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Editing terms
Film studies
Starter
• Create a 3 shot sequence using the following to communicate character status
• Depth of field• Rule of thirds/composition • Focus pulls (where the focus changes to
another character or object drawing in the audiences attention)
Editing
• L.O-To understanding editing techniques• To consider the impact of editing on the
spectator• To consider how editing can impact
meaning • See editing terms sheet
Why editing?
• The function of editing is that of:• Joining shots• Continuity and order• Manipulation of time and space
Basic editing
• Cut- the scenes cut from one scene to another. Can make the scene as close to realism as possible, continuity of events
• Dissolve- a gradual transition between two clips
• Fade out and fade in- to a black screen and then the next scene. Can be used to suggest time has passed.
Cut
• Sudden change of shot from one viewpoint or location to another.
Cutting may:• change the scene• compress time• vary the point of view • or build up an image or idea
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s0xGy8FnmHg
• How and why are cuts used in the opening of this scene?
• Cutting rate. Frequent cuts may be used as deliberate interruptions to shock, surprise or emphasise a point.
• Cutting rhythm. A cutting rhythm may be progressively shortened to increase tension. Cutting rhythm may create an exciting effect in the viewer.
Jump cut
• Abrupt switch from one scene to another which may be used deliberately to make a dramatic point.
• A few frames will have often been cut out and can give a jerky feeling, more edgy
• Sometimes boldly used to begin or end action.
Continuity
• Continuity definition-The state/quality of being continuous-An interrupted succession or flow, a coherent whole.-A detailed script or scenario consulted to avoid discrepancies/disruption from shot to shot in a film, allowing the various scenes to be shot in order.
Continuity editng
• Aims to create flow and sequencing from shot to shot for the audience memebers
Cross cutting
• A cut to a piece of action that is happening at the same time or a different time
• It may be a series of flashbacks that are happening in the characters head at the same time as the action (show doctor who clip)
• Cross-cutting is used to build suspense, or to show the relationship between the different sets of action.
• The aim of cross cutting is to connect action that is happening at the same time and build suspense.
Parallel editing
• This is where we will have two or more sequences occurring at the same time and the clip will cross cut between the two
• It may be to connect, or compare action and character in two locations but the aim is not to build suspense.
Cutaway
• A cut from the main piece of action to a piece of action somewhere just outside the frame- a group of people approaching.
Shot/reverse shot
An editing pattern that cuts to the view in the opposite direction. It is most commonly used in dialogue, cutting from one speaker to the other, following a master shot that has shown us where the speakers are standing.
The 180* rule
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HdyyuqmCW14&feature=related
Breaking the 180 degree rule
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vulNlhUI6m0
30 degree rule
• The camera should move at least 30° between each shot of the same subject
• For example a shot reverse shot scene would fulfill this.
Action match/match on action
• Match on action is any cut that emphasises continuity, it appears to makes it seem like 2 shots are one- continuing. Same action/movements connected, begins with one shot, ends in a second.
• An example of this Continuity editing: • A shot of a character making an action is followed by a cut to a shot
of the next (or a subsequent) logical action.
• For example, we see a character reach for a door handle and open the door by 30 cm. We then cut to the other side to see the door swing open and the same character walk through. Here, after the cut, the door must be open by at least 30 cm for the continuity to look right.
Eye line match
• The first shot shows a character looking at something off-screen, the second shot shows what is being looked at.
• How might eye line match add to our involvement with the character?
Graphic match
• This is when we cut or transition to an object of a very similar shape.
• Breaking any of these would mean that continuity editing would be broken. This may be a stylistic choice by others
• Watch the following clip- what editing technqiues do you see?
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sospa6-x6Lo
For the task • Watch the following clip• What editing techniques are used and how do they add
meaning to the spectator? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8VP5jEAP3K4
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