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Second edition 2007www.atlascopco.com
Loading and Haulagein Underground Mining
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We always take a hard view on costs
Working with Atlas Copco means working with highlyproductive rock drilling solutions. It also means sharing acommon cost-cutting challenge. Like you, we are alwayslooking for new and effective ways to squeeze your
production costs but never at the expense of quality, safetyor the environment.
Mining and construction is a tough and competitive business.Fortunately, our view on cutting costs is just as hard.
Get your free copy of Success Stories atwww.atlascopco.com/rock
Atlas Copco Rock Drills AB
Fax: +46 8 670 7393
www.atlascopco.com
Committed to your superior productivity.
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LOADING AND HAULAGE IN UNDERGROUND MINING 1
Foreword
2 Foreword by Robert Almqvist, Product Line Manager LHDEquipment, Atlas Copco Rock Drills AB
Talking Technically
3 Matching the Scooptram to the Job
9 Minetruck Designed for Underground Applications
11 Upgraded Minetruck MT2010
13 CARE For Mining
15 Rig Control System for Scooptram Loaders
19 Efficient Underground Loading and Haulage
21 Automation in Mining
23 Service Parts for Scooptram and Minetruck
Case Studies
25 Loading in Low Headroom at Waterval
27 Keeping a Low Profile at Panasqueira
31 Getting the Best For Penoles
35 Scooptram ST14 Earns Top Rating
39 Scooptram Impresses Miners in Both Hemispheres
41 High Speed Haulage at Stawell
43 Revival in the Sudbury Basin
Product Specifications
47 Underground Loaders
87 Underground Electric Loaders
95 Underground Trucks
119 Grade Conversion Graph
120 Conversion Table
Front cover: Atlas Copco Scooptram and Minetruck operating underground.
Scooptram and Boomer are Atlas Copco trademarks. AtlasCopco reserves the right to alter its product specifications atany time. For latest updates contact your local Atlas CopcoCustomer Center or refer to www.atlascopco.com/rock
Contents
Produced by tunnelbuilder ltd for Atlas Copco Rock Drills AB, SE-701 91 rebro, Sweden, tel +46 19 670 -7000, fax - 7393.PublisherUlf Linderulf.linder@se.atlascopco.com EditorMike Smithmike@tunnelbuilder.com Senior Adviser Hans Fernberghans.fernberg@se.atlascopco.com Picture and Specifications EditorHanna Hallhanna.hall@se.atlascopco.comContributorsAllain Dubois, Anders Fryseth, Anne Marie Grossi, Casper Swart, Dave Ogilvie, Don Thompson, Elfrieda Tyrer,Erik Svedlund, Fredrik Green, Hugo Dias, Jonas Henrysson, Karl-Erik Niva, Karl-Johan Dahlin, Kjell Fjordell, Lars-Gran Larsson,Lori-Anne Fleming, Mark Smith, Matt Cobbham, Olle Lundkvist, Peter Trimmel, Reg Labelle, Robert Almqvist, Ulrik Algulin,all name.surname@se.atlascopco.com Maurice Jones maurice@tunnelbuilder.com. Adriana Potts, Ulf Sellman
Designed and typeset by ahrt, rebro, SwedenPrinted by Welins Tryckeri AB, rebro, Sweden
Copyright 2007 Atlas Copco Rock Drills AB.
Copies of all Atlas Copco reference editions can be ordered in DVD formatfrom the publisher, address above, or online at www.atlascopco.com/rock.
Reproduction of individual articles only by agreement with the publisher.
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2 LOADING AND HAULAGE IN UNDERGROUND MINING
ForewordSince the introduction of our first railbound pneumatic shovelloader in the 1930s, we have been providing our customers withunderground loading and haulage equipment. In our product
development, our target has always been to improve productiv-ity, reliability, ergonomics, service friendliness, and not the least,safety!
Railbound machines, as the first step of mechanization, improvedproductivity in mines tremendously. However, railbound equip-
ment has limitations in terms of flexibility. This resulted in the
development of rubber-tyred pneumatic LHD loaders, starting
with the T4G in 1956, and followed by the Cavo 310 and 511four-wheel drive versions. These vehicles eliminated the problemof tracklaying, but were still limited in mobility due to their needfor compressed air.
The next milestone was the introduction of the first Scooptram,the ST5. This vehicle was developed by Eddie Wagner, and wasthe first diesel-driven Load Haul Dump loader for underground
mining. Eddies brother Elmer had earlier invented the 4-wheel
drive articulated vehicle in 1949. Scooptram loaders have, sincetheir introduction into the mines in 1963, been recognized for
their flexibility, high productivity and low cost of operation.
The real breakthrough for Scooptram loaders came during the
1970s after the introduction of hydraulic rock drilling. The com-bination of hydraulic drill rigs and LHDs became a flexible andcompetitive package for underground mining operations. Thenewly-invented Robbins raise drill also offered an efficient alter-
native for improving ventilation systems in mines when changingfrom pneumatics to diesel and electro/hydraulic power.
In 2003, for reasons of synergy, we decided to move productionof Scooptram and Minetruck products from Oregon in US toour drill rig manufacturing plant in Orebro in Sweden. We knewwhat had to be achieved and, within a very tight schedule, thenew assembly hall was designed and built, the engineering facil-ity re-established, and the production lines set up and manned.
An aggressive new product development plan was establishedbased on thorough market surveys, interviews of numerousoperators, service people and mine management in the major
mining countries. The first result is the 14 t loader ScooptramST14. With an efficient load sensing hydraulic system, a modernaccurate control system and a cab with Business Class ergo-nomics, it has received acclaim as the most productive loader inits class. It is designed to meet the most stringent requirements
of the international mining and tunnelling industries. Not only
is it fast and comfortable to drive, it is also highly productiveand easy to maintain.
The Rig Control System featured on the Scooptram ST14 is acommon automation platform for nearly every type of machine
produced at Orebro, eliminating hydraulics from the cabin,reducing electrical connections, facilitating fault finding, record-
ing and displaying data, and offering the option of radio remotecontrol. Easy access for quick maintenance is also an importantfeature.
All loaders and trucks in our product range have been upgraded,mainly to improve reliability and serviceability. The most obvi-
ous examples are the Scooptram ST1030 and the MinetruckMT2010 which have been equipped with the new CumminsQSL 9 diesel engine. It is a modern clean burning, fuel efficientengine that meets the US EPA Tier 3 and the European stage 3Aemissions regulations. Also, we have added low profile loaders
to our portfolio, like the ST1030LP and ST1520LP.
Our optimism for the future leads us to publish this book, inwhich we describe our products, their applications, and theirspecifications. We hope the mix of technical papers, case studies,and vehicle descriptions is to your liking, and will help you toselect the right equipment for your application.
Of one thing you can be sure: we will continue to be drivenby innovation and a solid commitment to providing first classservice.
Robert Almqvist
Product Line Manager LHD Equipment
Atlas Copco Rock Drills AB
robert.almqvist@se.atlascopco.com
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LOADING AND HAULAGE IN UNDERGROUND MINING 3
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LHD machines in mines
Mechanization of underground produc-tion and development has led to increas-ing use of LHD equipment, because of
their success in the par ticularly harsh
mining environment. Not only are theirdimensions favourable to underground
operations, but LHDs have also demon-strated capability for climbing steep
gradients, and for moving quickly over
long distances. LHD technology hascontinuously improved productivity
under all mining conditions, from smalland narrow orebodies to the largest of
open stopes, and in low headroom and
difficult entries. In essence, LHDs are
semi-rigid, low profile loaders with
large bucket volumes that give high
mucking capacities in limited spaces.
They are especially good in mining
applications, with their combination of
capacity, manoeuvrability and speed.
Diesel powered LHDs are versatileand flexible, and find a variety of uses in
mining, apart from their normal work
on production and development. They
may be used for road cleaning, materialhaulage, or loading trucks.
When loading between stope and
orepass, the haulage distance is usuallybetween 50 m and 400 m, whereas less
than 100 m tramming is normal when
loading trucks.
All in all, LHDs feature around 50%
higher payloads compared to front endloaders with the same engine size, and
their long wheelbase gives better sta-
bility and higher tramming speeds car-rying a full load.
Dimensions
Regulations for vehicles working under-ground usually focus on minimum wor-king clearances and ventilation require-ments, which will limit the choice of
size of unit and its horsepower setting,and possibly decide between diesel and
electric power. Trends in mine design
are to accommodate the most-productiveequipment possible, because operating
costs have been shown not to be directlyproportional with increased capacity.
Also, the cost of labour is significant, nomatter the location, and this may favourlarger machines. Nevertheless, there arephysical and financial limitations on
the size of openings underground, so
the fit of the machine becomes a majorconsideration.
In mine operations, the clearance
between vehicle and sidewalls, and ope-rator and roof, are critical factors, whichwill help decide the model best-suited
to the conditions. A rule of thumb is
to allow a total of one metre minimum
operating clearance between vehicle andsidewalls. Sometimes, when a mine is
mechanizing using trackless vehicles,
the enhanced productivity may allow
for enlargement of openings. More oftenthan not, the vehicle has to fit the
Matching the Scooptram to the job
Original and bestFor nearly 50 years, Scooptramloaders have been recognized forreliability, power and low cost ofoperation. Since the first LHD wasintroduced into the mines in 1958,development has been continu-ous, resulting in the current rangeof Scooptram loaders, designedto satisfy all production require-ments at low cost/tonne. In eachsucceeding generation, designimprovements are added, build-ing upon established modelstrengths. Now that Scooptram
loaders are built in the AtlasCopco plant at rebro, Sweden,the pool of available engineeringexpertise has grown consider-ably, reflected in recent announ-cements of all-new models suchas the Scooptram ST14 loader.These next generation loadersare being added to the currentrange of basic models plus vari-ants designed to satisfy the moststringent requirements of t heinternational mining and tunnel-ling industries.
Scooptram ST1030 ready for work.
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4 LOADING AND HAULAGE IN UNDERGROUND MINING
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existing openings, and the model will
be chosen on the basis of the highest
productivity achievable given these con-straints.
Bucket capacity
Selection of Scooptram bucket size willbe governed by the density of the mate-rial to be moved. Rock may swell by
as much 60% when blasted, and its
loose weight/cu m has to be establishedbefore recommendations can be made
about bucket size. Likewise, abrasivity
of the mineral will affect the choice of
wear parts for the bucket. The bucket
rated capacity will normally be quoted
by reference to heaped capacity, butaverage fil l achieved will depend on
other factors, such as driver expertise,
blasting fragmentation, roadway condi-tion, and route alignment.
Atlas Copco establishes a rated tram-ming capacity for each of its Scooptramloader models, which is the gross recom-mended payload. They then calculate
the standard bucket size, based on mate-rial weighing 2.0 or 2.2 t/cu m. If the
material to be moved is heavier than
this, a smaller bucket may be fitted. Ifthe material is l ighter, a larger bucket
may be recommended to take full ad-
vantage of the rated tramming capacity.Engine, torque converter and transmis-
sion are matched and approved for eachmodel, along with axle and tyre capa-cities. The engineers then consider theoverall quality and strength of their de-sign against the envisaged working cycleand projected life. This will result in a
qualified statement of rated capacity.
Payload should be as close as possibleto the rated tramming capacity for the
selected model, and overloading shouldbe avoided. Consistent overloading,
while apparently attractive, will result
in excessive tyre wear, higher operat-
ing costs, and shorter working life for
the vehicle. Different size buckets areavailable in increments of 0.2 t/cu m to
suit the broken density of the rock to beloaded.
One-pass loading
Optimized one-pass loading is a major
contributor to overall productivity, and
Atlas Copco has devoted much time andresources to perfecting this technique.
These new design features have been
incorporated into the latest models ofScooptram loader, such as: the high-shape,
high-angle bucket; the Z-bar bucket
linkage for higher breakout force; and
a higher power-to-weight ratio, with
fully-integrated drivetrain, for better
tractive effort. As a result, the attack
on the muckpile is a more controlled
event, with power directed to the bucketedge, instead of being wasted in wheel
spinning.
The breakout force in the muckpile isa combination of mechanical force pro-vided by the weight and forward move-ment of the Scooptram and hydraulic
force provided by skilful movement of
the bucket and boom by the operator.
To reduce bucket loading time, powerfulhydraulics are required with both tilt and
lift functions operating simultaneously.These have to react against the load
frame, thereby distributing the stresses
throughout the frame. Better visibility
for the operator allows for more efficientloading, resulting in less stress trans-
ferred to the frame. For consistent one
pass loading under all conditions, joy-
stick operation and sensitive controls
are a basic requirement. For the trip to
the discharge point, the narrow dimen-
sions of the Scooptram loader, and its
85 degree turning angle, ensure thattime saved on loading is not wasted when
Scooptram ST14 side view.
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LOADING AND HAULAGE IN UNDERGROUND MINING 5
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tramming. One pass loading, safe tram-
ming, and efficient dumping, turn ingand accelerating, will result in the best
possible cycle time. For loading into aMinetruck, the norm is to ensure that
the truck is filled in 3-4 passes.
Breakout force
As there is no commonly accepted normfor measuring the breakout force of LHDloaders, it is usual to apply the figures
defined for surface loaders. Both SAE
and ISO norms are available for surfaceloaders, and give roughly the same break-out force.
Breakout force is expressed in two
different ways, as hydraulic breakoutforce, and as static vehicle breakout force,which is also called static tipping capac-ity, SAE J732.
The Society of Automotive Engineers(SAE) defines hydraulic breakout forceas the maximum sustained vertical up-
ward force exerted 100 mm (4 in)
behind the tip of the bucket cutting edge,and is achieved through the ability to
lift and/or roll back the bucket about
a pivot point. It is measured with the
pivot point supported, and the vehicleanchored to avoid any movement.
The static vehicle breakout force is
the minimum amount of hydraulic break-
out force that will rotate the vehicle aboutthe front axle, lifting the rear wheels
clear of the ground. It is measured whilethe vehicles brakes are off, and with itstransmission in neutral.
The difference between these two
types of breakout force is important in
assessing the design productivity of thevehicle, because not all of the hydrau-
lic breakout force can be utilized if it
causes the rear wheels to leave the
ground.
Most manufacturers of LHD loadersuse the bucket tilt circuit to maximize
the hydraulic breakout force. However,
the standard does not determine the dis-tance of the measuring point from the
bucket pivot point, so the breakout forcecan be varied with the same loader whenoperating the bucket circuit, simply by
using different types or sizes of bucket.This can result in confusion, so compar-isons should only be made of machineswith similar buckets in which the depthof the cutting edge or bucket volume is
the same.
In a powerful loader making the best
use of its hydraulics, the breakout forceusing the lift circuit should be sufficient
to raise the rear of the machine off the
ground, while the hydraulic breakout
force using the lift circuit with the rear
of the machine anchored should exceedthe force obtained using the bucket tilt
circuit.
Load sensing hydraulics
Whenever a loader attacks a rock pile
underground, a tremendous amount of
power is required to thrust the bucket
deep enough so that it can be filled to
capacity. Wheels spin, buckets get stuckand the vehicle often has to make se-
veral attempts before successfully pene-trating the muck. Sometimes, the driver
has to be content to pull away with onlya partial bucket load.
In the same way, LHDs that have to
tackle steep, uphill gradients need extrapower to maintain sufficient speed to
ensure that the load will reach its desti-nation within the projected cycle time.
The latest Scooptram ST14 is fitted with
a modern Load Sensing Hydraulic Sy-
stem, which is well-proven and reliable.For more information about the this sy-stem, please see page 19 and the article
Efficient Underground Loading andHaulage.
A full bucket is the objective of every trip to the muckpile.
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6 LOADING AND HAULAGE IN UNDERGROUND MINING
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Safety and control
Creating a safe and comfortable envi-
ronment for drivers is now, more than
ever, a top priority. The Scooptram
loader driver is side-seated, for bi-direc-tional operation and maximum visibility.Every Scooptram is fitted with an ope-
rators cabin or canopy, certified to
meet cur rent regulations, including
ROPS/FOPS, EC and MSHA. They
feature a comfortable seat with plenty
of legroom, and correct ergonomic posi-tioning, designed to reduce driver fati-
gue and create a much-improved safetyenvironment. The cabins are proofed
against sound and vibration, and wider
windows give the driver improved vis-
ibility, enhanced by well-placed, high-
intensity lights.
Improving driver control is always
high on the list of priorities. Scooptramshave: automatic gear selection which
matches the correct gear to the operat-
ing load; a two-handed electric control
system, which allows the driver to focus
on loading and tramming, rather thanon gear changing; forward, reverse, and
neutral buttons on the hoist and dump
controls; and the SAHR braking system,considered to be the safest available.
Low operating costs
Reducing maintenance cost and time
contributes to a lower cost of ownership
and higher productivity. Atlas Copco
has designed low maintenance into its
Scooptram loaders, with fewer wear
parts, improved durability of spares,
and components that are mutch easier
to maintain.
The trunnion caps retention assem-bly makes pin replacement faster and
easier when changing cylinders and
buckets. The electronically controlled
transverter is fully integrated with the
engine in a matched powertrain that
delivers longer lifespan.
A tapered roller bearing articula-
tion hinge offers more than 10,000 h
service. Hydraulic manifolds replace
piping wherever possible, and hydrau-
lic pumps are mounted above the
transverter for easy access and quickmaintenance.
The economical working life of an
LHD is decided when the graph of totalcosts, including depreciation and main-tenance, rises above an acceptable level.As a machine gets older, its capital costsreduce and its maintenance costs rise.
Selecting the correct model will result
in optimum capital costs, while en-
gineering design and regular servicing
will help control the maintenance costs,resulting in a long working life and a
lower cost/tonne.
Operator first - latest
Scooptram ST14Based on the principle that job satisfac-tion has a significant impact on produc-tivity, in designing the next generation
Scooptram series of loaders, Atlas Copcohas put operator safety, comfort and
working environment first.
The new Scooptram ST14 loader pro-vides excellent visibility from the cab,
due to a combination of large wind-
screens, a clean, flat top to the vehicle,
and a short and low-level rear end. The
driving seat is air-suspended and softer
Efficient LHD operations in the Jacobina Mine in Brazil.
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LOADING AND HAULAGE IN UNDERGROUND MINING 7
TALKING TECHNICALLY
and more comfortable than in other
LHDs, with the controls located in thearmrests. The drive train design has cre-ated more free space in front of the cab,accommodating a unique, roomy foot-
box into which the driver can stretch
out his legs.
When driving the ST14, the operatoris conscious of a spacious and clean en-vironment in the cab, and the long wheel-base makes for a smooth ride. The ride
control system allows the loaded vehicleto be driven at high speed while still
retaining maximum comfort.
Effective climate control, and the
absence of hydraulic hoses in the cab,
also contribute to a good environment,
both in terms of temperature and air
quality, and to safety.
The ST14 aims to prove the conceptthat an investment in an exceptionally
good working environment is an invest-ment in increased productivity.
Versatile and productive- Scooptram ST710
One of the most versatile 6.5 t LHDs onthe market today, the Scooptram ST710is packed full of productivity enhanc-
ing features. Compared with other 6.5
t loaders, the ST710 wins hands down,with the highest bucket lift and longest
reach. It also makes claim to one of thefastest tramming speeds for loaders in
its class.
The narrow 2.14 m width of the ST710allows it to work in drift sizes down
to 2.9 m-wide x 3.7 m-high. Available
with a choice of two 6-cylinder water-
cooled engines, the 200 hp (149 kW)
Deutz Diesel and optional 210 hp
(157 kW) Detroit Diesel, the versatile
ST710 is a highly productive performer.
Matched with a Minetruck MT2010 andBoomer 281 dri ll rig, the Scooptram
ST710 can provide the centrepiece of anunbeatable team for medium-section
tunnelling.
Productivity with comfort- Scooptram ST1030
The new 10 t-capacity loader from AtlasCopco, the Scooptram ST1030, carries
forward a long legacy of high produc-
tivity in this payload category. Buildingupon the strengths of the popular ST1020,The circles are showing where the trunnion caps are placed.
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8 LOADING AND HAULAGE IN UNDERGROUND MINING
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the ST1030 incorporates numerous designimprovements and customer suggestions,including the new ergonomically designedoperators cabin offering reduce fat-
igue and better safety, and easy ser-
viceability of the split-cap pins and
hydraulic system.
With a Cummins QSL 9, Tier 3 diesel
engine rated at 250 hp (186 kW) and
transmission, and mono-stick controlledarticulated hydraulic power steering,
the ST1030 makes driving a pleasure.
Add to this the excellent breakout force,and a 25 km/h tramming speed on the
flat, and the ST1030 becomes one of
the most productive LHDs available forworking in drift sections down to 3.3 m-wide x 3.9 m-high.
Big payload- Scooptram ST1520
Designed for size, strength and ease of
operation, the Scooptram ST1520
achieves the highest productivity for
any loader in its class.
This 15 t-capacity loader provides su-
perb visibility from the ergonomically
designed and safe operators cabin. Equip-ped with a 400 hp (299 kW) 6-cylinder
water-cooled Detroit Diesel engine, itsrugged structure makes it a champion
performer, both in the muck pile and intramming over long distances.
Constructed upon the same prin-
ciples as the ST710 and ST1030, the
ST1520 includes all the innovation and
improvements from these models, ma-
king it an unparalleled production per-
former in drifts down to 4 m-wide x 5 m-high.
Summary
The wealth of experience gained by
Scooptram loader designers over the
last half century is put at the disposal
of the purchaser. This ensures that all
operational considerations are taken
into account in their recommendations
for the correct vehicle for the job.
Dave Ogilvie
dave.ogilvie@se.atlascopco.com
The Atlas Copco footbox on Scooptram ST1030.
Scooptram ST1030 in Kvarntorp mine, Sweden .
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LOADING AND HAULAGE IN UNDERGROUND MINING 9
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Standard features
The model range covers capacities from20 to 50 metric tonnes, with options fordifferent material densities. All the
Minetruck products can be fitted withAnsul fire suppression, Lincoln auto
lube and Wiggins fast fuel fill, in additionto a comprehensive range of options.
The Minetruck MT2010 is covered in
detail later in this edition, while the threelarger members of its family are de-
scribed below.
All Minetruck versions feature ROPS/FOPS canopy with back protection; auto-matic engine overspeed protection, andreduced heat from braking; electric trans-mission shift control for convenient shif-ting; converter lockup for better power
transfer, less heat and longer componentlife; centralized lubrication to simplifymaintenance; and SAHR brake system
for reliable braking.
The productivity of trucks is measuredby the tonnage carried per km/hour.
The cost/tonne of moving the material
is then derived from this figure.
Minetruck MT431B
The MT431B is a 28.1 t-capacity truck
for large underground operations inmining and construction. Its dump box
can be emptied in 14 seconds. It is mat-ched to Scooptram loaders ST1030 andST14. It is powered by a Detroit Diesel
DDEC Series 60 engine with a rating at2,100 rev/min of 298 kW/400 hp. It has
a Spicer 6000 Series transmission withfull power shift on 4 speed forward andreverse through a single stage Spicer
CL-8000 series torque converter with
lockup to Rock Tough 508 axles. SAHR
braking with fully-enclosed, force-cooledmultiple wet discs at each wheel end
offers long component life and reliable
braking. The operator is side seated in aGrammer seat with retractable seat beltsfor bi-directional dr iving, using two
pilot operated joysticks for steering
and dump control, and is protected by
a canopy that is MSHA-ISO ROPS/
FOPS approved.
The MT 431B has a top speed on thelevel of 24.8 km/h empty and 22.8 km/h
loaded.It has a fuel tank capacity of439 litres, with a fuel consumption at
full load of 35.5 litres/h. It has a height
of 2.74 m to the canopy roof, a width
of 2.795 m, a length of 10.18 m, and aturning angle of 42.5 degrees. It will
operate in galleries of 5.5 m-width withchamfered corners.
Minetruck MT436B
The Minetruck MT436B has a similar
specification to the MT431B, with a widerbody and larger 32.6 t-capacity. The
MT436B has a height of 2.68 m to the
canopy roof, a width of 3.065 m, a lengthof 10.18 m, and a turning angle of 42.5degrees. It will operate in galleries of
4.54 m-width with chamfered corners,and is matched to Scooptram loaders
ST1030 and ST14.
Minetruck MT5010
The high-performance MT5010 truckhas a true 50 t-capacity dump box with
Minetruck designed forunderground applications
Choice of fourmodelsAtlas Copco Minetruck vehiclesare specifically designed for un-derground use, whether to be loa-ded by Scooptram or chute, andfor long haul or short haul. Theyare high powered to cope withthe steep gradients in mines, havelow heights and short turning circ-
les to negotiate underground road-ways, and are extremely robust.They have economical, low emis-sion diesel engines selected fortheir suitability to the rugged mineenvironment.
Minetruck MT5010.
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10 LOADING AND HAULAGE IN UNDERGROUND MINING
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optimum profile for clean and fast dum-ping offering unparalleled productivity
in demanding underground operations.
It is matched to Scooptram ST1520 for
loading.
Power is provided by a Cummins
QSK19-C650 485 kW/650 hp clean bur-ning diesel engine. The unique power
train includes an upbox and a combinedtransmission and converter which, along
with the engine control system, offerssmooth and precise shifting. The MT5010has all-wheel drive through conventionalfront and rear differentials and Spicer
53R300 series axles with centre-flange
hubs and wheels to match its capacity.
It has an ergonomically-designed, for-ward seating, sound-proofed, air-con-
ditioned cabin in which the operator
also benefits from a functional instru-
mentation layout with monitoring of the
hydraulic and lubrication systems. A rear
view camera improves the operatorsvision when reversing.
Component access is first class, and
the filters are centralized in an easily
reachable area. Fuel tank capacity is
644 litres, with a dieseline consumptionat full load of 57 litres/h. Fuel tank accesscovers are readily removed, and point-
to-point wiring improves testing and
fault location. The dimensions of the
MT5010 are 3.2 m-wide, 3.15 m-high
to the top of the dump box, and 11.22
m-long. It will operate in galleries of5.01 m-width with chamfered corners.
Scooptram loading
The general rule for filling the Minetruckusing a Scooptram is that the loader
should complete the operation in threeor four clean passes. The Scooptram
bucket volume may be changed to achievethis ratio in order to maximize the truckload.
For end loading, the bucket widthshould be 150 mm narrower than the
inside dimension of the truck box, and
for side loading, the top of the bucket
should extend no more than 400-500 mmbelow the box side in the dump position.The bucket lip should reach to the cen-
treline of the box for perfect loading.
Eject-O-Dump buckets are availablefor use where ground conditions do notpermit adequate back height for Scoop-tram side loading. Using this system, the
bucket pin height should be able toclear the box side.
Eject-O-Dump buckets reduce the
Scooptram capacity by 10-15%, and thisshould be taken into account when se-
lecting the most suitable Minetruck.
Kjell Fjordellkjell.fjordell@atlascopco.com
Minetruck MT5010 at Ridgeway Australia.
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Main objectives
Atlas Copco first introduced four-wheeldrive mine t rucks in 1960, when the
MT10 was built for use in undergroundmines. In 1985, the MT420 was intro-
duced, and 94 units were sold by 2002.
The MT420B was manufactured in par-allel in 1998-1999, and 16 units were
produced. Its successor, the MT2000,
has added another 94 units to this largefleet. Now, the MT2010 takes the placeof the MT2000.
The design philosophy for the MT2010has been to increase productivity and
decrease operating cost, resulting in a
lower cost/tonne for the customer. It hastherefore been designed to improve ser-viceability and to reach higher levels of
availability and reliability.Many of the changes to the MT2010
are similar to those on the recently up-
graded Scooptram ST1030 loader, whichhas also been the subject of redesigned
electrics. The two vehicles have the samenew instrument panel with built-in datacollection unit. The panel features an
integrated warning system and an enginefault code display. The system also indi-cates when it is time to change the air
filters. The PLC has been moved into
the cabin for better protection from theworking environment.
The MT2010 has been designed withspecial attention to driver comfort, withergonomic seat, extended legroom, andresponsive mono-stick steering, which
requires very little effort, reduces fatigue,and helps productivity.
New engine
The Cummins QSL 9 diesel engine fit-
ted to the MT2010 is clean burning, and
meets the US EPA Tier 3 and the Euro-pean stage 3A emissions regulations.
IncreasedproductivityAtlas Copco recently upgraded thepopular Minetruck MT2000 toMT2010 with a change of engineand redesigned electrical system.Other minor revisions have beenincorporated, and the whole con-cept mine tested under rigorousconditions for 2,500 hours in Tur-key. The customer reported thatthe trial went very well, with goodperformance, easier maintenance,and excellent operator acceptabil-
ity. Absolutely no technical issuesneeded to be addressed, and thegeneral feedback indicated thatthe truck is seen as very powerfuland comfortable to drive.
Minetruck MT2010 in Kvarntorp, Sweden.
Upgraded Minetruck MT2010
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12 LOADING AND HAULAGE IN UNDERGROUND MINING
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The QSL 9 was first delivered with the
Scooptram ST1030 for six months. Thereports from the customers were posi-
tive and the engine was selected for theMT2010 as well.
The fully electronically controlled
Cummins QSL 9 has a high-density
power design with an electrical sensor
for air intake restriction. The alternatoris solid mounted to the engine, with a
multi rib belt with spring-operated ten-
sioner. The transmission cooler has beenincorporated into the radiator for bettercooling capacity and easier access, and
the engine benefits from electronic pro-tection for overheat or low oil pressure.Diagnostic software is available.
The Cummins QSL 9 C300 is an
8.9 litre in-line six-cylinder engine thatweighs just 738 kg and is rated as 224
kW/300 hp power output. Its overall di-mensions are smaller than its prede-
cessor in the MT2000.
The engine has a high-pressure com-mon rail fuel system with electronic in-jection and a wastegate turbocharger.
Users can expect a longer working lifedue to the lower piston speed, while the
bypass oil filtration in combination withfull flow will increase bearing and ringlife. All of this adds up to a smootherrunning engine with lower maintenanceand overhaul costs.
Drivetrain and options
The MT2010 has an oversized Clark
5000 series transmission for long life,
and converter lock-up to transmit more
power to the ground with less heat
build-up.
The SAHR brakes are fully enclosed,
force cooled, with multiple wet discs ateach wheel end. Benefits are a 10,000 hlife without adjustment, and increased
vehicle safety from what is the safest
brake in the mining industry.
The tapered roller bearing articula-
tion hinge on the MT2010 also has a
10,000 h life without adjustment.
The Rock Tough axles have a 4,000
h warranty as the best in the industry,
with SAHR brakes as an integral part
of their design. Conventional differen-
tials are standard in both front and rearaxles. Lincoln automatic lubrication and
Ansul fire protection can be fitted, and
the vehicle can be specified with an ejec-tor box.
The Minetruck MT2010 is purpose
matched with the Scooptram 710 and
1030 as efficient loading and hauling
combinations.
Kjell Fjordell
kjell.fjordell@atlascopco.com
The trial test of the QSL9 engine was conducted in Koza Mine, Turkey. The truck operated successfully for 2500 hours.
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LOADING AND HAULAGE IN UNDERGROUND MINING 13
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Exercising CARE
Using CARE For Mining, the vehicle
needs for the whole mine can be evalu-ated. Simulation using a mathematical
model of the proposed system to deal
with stochastic variables is far more ac-curate than the traditional spreadsheet.
Individual vehicles behave indepen-
dently of each other in terms of avail-
ability and shift schedules, but, in real
life, queues and traffic disturbance in-
teract to cause dependence on each
other. Simulation allows the engineers
to evaluate this behaviour over time,
and under different conditions, show-
ing the interaction between various ele-ments and how they affect system per-
formance. Vehicles of different typesand capacities can be inserted into the
CARE simulation, together with severalproduction locations. It will handle bothtruck and loader estimations, and takesdifferent scenarios and varying traffic
conditions into account.
Studies have been undertaken at vari-ous mine locations in order to broaden
the database, and some of the results
are examined in this article.
CARE For Mining simulations are
designed for use in all underground loa-ding and transport situations, and will
supply the mine management with vitalinputs to their equipment purchase deci-sions.
To summarize, the tool will simulateloading and transport of ore and waste
for any hard rock underground mine,
and will determine truck and loader
needs for different scenarios taking intoaccount the effects of traffic disturbance,availability and preventive maintenance.The best setup can be estimated in a
given scenario based on costs, vehicle
types, availability, rock properties, pro-duction plan and shift schedules. In ad-dition, different mine layouts can be
investigated with respect to productivity.
Simulation as a tool
The CARE For Mining simulation tech-
nique is based on trial and error, testinga given scenario for success. A scenariois set up, the simulation is run, the resultis analysed, and then the process is rerunwith new data, if necessary.
Conventional wisdom is to concen-
trate on the problem, not on the data
available. Reality can be simplified. If
an easy model is chosen initially, and
more logic is added when the easy logicgenerates some results, the objective willbe achieved more rationally. Simulation
is simply a mathematical model of areal or proposed process or system, in
which objects behave more like real
life. This is not possible using Excel
calculations because too many input
parameters are not deterministic,
slack time phenomena are hard to assess,traffic congestion is non-linear by nature,and randomness is hard to simulate.
Hence, for complex processes suchas loading and transport logistics withina limited capacity system where parts
interact with each other, simulation is
necessary.
In underground mines, there are al-
ways special considerations, and these
include: how to set up when the last
loading point is a conveyor belt; how toset up loading from a loading bay only,
without any stope or face; how to set uptruck needs only, without any loaders
affecting the result; and how to set up
for chute loading.
Vazante mine study
A simulation of loading and transport
requirements was undertaken at Vazantemine, part of the Votorantim Metals
group, in November, 2006. The purposewas to estimate the vehicle requirementfor replacement of the mine truck and
loader fleet. Capacity simulation of
loading and transport of ore and waste
rock in the mine was undertaken, with-out costs calculations.
Matching the fleetto the jobIn these days of instant cost ana-lysis, it is increasingly difficult todisguise low productivity. The em-phasis on unit costs, in particular,focuses on the performance of themain production fleet. As capitalequipment becomes more reliable,its productivity increases. How-ever, productivity is a function ofutilization, making it essential thatthe fleet strength is closely mat-ched to the job. Numbers and ca-
pacities of trucks and loaders arekey to this, and the Atlas CopcoCARE For Mining simulation toolprovides the mine operator witha reliable means of estimating thisrequirement.
Scooptram ST14 in Kvarntorp, Sweden.
CARE for mining
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14 LOADING AND HAULAGE IN UNDERGROUND MINING
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The current situation was set up usingmine data for January to October, and
then adjusted to give results similar to
real life. Because vehicles were report-
edly overloaded in normal operation,
their rated capacity was increased for
the purposes of calculation, and a fill
factor was not used.
The input data from the first simu-
lation was applied to simulate replace-
ment with Atlas Copco loaders and
trucks, using information supplied byAtlas Copco.
The results from the second simula-
tion were then analysed, and equipmentinput data was progressively refined untilthe output data reflected the customers
production needs. Mechanical availabil-ity was used, rather than calendar-based
availability. Production over the periodwas 1,174,062 t using nine trucks of vari-ous designations, for which total hauled,total hours, tonnes/h, and real tonnage
were entered into the simulation.
Conclusions
Operational parameters dictate that themine would need two of the MT5010
trucks to be equipped with teletram
boxes, and only 80% mechanical avail-
ability is proposed for all trucks. Thisresults in a simulation where four
MT5010s are not enough for the requiredproduction, whereas five MT5010s will
fulfil existing production needs, with
some spare time as margin.
Three loaders are enough, because
idle time is available for them to in-
crease production a little.
The simulation results are estima-
tions only, as a guide to choosing the
right equipment. The results are based
on input data given from the mine.
Acknowledgements
Atlas Copco is grateful to Votorantim
for permission to publish the above
article, which was extracted f rom a
report prepared by consultants Onnerlov
of Mal, Sweden on 21st November, 2006.
Robert Almqvistrobert.almqvist@se.atlascopco.com
62
51
45
41
39
34
43
LP4
LP4
LP4
LP4
LP3
LP4
LP4
978687625203422
32
5411347
65
58101
19
45
Mine layout, according to simplified picture to the left.
Production
Total production (ore) 820.000 tonnes
Total production (waste),508 880 tonnes
Truck fleet, MT5010
Average availability 87%
Box fill factor 92%
Shift schedule
2 x 12 hour shifts, 7 days per week, 52 weeks/year
Effective time in truck approximate 10 hours/shift
Others
Only truck need/capacities are simulated. In the
simulation it is estimated that there will always be oreat the loading bays, i.e. production and LHDs work
flawless.
Dump
Simplified mine layout.
Vehicles Quantity Availability Utilization Capacity(t)
3xST1520 80 65 15
3xMT5010 80 65 50
2xMT5010
teletram 80 65 42.5
Vehicles Totalhauled
Totalhours
Tonne/hour
MT5010_2 312 630 3 698 84.55
MT5010_3 297 229 3 674 80.9
MT5010_4 255 373 3 692 69.17
MT5010_5 255 405 3 709 68.85
MT5010_6 288 235 3 685 78.23
Total 1 408 872 27 391 381.7
One of the simulation set-ups.
Result showing the number of trucks needed.
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LOADING AND HAULAGE IN UNDERGROUND MINING 15
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Common automationplatform
Rig Control System (RCS), which is
based on standard PC-computer tech-
nology, is the automation platform for
Atlas Copco equipment.
CAN-bus technology provides the
backbone of RCS. This system is f lexi-
ble and easily expandable, allowing newunits to be added anywhere along the
data bus, without adding another cable.The electronic modules are all developedfor purpose, and are ruggedized and pro-tected from external magnetic and elec-tric influences.
The third generation of RCS has takena quantum leap forward with respect tologging capabilities, serviceability and
machine accuracy. The flexibility of thesystem can be adapted and configured
for all different types of products. Cus-tomers can start at a low level of auto-
mation and, as their requirements change,can upgrade. New functionality can be
added, without major rebuilding of the
machine.
RCS benefits
RCS is the Atlas Copco CMT electroniccontrol system platform. It offers increa-sed serviceability, an improved manma-chine interface with options for easy up-
grades such as to Radio Remote ControlRRC, and comprehensive logging of ma-chine functions. Data is easily collectedand transferred using a USB memory
stick as standard, or other retrieval meansas required.
With RCS, it has become much easier
to get information from the machine forservicing and diagnostics, all of which
is logged and displayed in clear text on
the cabin screen. All of this informationis displayed in one place, and there are
no hydraulics inside the cabin, redu-cing noise levels considerably. All parts
of the control system are strategically
placed to make replacement easy.
Screen display
RCS facilitates improved operator ergo-nomics, clearing the cabin of gauges andinstruments, creating more room and bet-ter visibility.
In the main menu, the operator canchange the screen display to one of a
selection of languages in seconds, allo-wing engineers and operators of severalnationalities to operate and service the
machine without ambiguity. All menus
are self-explanatory, and the screen sym-bols are easily recognizable, so there isno need to interpret the information.
There are several access levels to RCSto prevent accidental or unauthorized
changing of parameters and settings.
These are restricted at the first level tothe operator, then to the local service
Rig Control System forScooptram loaders
Quantum leapThe introduction of the well-provenAtlas Copco Rig Control SystemRCS to Scooptram loaders hasbrought seamless integration withthe drivetrain components. At thesame time, joysticks in armrests,and easy-to-read multifunctioncolour displays on a single screen,have transformed the operatorslife. The same screen allows main-
tenance engineers to check sta-tus on modules and I/O ports, spe-eding fault detection and remedy.With RCS, soft stopped steeringreduces vibration, and boom andbucket movements are better con-trolled, all contributing to lessstress on operator and machine. Areduced number of electrical con-nection points, richer functional-ity, and component commonalitywith other Atlas Copco machinesall add lustre to the performanceof the new generation Scooptramloaders with RCS.
The Scooptram ST14 proves its superior performance in the muck pile.
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16 LOADING AND HAULAGE IN UNDERGROUND MINING
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staff, and at the third level to Atlas Copcoservice engineers. As a result, nuisancesite visits to restore settings are elimi-
nated, while fault finding and correctionis vastly improved. The RCS screen pro-vides instantaneous monitoring of ope-rational condition for items such as
torque, intercooler temperature, fuel con-sumption, and engine status. The digitaldashboard shows warnings and stops
on screen, and is completely integrated
with the RCS system. If the icon has a
green background, there is no error; if
yellow, there is a minor error such as
blocked filter; if red, there is a major
error such as low oil pressure, and the
machine is automatically shut down. A
self-diagnostic system makes fault find-ing easy, indicating if there is a modulefailure, and where the problem lies.
RCS for Scooptram
The new generation Scooptram loadersfrom Atlas Copco are assembled on an
RCS platform, which makes them easier
to build and maintain. With all-elec-tronic control, they are automation ready,with much richer functionality and betterergonomy.
It is easier to add options, and all ma-chines are ready for RRC Radio RemoteControl as standard. Previously, addingRRC to a machine required the fitting
of a heavy electro-hydraulic manifold
block to which pilot hoses to the con-
trolled functions had to be connected.
Then the RRC machine unit had to be
installed, and the connections to themanifold block and machine electrical
AHOLMBERG2007
PC-card
CCI module AP module Resolver module I/O module
RCS - a common automation platform.
Default screen.
Bucket count Load Fuel Level
Errors and
warnings
GearRide control
Engine status
Engine
hours
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LOADING AND HAULAGE IN UNDERGROUND MINING 17
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system had to be interfaced. Thanks to
RCS, the current RRC installation is
a small MU that fits beneath the seat.
Connect power, CAN and antenna, andit is ready for operation!
Other benefits accrue, such as steer-
ing interlock, redundant design, and newaccess control, all of which make for
greater safety. Likewise, load weighing,soft stops, logging and services inter-
face contribute to functionality.
The first generation of LHDs has me-chanical control linkages. Second gen-
eration has pilot hydraulic controls and
valves, electronic PLC and extra elec-
tronic valves for Radio Remote Control.The current third generation has RCS
architecture, CAN-bus based distribu-
ted control system, and electronicallycontrolled valves replacing the pilot hy-draulics.
As a result, the number of electrical
connection points has decreased by twothirds, reducing the potential for break-down, and making fault detection easier.There is also an interactive user inter-
face, and a common RCS platform withdrill rigs and other Atlas Copco surfaceand underground equipment. Hardwareand software is developed and main-
tained by Atlas Copco AutomationDepartment in Orebro, Sweden.
Current generation
The RCS prototype Scooptram ST1010C was field-tested at a Canadian mine
for 4,400 hours during 2003-2004. Theexperience has been absorbed into the
design of the latest model, the ScooptramST14 launched in 2006.
The ST14 is joystick controlled froma panel in the armrest. The left joysticksteers right and left, with a soft stop.
A steering interlock operates when the
door is open, or the armrest is not in po-sition. The right joystick controls boomand bucket for hoist and dump.
The transmission selects gears in twomajor modes: automatic, in which the
operator chooses direction and range with
dedicated buttons; and semi-automaticin which the operator moves gear rangesup and down as required. There is a ma-nual mode, which is used solely for veri-fication testing. There are brake and
throttle pedals set into the unique foot-
box, developed for this purpose. Logs
are recorded for vehicle statistics over
its entire life. The event log covers the
last 500 events, such as errors, warnings,and restarts. The maintenance log showsessential pressures and temperatures
when limits are exceeded since the lastpower on. Load weighing is integrated
using hydraulic hoist pressures, and theautomatic counting scheme accumulatesloads by counting buckets. The accu-
racy is +/-500 kg.
IREDESIn order to facilitate use of different equip-ment from different producers in the sameorganization, Atlas Copco, together with
other major machine manufacturers, mi-ning and construction companies and
third party suppliers, has established a
standard for data exchange between
rock excavation equipment and users
computer systems. This International
Rock Excavation Equipment Data Ex-
change Standard, or IREDES, is the
common language in data exchange formining and tunnelling, and the current
range of Atlas Copco equipment has beenadapted to IREDES.
The Scooptram ST14, for instance,
exports production data logs in IREDESXML format.
Ulrik Algulinulrik.algulin@se.atlascopco.com
OU Operator Unit
Hamess BeltAntenna
Beacon-Red Strobe Flash Light
MU Machine Unit
Hydraulic Interface
Operator working with the Scooptram RRC.
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We understand what youre after
Committed to your superior productivity
Atlas Copco Rock Drills AB
Fax: +46 19 670 7393
www.atlascopco.com
Working with Atlas Copco means working with highlyproductive rock drilling solutions. It also means sharing acommon cost-cutting challenge. Like you, we are alwayslooking for new and effective ways to squeeze your production
costs but never at the expense of quality, safety or theenvironment.
Mining and construction is a tough and competitive business.Fortunately, we understand what youre after.
Get your free copy of Success Stories atwww.atlascopco.com/rock
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LOADING AND HAULAGE IN UNDERGROUND MINING 19
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Key sourceWhenever a loader attacks a rock pile
underground, a tremendous amount of
power is required to thrust the bucket
deep enough so that it can be filled to
capacity. Wheels spin, buckets get stuck,and the vehicle often has to make severalattempts before successfully penetrat-
ing the muck. Sometimes, the driver hasto be content to pull away with only a
partial bucket load.
In the same way, LHDs that have to
tackle steep, uphill gradients need extrapower to maintain sufficient traction toensure that the load will reach its desti-nation within the projected cycle time.
The key source of power for thrust,
bucket movement and traction does notlie in the size of the diesel engine, but
in the hydraulic pumping system that
distributes and controls the flow of hy-
draulic oil. This is where the power for
all these critical functions is generated,and where power losses can occur. Cur-
rently, there are two systems available.These are the Open Centre and Load
Sensing Hydraulic Systems, discussed
below.
Open Centre HydraulicSystem
With the Open Centre Hydraulic Sy-
stem, the pump constantly delivers a
flow that is proportional to the speed
of the engine. When no function is acti-vated, the oil flows through the open
centre in the valve spools, and is re-turned to the hydraulic tank.
When a function is activated, the
open centre starts to close, which causesthe pressure to rise. At the same time,
the passage to the cylinder begins to
open. The more the spool shifts, the
more the open centre closes, and the
more the pressure is increased. When
the pressure is higher than the cylinder
pressure, the cylinder begins to move,
but oil that is not directed to the cylin-
der is returned to the tank at a pressuredrop, which, in turn, creates heat.
When the spool has been fully shift-ed, the open centre is closed, and the
entire flow goes to the cylinder.
If the load is higher than the maxi-
mum system pressure, the oil goes via
the main relief valve back to the tank
with a maximum pressure drop, which
creates a great deal of heat.
Load Sensing HydraulicSystem
The Load Sensing Hydraulic System,
on the other hand, is a modern, well-
proven and reliable system. It was origi-nally introduced for surface loaders,
but is now available on the latest under-ground loader from Atlas Copco, the
Scooptram ST14, thoroughly tested at
the Kristineberg Mine in Sweden.
Contrary to the Open Centre Hydra-ulic System, the Load Sensing HydraulicSystem on the ST14 has two variable
pumps working together. This providesexactly the right amount of flow and
Efficient underground loadingand haulage
Load sensinghydraulicsPowerful Scooptrams are vital toefficiency in underground loadingand haulage. The objective hasalways been to provide a vehiclethat can be relied on to deliverprecisely the right amount of po-wer at exactly the right moment.This has been little more than a
dream, until the introduction ofthe Load Sensing Hydraulic Sy-stem driven by a variable displace-ment pump. This is replacing thetraditional Open Centre Hydra-ulic System driven by a fixed dis-placement pump, that has servedmany years as the industry stan-dard. Load Sensing HydraulicSystem is a central feature on thelatest Atlas Copco ScooptramST14.
Scooptram ST14 loading at the face.
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20 LOADING AND HAULAGE IN UNDERGROUND MINING
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pressure at any one time, distributing
the power wherever and whenever it isneeded.
As the system is activated only whenmoving the control stick, only a mini-
mum of pumping power is lost, therebyreducing fuel consumption. Further-
more, the hydraulic system is faster,
which means shorter working cycle
times and higher productivity, and givesthe operator better control of the load,
resulting in a smoother, more comfort-
able ride.
The spools in the Load Sensing Hy-draulic System are closed centre,
which means that when no function
is activated, no oil flows through thesystem. The pump strokes back to zero
flow, and maintains only a low standbypressure. As soon as a function is ac-
tivated, a pressure signal from the
cylinder port is fed back to the pump,
which then regulates to a pressure leveljust above the highest load.
This means that the pump only de-
livers the flow that is needed at the re-
quired pressure level, and that no oil is
throttled back to the tank, creating heat.
If the load is higher than maximum sy-stem pressure, the pump strokes back
and holds the maximum pressure at
zero flow, again saving energy.
The capabilities of the Load SensingHydraulic System enable the use of a
stiffer converter with a higher degree
of efficiency that transfers more of the
power to the driving wheels, and redu-
ces the amount of heat loss. This resultsin a higher speed on grade for the Scoop-tram ST14, and maximum utilization ofthe installed diesel power. This results
in improved performance, minimum
power losses and lower overall fuel
consumption.
Power losses
Small movements under high pressure
in conventional hydraulic systems al-
ways lead to substantial power losses,and the use of the bucket is a good ex-
ample. It is common practice to move
the bucket slightly, to make it easier to
penetrate the muck pile.
With the Open Centre Hydraulic
System, a large amount of thrusting
power is lost each time the hydraulic oilis activated and directed to the bucket-
moving cylinders, reducing the amountof power retained for traction. With
the modern Load Sensing Hydraulic
System, more than enough power is
retained for both bucket movements andtraction, and the traction power drops
only marginally with each small bucketmovement.
The tests carried out with the Scoop-tram ST14 prove the point. The extra
wheel spin caused by the increased
amount of available power was easily
compensated. By easing up on the
throttle, and attacking the muck pile
at lower revs, the operators found they
could get excellent traction, and save
fuel at the same time.To summarize, the search for in-
creased efficiency in underground load-ing and hauling operations is satisfied
by a vehicle that can deliver the exact
amount of pressure and flow required
for each function. Load Sensing Hy-
draulic Systems in underground equip-
ment such as the Scooptram ST14 are amilestone for Atlas Copco, and a majorstep forward for the industry.
Jonas Henryssonjonas.henrysson@se.atlascopco.com
Pressure
Steering
cylinders
Q pump Max Q pump
Pressure
Savings
Power ConsumptionTramming situation, steering
Steering
cylinders
Open Centre Hydraulic System Load Sensing Hydraulic System ST14
Losses
Losses
Flow Flow
Flow
Pressure
Dump
cylinder
Q pump
Losses Savings
Open Centre Hydraulic System
Power ConsumptionMucking situation, dumping only
Dump
cylinder
Pressure
Flow
Load Sensing Hydraulic System ST14Losses
Pressure
Dump
cylinder
Q pump
Hoist
cylinders
Dump
cylinder
Losses
Losses
Pressure
Savings
Open Centre Hydraulic System Load Sensing Hydraulic System ST14
Power ConsumptionCombined situation, hoist and dump
Hoist
cylinders
Flow Flow
Max Q pump
Max Q pump
In an open centre sys tem, the hydraulic flow (the horizontal axis) is determined by theengine speed (revs) . Consequently, a large amount of unused oil is pumped through thesystem unnecessarily, with corresponding power losses and heat build-up. In a loadsensing system, the hydraulic flow is determined by the actual demand, and the pump onlydelivers the required flow at the required pressure level. No oil is t hrottled back to the t ank,
to create heat and power losses. In both sys tems, the hydraulic pressure (t he vert ical axis)is determined by the actual pressure requirement. By choosing the Load Sensing HydraulicSystem f or the Scooptram ST14, the speed on grade has been increased by up to 14%.During mucking, it is possible to move the bucket with minimal losses of traction force.
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LOADING AND HAULAGE IN UNDERGROUND MINING 21
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Natural choice
Underground mining operations with
production processes that are exceptio-nally deep, unusually difficult to access,or extremely hazardous are typical en-
vironments that make automation and
self-operating equipment a natural
choice.
Mining companies currently invest
in automated equipment as a means of
increasing safety, reducing manual re-
petitive work, and increasing overall effi-ciency and productivity.
As one of the worlds leading suppli-ers, Atlas Copco has been instrumentalin developing much of the automation
technology that is available for the mo-dern mining industry. This includes
everything from computerized control
and guidance systems on large under-
ground drill rigs and loaders, to remotecontrol and satellite hole navigation sy-stems on surface crawler rigs.
The aims of such innovations are toconsistently reduce human exposure to
the harsh and dangerous environment
of underground mining and at the same
time increasing efficiency and equip-ment utilization.
Scooptram ST14
The recently launched Atlas Copco
Scooptram ST14 is a typical example.
Vehicles were tested at Bolidens Kris-
tineberg Mine in Sweden, and at IncosStobie Mine in Canada. Other units arebeing delivered to mines in Sweden,
Canada, Portugal, Chile and Russia. This
new loader design reduces the physicalstrain on the operator by making better
use of available power. The bucket pen-etrates the muckpile easier and quicker,and is filled to capacity at every attempt.This increases the number of loads per
shift, with corresponding improvements
in productivity.These productivity and safety ben-
efits are derived from applying the
companys RCS (Rig Control System)and ABC (Advanced Boom Control)
systems witch are already installed on
most of its Rocket Boomer, Simba and
Boltec underground and rigs.
Rig Control System
The ABC system offers three modes:
ABC Basic, Regular or Total. These cor-respond to manual, semi-automatic andfully automatic operation. ABC Total is
Automation in mining
Key roleThe mining industry continues toexperience unprecedented growthas global demands for mineralsand metals remain at record lev-els. Automation is playing a keyrole in the production processand paving the way for futuremining ventures.
Scooptram ST14 with RCS makes better use of available power.
Automation Systems
Mine automation
Increasingp
rocess
integration
Increasing business understanding
Equipm. automation
Automation
development
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22 LOADING AND HAULAGE IN UNDERGROUND MINING
TALKING TECHNICALLY
the mode that is now gaining the most
ground, offering accurate and precise
hole collaring, and faster drill and blastwork cycles. Developments such as these
are designed to keep efficiency high andcosts low, so that miners can meet the
future challenges of the industry with
confidence.
As most of the tonnage in tomorrowsworld will be extracted using mecha-
nized equipment, automation makes per-fect sense. But more importantly, it is
getting harder and harder to find new
deposits. When they are found, they aregenerally more difficult and more ex-
pensive to mine than before. The new
mines are often located in remote areas,which are not the most attractive for re-cruiting the best-qualified people. To
mine these deposits profitably, automa-tion will not just be an option, it will bea necessity.
Centre of excellence
When the LKAB-owned mines of
Kiruna in northern Sweden became
mechanized in the 1980s they worked
in close co-operation with Atlas Copco
to develop drill rigs and systems thatcould be controlled at a safe distance
from the mining area. These rigs now
also run during night shifts in automaticmode, entirely without supervision. To-day, rebro in the heartland of Swedenis the centre for Atlas Copco research
and development in this field.
The region has a long tradition of
mining, and it was in rebro that AtlasCopco developed its fi rst Rig Control
System (RCS) in 1996. Since then it
has become the standard for drill rigapplications and the platform for all
subsequent automation innovations by
Atlas Copco.
The PC-based RCS platform, and itsassociated modules, considerably redu-
ce the wear and tear to which miningequipment and personnel are normally
subjected. They make operations fasterand lighter, and make the equipment
easier to handle and maintain.
Much of the communication with
todays rigs is handled through the In-ternet, satellite and telephone, taking
production planning and fault-finding
to a higher level.
Automation in action
Other examples of progress from auto-
mation are automatic bit changers and
automatic tunnel profiling systems.
Measure While Drilling MWD, a sy-stem for the logging of rock strata charac-teristics using the rock drill as a sensor
while drilling the blast holes, is also a
product of automation. Using MWD, thelogged data is transferred to a PC for
further analysis and interpretation. Theresultant data gives a prediction of the
geology ahead of the face, which is in-
valuable when drilling in mixed strata.The focus is increasingly on the use
of technology to preview reality. For ex-ample, it would be hugely advantageousto show the loader operator what the
muck pile looks like before he drives
in, to show the driller what the orebodylooks like before he sets up the rig,
and to show the blaster what the hole
looks like inside before he commences
charging.
LHD automation applications cur-
rently are in the whole production cycle- from teleremote mucking, autonomous
tramming to dump site, auto dumping
and then return autonomously to the
drawpoint for the next loading cycle.
There are also trucking applications
where the trucks are loaded by LHDs orby chutes and then tram autonomously
to the dump site, dump the load and
tram back to loading area. Productivityimprovements, as well as maintenancesavings, are becoming real through allthese various projects mentioned above.
Automated systems provide real-
time information to the management
and supervisors of these mines, not to
mention the operator of the system. Thisis for accurate planning, scheduling andmeasuring the process.
Atlas Copco has learned that, wher-
ever mining and construction activities
may be located, we must continually
strive to make improvements, and we
must never stop trying to increase effi-
ciency for our customers.
- Automation is the key.
Casper Swartcasper.swart@se.atlascopco.com
Atlas Copco automation products in use.
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LOADING AND HAULAGE IN UNDERGROUND MINING 23
TALKING TECHNICALLY
Aftermarket
Aftermarket Marketing Department is
responsible for spare parts policy. The
characteristics of the part greatly affectthe way the spare part level is set. If a
part assembly module includes any wear
parts or consumables that need to be
changed within a regular time interval,
these parts are generally also sold looseor in a kit. If a part is highly advanced
technologically, or has tight tolerances
that may complicate the service or re-
pair, it is generally sold as a complete
functioning unit.
Our spare parts are easy to disassembleand assemble on the machine at site,
without needing to send the vehicle
to the workshop. Thought is given to
whether special tools are needed in
order to properly carry out the service
or repair.
Aftermarket publishes a range of
brochures and a handbook covering
its activities.
One service- one partnumber protocol
Customers gain many advantages by
using parts kits instead of ordering in-
dividual parts and tools separately. Notonly do the kits contain everything ne-
eded for a service, rebuild or overhaul
but they will also save time when carry-ing out the work. Instead of searching forparts, the customer only has to open up
the kit box to find everything required
for servicing his machine. The kits arebased on the parts needed for each
specific job, to meet the service interval
stated in our maintenance manuals.
Our parts kits feature: selected qualityparts and tools for servicing and over-
hauling machines; a solid box containerfor secure shipping and handling at the
job site; one part number, under the one-service-one part number protocol; and
simplified service requirements.
The advantages of using genuine AtlasCopco parts kits are: machine products
are maintained to factory specifications,thus optimizing economic production;
easier order handling and logistics; andthe price is most competitive comparedto buying individual items.
Preventive maintenance
Preventive Maintenance Kits are avai-
lable for Scooptram and Minetruck,
and are based on factory recommenda-
tions for servicing according to engine
or operational hours. PM Kits dependon model of product, and descriptions
Service parts for Scooptramand Minetruck
Spare parts policyThe aim of Atlas Copco serviceparts policy is to promote AtlasCopco Genuine Parts using a OneService - One Part Number proto-col. Our general guidelines recom-mend what parts should be con-sidered for customers stock, andour service kits include all neces-sary parts and tools for the job.All parts needed for our products,
and originally installed at ourfactory, have gone through ourresearch and development pro-cess, with the emphasis on con-sistent quality. Most important toequipment owners and operatorsis the fact that only Atlas CopcoGenuine Parts are covered byAtlas Copco warranty.
Preventive Maintenance Kits for Scooptram and Minetruck.
AtlasCopcoA
ftermarketpr
oducts
Overhaulkits
COP3038
-Onepartnumbe
rfor easierorder
handling
andlogistics.
-Thekitsalsoin
cludetheoverhau
linginstruc-
tionsandsparepar
tslistwhichyoun
eed
foroverhaulingC
OP3038.
-Thepriceismos
tcompetitivecom
paredto
buyingindividual
items.
Mainf
eatures
-Thesekitsconta
inallpartsneede
dformaking
serviceandoverh
aulofyourrock
drill,
COP3038asper
factoryrecomme
ndation.
-Withthesekitsy
ouwillbringyou
rrockdrill
backtofactory
specifications,
andoptimize
yourproductioni
nan economicalw
ay.
-Thepartsareco
ntainedinasolid
woodenbox,
forshippingand
handlingatthejo
bsite.
-All the partsneededforpreventive maintenance servicecontained in one s olid box forshipping andhandling at the job site.
-O ne part numberperservice interval foreasierorderhandling and logistics.
Mainfeatures
- These kitscontain allpartsneeded forpreventive maintenance service based onengine hoursasperfactory recommendation.
-Wi th these kits you will maintain yourmachineasperfactory recommendatio n andoptimize yourproduction in an economicalway.
-The price ismost competitive comparedtobuying individual items
Atlas Copco Aftermarket products
Preventive maintenance kits for ST1030
PreventiveMaintenanceKits
OneServiceOneNumber
ScooptramandMinetruckTM
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24 LOADING AND HAULAGE IN UNDERGROUND MINING
TALKING TECHNICALLY
follow industry terminology, such as:
service kit; repair kit; overhaul kit; stan-
dard tool kit; and special tool kit. Eachkit includes all parts that should be re-
placed during the service, repair or over-haul. Depending on the complexity of
the specific maintenance job, instruc-
tion manuals are supplied with the kit.
Preventive Maintenance Kits contents
meet the needs of servicing a product
to meet expected l ife cycle and cost,
compared to the price of replacement.
The kit contents are based upon rec-ommendations from the supplier of the
product and/or Atlas Copco, according
to experience with similar products,
working conditions and environment.
Loader Remote Control
The latest generation of Atlas Copco
Scooptram loaders are ready prepared
to accept Radio Remote Control, RRC.
This is a line-of-sight application that
enables safer and more effective opera-tion in unstable mine stopes. ScooptramRRC gives the operator control of his ma-chine while keeping at a safe distance.
The machine unit and the operator unitsupplied by Atlas Copco have been de-
signed to ensure full interaction with theScooptram. They are lightweight, andhave a long communication range and
long operating time. The system is mo-nitored to detect errors, and there are
several safety features.
Peter Trimmelpeter.trimmel@se.atlascopco.com
Scooptram configured with RRC kit.
Scooptram configured with RRC kit
Scooptram Model Scooptram RRC Kit Hydraulic RRCInstallation kit
Comment
ST2G 5580 0088 00 5575 4856 00 To be verified before order
ST3.5 5580 0083 35 4 different options To be verified before order
ST710 Canopy 5580 0100 18 5572 7585 00
ST710 Cab 5580 0100 97 5572 7585 00
ST1020/ST1030 5580 0085 83 5575 3984 00
ST8B 5580 0084 98 5574 4982 00 To be verified before order
ST1520 5580 0082 43 5575 4616 00
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LOADING AND HAULAGE IN UNDERGROUND MINING 25
Thin seam, high output
Waterval Mine is near Rustenburg, about150 km northwest of Johannesburg. It is one
of Anglo Platinums newest mines, and will
be making its contribution to the groups
target by excavating 3.2 million t/year in an
orebody just 0.6 m-thick and on a decline of
nine degrees.
Despite the low seam and restricted mi-
ning space, Anglo Platinum was convinced
that it could tackle the task successfully,
and opted for the room and pillar method
with ramp access, together with mechanized
equipment.
The mine design meant that the roomswould be extremely conned, with a height
of 1.8-2.0 m. This, in turn, meant that head-
ings would have to be as low as possible,
and the equipment extremely compact.
Anglo Platinum also insisted that quan-
tum improvements be made at the mine in
three priority areas: safety, production and
productivity, in that order.
Potential suppliers were assessed by Wa-
terval engineers. Atlas Copco was the only
company able to provide a total solution
around the three key mining tools needed:loader, drill rig, and bolting rig. These needed
to be low prole, compact and techncally
advanced, specially designed for low seam
work and exacting environments.
In addition, Atlas Copco agreed to act as
a cooperation partner in all aspects of the
rock excavation process, providing opera-
tor training, spare parts supply and serviceand maintenance.
Purpose matched package
The equipment trio comprised the Atlas
Copco Scooptram ST600LP loader, the
Rocket Boomer S1L drill rig, and the Boltec
SL bolting rig. The units were progressively
delivered to Waterval, until there were 23
Scooptram ST600LP loaders, 15 Rocket
Boomer rigs, and six Boltec units at the
site.
The Scooptram ST600LP, also known asthe Ratel, is a compact LHD with a height
of around 1.5 m. It has a 6 t loading capaci-
ty, and is equipped with a special bucket for
low height work. It is powered by a clean
burning 136 kW Deutz diesel engine.
The Rocket Boomer S1L has well-proven,
heavy duty Atlas Copco components such
as the COP 1838 rock drill, BUT 28 boom,
and BMH 2837 feed.
The Boltec SL is a high production, semi-
mechanized rock bolting rig with an electri-
cal remote control system. Apart from stan-dard rockbolt installation, it is also equipped
Atlas Copco Scooptram ST600LP
at work in the Waterval stopes.
Loading in low headroom atWaterval
Boosting productionThe Anglo Platinum Group of SouthAfrica, the worlds leading platinumproducer, has completed an ambi-tious plan to boost its annual outputby 75% from 2.2 million ounces to3.5 million ounces by the year 2006.This tough target would have beena daunting prospect for most miningcompanies, especially in conditions atits Waterval mine, where headroomseldom exceeds 2.0 m. However,
Anglo Platinum, which accounts formore than half of the total platinumproduced in South Africa, has veryextensive experience of low seamoperations. This experience led thecompany to Atlas Copco, who sup-plied a complete equipment packageto Watervals specification to meet allof its low headroom loading, drilling,and rock bolting needs.
RUSTENBURG, SOUTH AFRICA
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LOADING IN LOW HEADROOM AT WATERVAL
26 LOADING AND HAULAGE IN UNDERGROUND MINING
to perform long hole drilling for anchor and
cable bolting. The Boltec SL uses the same
carrier as the Rocket Boomer S1L, bringing
advantages of commonality.The equipment complement for each min-
ing section is one Rocket Boomer, one Boltec,
and two Scooptram ST600LP loaders.
Production Drilling
The layout at Waterval is divided into 12 sec-
tions with nine panels or stopes. Each panel
averages 12 m-wide x 1.8 m-high, with pil-
lars of approximately 6 m x 6 m. The dril-
lers work three 8 h shifts per day, six days a
week and their target per section is 23,000
t/month. That translates to 200 t per panel,
or two panels per shift. Some 68-74 x 3.4 m-
long holes are required in each panel, taking
around 2.5 h to drill. Three 77 mm holes
form the cut, and the main round is drilled
using Atlas Copco Secoroc model 27 R32
43-45 mm bits.
Ramps from the surface provide the ac-
cess for men, machines and supplies, and
also accommodate conveyor belts for trans-
porting the ore out of the mine. The mine
expects each Rocket Boomer rig to yield
around 200,000 t/year. For rockbolting, 1.6 m-long Swellex bolts
are used, in a standard bolting pattern of 1.5 m
x 1.2-1.5 m. The Boltec SL is equipped with
Secoroc Magnum SR28 Tapered Speedrods,
with 38 mm model -27-67 bits for Swellex
installation. The tramming height of the Bol-
tec SL is just 1.30 m, with ground clearance
of 0.26 m. It is equipped with a COP1028HB
rock drill, and can insert a Swellex bolt of
length up to 1.6 m in roof height of 1.8 m.
With so many available faces in close
proximity to each other in the room and pillar
layout, utilization is a key factor for main-
taining a high level of productivity and ef-
ciency. The required utilization for the drill
rigs ranges from 50 -75%, and availability
is about 90%.
Low height loading
The Scooptram ST600LP is an extremelyrobust loader designed specically for de-
manding thin seam applications where the
roof heights are as low as 1.8 m. For visibi-
lity on the far side of the machine, video ca-
meras point to front and rear, displaying the
views on a screen in the drivers cab.
Loading from the different rooms is a
crucial part of the operation, and the spe-
cially designed E-O-D (Eject-O-Dump) 6 t-
capacity bucket on the Scooptram ST600LP
makes low height work easy. Using the
E-O-D bucket, the rock is pushed out by apush plate onto feeders that transfer it to the
conveyor system for transportation to the sur-
face. The Scooptram loaders are refuelled
underground and generally drive up to the
surface for maintenance.
At Waterval, Anglo Platinum gives top
priority to dilution and utilization. The
amount of rock waste must be kept to an
absolute minimum, and the fact that this can
be achieved with mechanized equipment in
such a low, at seam is seen as a major ac-
hievement.
To ensure high availability of the equip-ment, Anglo Platinum and Atlas Copco have
entered into full-service contracts that pro-
vide for 24 h service and maintenance. It
makes good business sense for the mine to
have a service contract manned by specia-
lists with the technical know-how and skills
for optimal maintenance.
Acknowledgements
Atlas Copco is grateful to the management
at Waterval for their kind assistance in re-vision of this article.
Rocket Boomer S1L working in
low headroom at Waterval.
Room and pillar layout at Waterval
where the Scooptram ST600LP works
in as low as 1.8 m headroom.
AtlasCopcoRockDrillsAB,2001
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LOADING AND HAULAGE IN UNDERGROUND MINING 27
Barroca Grande: home to the
worlds largest tungsten mine.Introduction
The Panasqueira mine is located at BarrocaGrande in a mountainous region of Portugal,300 km northeast of the capital city of
Lisbon, and 200 km southeast of the port cityof Porto.
The mining concession lies in moderatelyrugged, pine and eucalyptus covered hills
and valleys, with elevations ranging from
350 m above sea level in the southeast to
a peak of 1,083 m above sea level in the
northwestern corner.The concession area is an irregular shape
trending northwest-southeast, and is approx-imately 7.5 km-long. It is 1.5 km-wide at thesoutheastern end, and 5.0 km-wide at the
northwestern end, where the mine workingsand mill facilities are located.
The geology of the region is character-
ized by stacked quartz veins that lead into
mineralized wolfram-bearing schist. The
mineralized zone has dimensions of approxi-mately 2,500 m in length, varying in width
from 400 m to 2,200 m, and continues to atleast 500 m in depth.
Production levels
Access to the mines main levels is by a 2.5
m x 2.8 m decline from surface, with a gra-
dient of 14%. The main levels consist of a
series of parallel drives that are
Recommended