larval Grass Shrimp Larval Grass Shrimp Toxicity TestingToxicity Testing

• Grass shrimp – common East Coast estuarine invertebrate.

• Larval stage most sensitive to pesticides.

• Pesticides tested singly and in mixture: Atrazine (ATZ), Fipronil (FIP), Imidacloprid (IMD)

• 96 hour LC50 tests with media changed every 24 hours.

•• Grass shrimp Grass shrimp –– common common East Coast estuarine East Coast estuarine invertebrate.invertebrate.

•• Larval stage most sensitive Larval stage most sensitive to pesticides.to pesticides.

•• Pesticides tested singly and Pesticides tested singly and in mixture: in mixture: AtrazineAtrazine (ATZ), (ATZ), FipronilFipronil (FIP), (FIP), ImidaclopridImidacloprid (IMD)(IMD)

•• 96 hour LC50 tests with 96 hour LC50 tests with media changed every 24 media changed every 24 hours.hours.

Coastal Storms Initiative

Grass Shrimp•• Palaemonetes pugioPalaemonetes pugio•• Common inhabitant of salt marshes along the Atlantic and Common inhabitant of salt marshes along the Atlantic and

Gulf Coasts.Gulf Coasts.•• Important prey item for economically important fish and Important prey item for economically important fish and

crustaceans.crustaceans.•• Used at CCEHBR as a model crustacean for toxicity Used at CCEHBR as a model crustacean for toxicity

assessments with contaminants in acute and chronic tests assessments with contaminants in acute and chronic tests in aqueous and sediment exposures.in aqueous and sediment exposures.

GRASS SHRIMP

56%

OTHER FISH& CRUSTACEANS

20%

MUDMINNOWFundulus

heteroclitus24%

Dominant Dominant macrofaunamacrofaunain Southeastern in Southeastern estuarine creeks.estuarine creeks.

AtrazineAtrazine

•• HerbicideHerbicide

•• Second most widely used herbicide in U.S.Second most widely used herbicide in U.S.

•• 34,000 to 36,000 metric tons AI/yr 34,000 to 36,000 metric tons AI/yr (2001)(2001)

•• Agriculture, turf grass and residentialAgriculture, turf grass and residential

Cl

N

H7C3HN NHC2H5N

N

FipronilFipronil

•• InsecticideInsecticide

•• Eight hundred metric tons produced for worldwide use in Eight hundred metric tons produced for worldwide use in 2000.2000.

•• Active ingredient for control of termites, fire ants, fleas, Active ingredient for control of termites, fire ants, fleas, ticks, agricultural pests.ticks, agricultural pests.

•• EPA lists it as a chemical alternative to EPA lists it as a chemical alternative to chlorpyrifoschlorpyrifos..

•• Widely marketed in Southeastern US for fire ant control Widely marketed in Southeastern US for fire ant control (e.g., Over (e.g., Over ‘‘n Out)n Out)

•• Reports of nonReports of non--target aquatic animal killstarget aquatic animal kills

F

F

F

Cl

Cl

N

NS

O

N

NH2

F

F

F

ImidaclopridImidacloprid

•• InsecticideInsecticide

•• Used on soil, seed and foliage to control turf and Used on soil, seed and foliage to control turf and agricultural pests. Also controls termites and fleas.agricultural pests. Also controls termites and fleas.

•• EPA lists it as a chemical alternative to EPA lists it as a chemical alternative to chlorpyrifoschlorpyrifos..

•• Like Like FipronilFipronil, growing use., growing use.

MethodsMethods

TestTest OrganismOrganism

•• Grass shrimp collected Grass shrimp collected from Leadenwah Creek, from Leadenwah Creek, SC.SC.

•• Acclimated in 75Acclimated in 75--L tanks L tanks at 25at 25°°C, 20 ppt salinity and C, 20 ppt salinity and 1616--h light:8h light:8--h dark cycle.h dark cycle.

•• Fed Tetramin Fish Flakes Fed Tetramin Fish Flakes and Artemia.and Artemia.

•• Larvae pooled from at Larvae pooled from at least 10 females.least 10 females.

•• Newly hatched larvae Newly hatched larvae exposed.exposed.

AtrazineAtrazine

FipronilFipronilImidaclopridImidacloprid

I + F

A + I A + FA+F+I

A

I F

Experimental DesignExperimental Design

ResultsResultsIndividualIndividual TestsTests

563.5(478.1 – 664.2)

308.8(273.6 – 348.6)

Imidacloprid

0.32(0.24 – 0.41)

0.68(0.57 – 0.80)

Fipronil

ND>10,000Atrazine

ADULT96-h LC50(95% CI)

µg/L

LARVAE96-h LC50(95% CI)

µg/L

PESTICIDE

ResultsResultsMixtureMixture TestsTests

96-h LC50(95% CI)

µg/L

0.68(0.57 – 0.80)

0.59(0.43 – 0.81)

Fipronil + Atrazine

308.8(273.6 – 348.6)

287.6(241.8 – 341.9)

Imidacloprid + Atrazine

IndividualMixtureContaminants

ResultsResultsMixtureMixture TestsTests

Greater than Additive

(Synergism)

Additive

Mixture Toxicity

1.21X

ND

MagnificationFactor

0.326…0.208…0.082

-0.205…-0.081…0.08

Index Range

Fipronil + Imidacloprid +

Atrazine

Fipronil + Imidacloprid

Contaminants

ConclusionsConclusions

•• Individual TestsIndividual Tests

–– FipronilFipronil most toxic to grass shrimp larvae with LC50 of most toxic to grass shrimp larvae with LC50 of 0.68 0.68 ugug/L /L

–– ImidaclopridImidacloprid LC50 of 309 LC50 of 309 ugug/L/L

–– AtrazineAtrazine nonnon--toxic at environmentally relevant toxic at environmentally relevant concentrations. concentrations.

–– FipronilFipronil and and ImidaclopridImidacloprid are additiveare additive

–– FipronilFipronil, , ImidaclopridImidacloprid and and AtrazineAtrazine are synergisticare synergistic

Transport and Fate ModelingTransport and Fate ModelingTransport and Fate Modeling

• Identify Locations of Concern

° Florida - Atrazine, Fipronil and Imidacloprid

• PRZM-3 (Pesticide Root Zone Model)

° Groundwater Hydrology and Chemical Transport

° Effects of Rain, Application, Transpiration, etc.

• EXAMS-II (Exposure Analysis Modeling System)

° Surface Water Effects of Sorption, Biodegradation, Photolysis, etc.

° Uses Output of PRZM

° Predicted Concentrations Compared to Aquatic Animal and Human Health Levels of Concern.

•• Identify Locations of ConcernIdentify Locations of Concern

°° Florida Florida -- AtrazineAtrazine, Fipronil and Imidacloprid, Fipronil and Imidacloprid

•• PRZMPRZM--3 (Pesticide Root Zone Model)3 (Pesticide Root Zone Model)

°° Groundwater Hydrology and Chemical Groundwater Hydrology and Chemical TransportTransport

°° Effects of Rain, Application, Transpiration, etc.Effects of Rain, Application, Transpiration, etc.

•• EXAMSEXAMS--II (Exposure Analysis Modeling System)II (Exposure Analysis Modeling System)

°° Surface Water Effects of Sorption, Surface Water Effects of Sorption, Biodegradation, Photolysis, etc.Biodegradation, Photolysis, etc.

°° Uses Output of PRZMUses Output of PRZM

°° Predicted Concentrations Compared to Aquatic Predicted Concentrations Compared to Aquatic Animal and Human Health Levels of Concern.Animal and Human Health Levels of Concern.

Coastal Storms Initiative

Pesticide Root Zone Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM)Model (PRZM)

•• Used by EPA and others to estimate Used by EPA and others to estimate groundwater contaminationgroundwater contamination

•• Shallow groundwater is major Shallow groundwater is major source of surface water source of surface water contamination after rainfallcontamination after rainfall

•• Provides input to surface water Provides input to surface water model (EXAMS) to better estimate model (EXAMS) to better estimate risks to aquatic organismsrisks to aquatic organisms

•• Available free to anyoneAvailable free to anyone

•• 3 pesticides identified by 3 pesticides identified by preliminary risk assessment preliminary risk assessment (EASIMR)(EASIMR)

•• Published chemical parametersPublished chemical parameters

•• Florida meteorological dataFlorida meteorological data

•• Rainfall on June 1, July 1Rainfall on June 1, July 1

•• 22--Yr, 25Yr, 25--Yr and 100Yr and 100--Yr stormsYr storms

PRZM MethodsPRZM Methods

•• Pesticides applied at maximum Pesticides applied at maximum allowed rateallowed rate

•• AtrazineAtrazine 142 times 142 times FipronilFipronil

•• AtrazineAtrazine 4 times 4 times ImidaclopridImidacloprid

•• ImidaclopridImidacloprid 32 times 32 times FipronilFipronil

•• Pesticides applied 1, 6 or 16 days Pesticides applied 1, 6 or 16 days before stormsbefore storms

•• Lake Bethel, Florida environmentLake Bethel, Florida environment

•• Estuarine headwaters are most Estuarine headwaters are most susceptiblesusceptible

•• Typical of Southeastern US Typical of Southeastern US changing adjacent land useschanging adjacent land uses

PRZM MethodsPRZM Methods

Total Erosion of Atrazine

0.0000E+00

5.0000E-06

1.0000E-05

1.5000E-05

2.0000E-05

2.5000E-05

3.0000E-05

3.5000E-05

4.0000E-05

4.5000E-05

5.0000E-05

6/1 7/1

2yr Rain, 5/31 Application

2yr Rain, 5/25 Application

2yr Rain, 5/15 Application

25yr Rain, 5/31 Application

25yr Rain, 5/25 Application

25yr Rain, 5/15 Application

100yr Rain, 5/31 Application

100yr Rain, 5/25 Application

100yr Rain, 5/15 Application

Soil Erosion of Soil Erosion of AtrazineAtrazine

•• Highest of the 3 Highest of the 3 pesticidespesticides

•• Storms: Storms:

100100--Yr > 25Yr > 25--Yr > 2Yr > 2--YrYr

•• Application: Application:

11--D > 6D > 6--D > 16D > 16--DD

•• First storm > second First storm > second for 25for 25--Yr and 100Yr and 100--YrYr

Total Erosion of Fipronil

0.0000E+00

1.0000E-07

2.0000E-07

3.0000E-07

4.0000E-07

5.0000E-07

6.0000E-07

7.0000E-07

6/1 7/1

2yr Rain, 5/31 Application

2yr Rain, 5/25 Application2yr Rain, 5/15 Application

25yr Rain, 5/31 Application

25yr Rain, 5/25 Application25yr Rain, 5/15 Application

100yr Rain, 5/31 Application

100yr Rain, 5/25 Application100yr Rain, 5/15 Application

Soil Erosion of Soil Erosion of FipronilFipronil

•• Much lower than Much lower than AtrazineAtrazine or or ImidaclopridImidacloprid

•• Storms: Storms:

100100--Yr > 25Yr > 25--Yr > 2Yr > 2--YrYr

•• Application: Application:

1616--D > 6D > 6--D > 1D > 1--DD

Different than Different than AtrazineAtrazine

•• First storm > second First storm > second for 100for 100--YrYr

Total Erosion of Imidacloprid

0.0000E+00

2.0000E-06

4.0000E-06

6.0000E-06

8.0000E-06

1.0000E-05

1.2000E-05

1.4000E-05

1.6000E-05

1.8000E-05

2.0000E-05

6/1 7/1

2yr Rain, 5/31 Application2yr Rain, 5/25 Application2yr Rain, 5/15 Application25yr Rain, 5/31 Application25yr Rain, 5/25 Application25yr Rain, 5/15 Application100yr Rain, 5/31 Application100yr Rain, 5/25 Application100yr Rain, 5/15 Application

Soil Erosion of Soil Erosion of ImidaclopridImidacloprid

•• Storms: Storms:

100100--Yr > 25Yr > 25--Yr > 2Yr > 2--YrYr

•• Application: Application:

1616--D > 6D > 6--D > 1D > 1--DD

Like Like FipronilFipronil

•• First storm > second First storm > second for 100for 100--Yr and 25Yr and 25--YrYr

Total Runoff of Atrazine

0.0000E+00

5.0000E-04

1.0000E-03

1.5000E-03

2.0000E-03

2.5000E-03

3.0000E-03

3.5000E-03

6/1 7/1

100yr Rain, 5/15 Application100yr Rain, 5/25 Application100yr Rain, 5/31 Application25yr Rain, 5/15 Application25yr Rain, 5/25 Application25yr Rain, 5/31 Application2yr Rain, 5/15 Application2yr Rain, 5/25 Application2yr Rain, 5/31 Application

Runoff of Runoff of AtrazineAtrazine

•• Highest of the 3 Highest of the 3 pesticidespesticides

•• Storms: Storms:

100100--Yr > 25Yr > 25--Yr > 2Yr > 2--YrYr

•• Application: Application:

1616--D > 6D > 6--D > 1D > 1--DD

•• First storm > second First storm > second for 25for 25--Yr and 100Yr and 100--YrYr

Runoff of Runoff of FipronilFipronil

•• Lowest of the 3 Lowest of the 3 pesticidespesticides

•• Storms: Storms:

100100--Yr > 25Yr > 25--Yr > 2Yr > 2--YrYr

•• Application: Application:

1616--D > 6D > 6--D > 1D > 1--DD

•• First storm > second First storm > second for 25for 25--Yr and 100Yr and 100--YrYr

Total Runoff of Fipronil

0.0000E+00

2.0000E-08

4.0000E-08

6.0000E-08

8.0000E-08

1.0000E-07

1.2000E-07

6/1 7/1

2yr Rain, 5/31 Application

2yr Rain, 5/25 Application

2yr Rain, 5/15 Application

25yr Rain, 5/31 Application

25yr Rain, 5/25 Application

25yr Rain, 5/15 Application

100yr Rain, 5/31 Application

100yr Rain, 5/25 Application

100yr Rain, 5/15 Application

Runoff of Runoff of ImidaclopridImidacloprid

•• Storms: Storms:

100100--Yr > 25Yr > 25--Yr > 2Yr > 2--YrYr

•• Application: Application:

1616--D > 6D > 6--D > 1D > 1--DD

•• First storm > second First storm > second for 25for 25--Yr and 100Yr and 100--YrYr

Total Runoff of Imidacloprid

0.0000E+00

5.0000E-06

1.0000E-05

1.5000E-05

2.0000E-05

2.5000E-05

3.0000E-05

3.5000E-05

6/1 7/1

2yr Rain, 5/31 Application

2yr Rain, 5/25 Application2yr Rain, 5/15 Application

25yr Rain, 5/31 Application

25yr Rain, 5/25 Application

25yr Rain, 5/15 Application100yr Rain, 5/31 Application

100yr Rain, 5/25 Application

100yr Rain, 5/15 Application

PRZM SummaryPRZM Summary

•• Many other resultsMany other results

•• Provides input to transport, fate and exposure model Provides input to transport, fate and exposure model (EXAMS)(EXAMS)

•• Shallow groundwater loading:Shallow groundwater loading:

•• AtrazineAtrazine >> >> ImidaclopridImidacloprid > > FipronilFipronil

•• Storm and application date dependentStorm and application date dependent

Exposure Analysis Modeling Exposure Analysis Modeling System (EXAMS)System (EXAMS)

•• Used by EPA and others to Used by EPA and others to estimate surface water estimate surface water contamination, transport and contamination, transport and fate fate

•• Estimates exposure and risk to Estimates exposure and risk to aquatic faunaaquatic fauna

•• Available free to anyoneAvailable free to anyone

EXAMS MethodsEXAMS Methods

•• Same three pesticides used in Same three pesticides used in PRZMPRZM

•• Three pesticides identified by Three pesticides identified by preliminary risk assessment preliminary risk assessment (EASIMR)(EASIMR)

•• Used PRZM loadings and other Used PRZM loadings and other inputsinputs

•• Published chemical parametersPublished chemical parameters

•• Jacksonville, Florida Jacksonville, Florida meteorological datameteorological data

•• Lake Bethel, Florida environmentLake Bethel, Florida environment

Lake Bethel EXAMS CompartmentsLake Bethel EXAMS Compartments

(Conceptual)(Conceptual)

•• Odd numbers are littoralOdd numbers are littoral

•• Even numbers are benthicEven numbers are benthic

•• 1 and 2 are closest to shoreline1 and 2 are closest to shoreline

•• 3 and 4 are next3 and 4 are next

•• 5 and 6 are main lake body5 and 6 are main lake body

0.00E+00

5.00E-07

1.00E-06

1.50E-06

2.00E-06

2.50E-06

3.00E-06

3.50E-06

mg/

l

1 3 5

Littoral Compartments

Dissolved Chemical Concentrations After 2-yr Storm

Atrazine Fipronil Imidacloprid

2-yr

0.00E+00

2.00E-06

4.00E-06

6.00E-06

8.00E-06

1.00E-05

1.20E-05

1.40E-05

1.60E-05

mg/

l

1 3 5Littoral Compartments

Dissolved Chemical Concentrations After 25-yr Storm

Atrazine Fipronil Imidacloprid

25-yr

Storms: Storms:

100100--Yr > 25Yr > 25--Yr > 2Yr > 2--YrYr

Compartments:Compartments:

1 >> 3 > 51 >> 3 > 5

Pesticides (concentration not toxicity):Pesticides (concentration not toxicity):

AtrazineAtrazine >> >> ImidaclopridImidacloprid > > FipronilFipronil

•• Note different ScalesNote different Scales0.00E+00

5.00E-06

1.00E-05

1.50E-05

2.00E-05

2.50E-05

3.00E-05

mg/

l

1 3 5

Littoral Compartments

Dissolved Chemical Concentrations After 100-yr Storm

Atrazine Fipronil Imidacloprid

100-yr

Dissolved Chemical Dissolved Chemical Concentrations in Concentrations in

Littoral Littoral CompartmentsCompartments

0.00E+00

5.00E-06

1.00E-05

1.50E-05

2.00E-05

2.50E-05

mg/

kg

2 4 6

Benthic Compartments

Chemical Concentrations After 2yr Storm - Sediments

Atrazine Fipronil Imidacloprid

Pesticide Pesticide Concentrations in Concentrations in Benthic SedimentBenthic Sediment

Storms: Storms:

100100--Yr > 25Yr > 25--Yr > 2Yr > 2--YrYr

Compartments:Compartments:

2 > 4 > 62 > 4 > 6

Pesticides (concentration not Pesticides (concentration not toxicity):toxicity):

AtrazineAtrazine > > ImidaclopridImidacloprid > > FipronilFipronil

•• Note different ScalesNote different Scales

2-yr

0.00E+00

2.00E-05

4.00E-05

6.00E-05

8.00E-05

1.00E-04

1.20E-04

1.40E-04

mg/

kg

2 4 6

Benthic Compartments

Chemical Concentrations After 25-yr Storm - Sediments

Atrazine Fipronil Imidacloprid

25-yr

0.00E+00

2.00E-05

4.00E-05

6.00E-05

8.00E-05

1.00E-04

1.20E-04

1.40E-04

mg/

kg

2 4 6

Benthic Compartments

Chemical Concentrations After 100yr Storm - Sediments

Atrazine Fipronil Imidacloprid

100-yr

0.00E+00

5.00E-06

1.00E-05

1.50E-05

2.00E-05

2.50E-05

3.00E-05

mg/

L

2yr Rain 25yr Rain 100yr Rain

Storm Event

Dissolved Atrazine Concentration in Compartment 1

0.00E+002.00E-054.00E-056.00E-058.00E-051.00E-041.20E-041.40E-04

mg/

kg

2yr Rain 25yr Rain 100yr Rain

Storm Event

Atrazine Concentration in Compartment 2 - Sediment

AtrazineAtrazine Near ShorelineNear Shoreline

•• Different Storm typesDifferent Storm types

•• Much higher than main Much higher than main lakelake

•• Did not model feeder Did not model feeder creeks, etccreeks, etc

•• Increased exposure to Increased exposure to both pelagic and benthic both pelagic and benthic faunafauna

FipronilFipronil Near ShorelineNear Shoreline

•• Different Storm typesDifferent Storm types

•• Not as much effectNot as much effect

•• Much higher than main Much higher than main lakelake

•• Did not model feeder Did not model feeder creeks, etccreeks, etc

•• Increased exposure to Increased exposure to both pelagic and benthic both pelagic and benthic faunafauna

0.00E+005.00E-071.00E-061.50E-062.00E-062.50E-063.00E-063.50E-064.00E-06

mg/

kg

2yr Rain 25yr Rain 100yr Rain

Strom Event

Fipronil Concentration in Compartment 2 - Sediment

0.00E+005.00E-091.00E-081.50E-082.00E-082.50E-083.00E-083.50E-08

mg/

L

2yr Rain 25yr Rain 100yr Rain

Strom Event

Dissolved Fipronil Concentration in Compartment 1

ImidaclopridImidacloprid Near ShorelineNear Shoreline

•• Different Storm typesDifferent Storm types

•• Much higher than main Much higher than main lakelake

•• Did not model feeder Did not model feeder creeks, etccreeks, etc

•• Increased exposure to Increased exposure to both pelagic and benthic both pelagic and benthic faunafauna

0.00E+00

5.00E-07

1.00E-06

1.50E-06

2.00E-06

mg/

L

2yr Rain 25yr Rain 100yr Rain

Storm Event

Dissolved Imidacloprid Concentration in Compartment 1

0.00E+001.00E-052.00E-053.00E-054.00E-055.00E-056.00E-057.00E-05

mg/

kg

2yr Rain 25yr Rain 100yr Rain

Storm Event

Imidacloprid Concentration in Compartment 2 - Sediment

0.00E+00

5.00E-04

1.00E-03

1.50E-03

2.00E-03

2.50E-03

3.00E-03

3.50E-03

4.00E-03

mg/

l

96-hour 21-day

Event Duration

Ecotoxicological Direct Exposure Concentrations Dissolved in Water Column

Atrazine (Mean) Fipronil (Mean) Imidacloprid (Mean)Atrazine (Peak) Fipronil (Peak) Imidacloprid (Peak)

Pesticide Concentrations: Pesticide Concentrations: Mean vs. PeakMean vs. Peak

•• 100100--Yr StormYr Storm

•• Short term peaks much Short term peaks much higher than averagehigher than average

•• High transient exposureHigh transient exposure

EXAMS SummaryEXAMS Summary

•• Shows vulnerability of areas Shows vulnerability of areas nearest runoffnearest runoff

•• Can be used to identify other Can be used to identify other areas of concernareas of concern

•• Compares effects of storm Compares effects of storm typestypes

•• Compares chemical Compares chemical contaminantscontaminants

•• Can be used to estimate risk Can be used to estimate risk without being therewithout being there

F > I >> AF > I >> AToxicityToxicity

A > I > FA > I > FExposure Exposure

A > I > FA > I > FApplicationApplication

Assessing RiskAssessing Risk

ItIt’’s Not Simple!s Not Simple!

Overall SummaryOverall Summary

•• EASIMREASIMR

•• WebWeb--accessible risk assessment databaseaccessible risk assessment database

•• Risk based upon Risk based upon landuseslanduses

•• Useful for preliminary risk estimationUseful for preliminary risk estimation

•• Toxicity testingToxicity testing

•• Estimates of toxicity of three pesticidesEstimates of toxicity of three pesticides

•• Heavily used pesticides in Southeastern USHeavily used pesticides in Southeastern US

•• FipronilFipronil > > ImidaclopridImidacloprid > > AtrazineAtrazine

•• Mixtures even more toxicMixtures even more toxic

•• Mixtures rarely studiedMixtures rarely studied

Overall SummaryOverall Summary

•• PRZM ModelPRZM Model

•• Estimates shallow groundwater and runoff contaminationEstimates shallow groundwater and runoff contamination

•• Identifies effects of storm types, application dateIdentifies effects of storm types, application date

•• Compares pesticidesCompares pesticides

•• Provides NPS inputs to exposure modelProvides NPS inputs to exposure model

•• EXAMS ModelEXAMS Model

•• Estimates surface water and sediment concentrationsEstimates surface water and sediment concentrations

•• Used to identify sensitive areas/habitatsUsed to identify sensitive areas/habitats

•• Effects of storms types, application dateEffects of storms types, application date

•• Compares pesticides, other contaminantsCompares pesticides, other contaminants

•• Exposure: Exposure: AtrazineAtrazine > > ImidaclopridImidacloprid > > FipronilFipronil

UsesUses

• Easy preliminary risk assessments based upon land use data

• Identify species at risk

• Identify geographic locations at risk

• Focus post-storm ecological assessments

• Assist mitigation planning

• Provide access to available risk information

• Promote responsible pesticide use