Elasticity and Fluid Physics Karl Andre O. Ortiz
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- Elasticity and Fluid Physics Karl Andre O. Ortiz
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- Chapter objectives Familiar with the different properties of
matter Differentiate between stress and strain Learn how man
harnessed the concept of pressure to invent and develop useful
applications Distinguish hydrostatics from aerodynamics Show how
airplanes fly using the concept of aerodynamics
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- Matter -it is the substance of which all objects are made -it
also can be changed into energy and energy into matter -has mass
and occupies space -has many forms
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- Structure of Matter Matter is composed of tiny particles called
molecules and in these structures, ATOMS linked together consist
it. ATOMS are made up of particles called protons, neutrons, and
electrons. Protons- positively charged Neutrons- electrically
neutral Electrons- negatively charged These particles are composed
of point-like units called QUARKS. Particles smaller than atoms are
called sub atomic particles
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- Differences between electric charge holds the atom together
electrons whirl around the nucleus in lavers called electron shells
the outermost shells are not tightly bound to the nucleus, as a
result some outermost electrons can be shared. These electrons are
called IONS
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- MATTER has many forms 3 basic states: 1.Solid 2.Liquid
3.Gas
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- Other states of matter Plasmas Superfluids Superconductors
Bose-Einstein Condensates Antimatter or Darkmatter
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- Chapter objectives Familiar with the different properties of
matter Differentiate between stress and strain Learn how man
harnessed the concept of pressure to invent and develop useful
applications Distinguish hydrostatics from aerodynamics Show how
airplanes fly using the concept of aerodynamics
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- Density and Specific Gravity Density is the mass or the
specific amount of matter in an object. D = M/VWhere: M is mass V
is volume
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- Density in Solids Regularly shaped Irregularly shaped Density
in Gases Is difficult to measure Mass First weigh an empty
container. Next, fill the container with the gas and weigh it
again. Then subtract the first measurement to the second Volume
measure the amount of water that the container can hold
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- Stress and Strain Tensile stress the ratio of the applied force
F to the cross- sectional area A Stress = Force/Area = F/A Tensile
strain defined as the ratio of the change in length L to the
initial length L before the force was applied. This strain refers
to the change in length Strain = change in length/initial length =
L/L
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- Youngs Modulus of Elasticity the amount of strain an object
undergoes depends on the amount of stress applied to it. Y =
stress/strain = (F/A)/(L/L) The ratio of stress to the
corresponding strain
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- Elastic Limit - refers to the maximum stress that can be
applied to an object without its breaking up, or being permanently
deformed
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- Chapter objectives Familiar with the different properties of
matter Differentiate between stress and strain Learn how man
harnessed the concept of pressure to invent and develop useful
applications Distinguish hydrostatics from aerodynamics Show how
airplanes fly using the concept of aerodynamics
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- Fluid Statics When a fluid is at rest the forces exerted are
those due to the static conditions Hydrostatics Pressure
Buoyancy
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- Pressure in Fluids Pressure is a force exerted over an area and
is measured in Pascals (Pa) P (in Pa) = Force (in newtons) Area (in
m) Absolute pressure = gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure
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- Three properties of pressure in a Fluid 1.The forces of fluids
at rest exert on the walls of its container, and vice versa, and
always act perpendicular to the walls. 2.An external pressure
exerted on a fluid is transmitted uniformly throughout the volume
of the liquid (Pascals Principle) 3.The pressure on small surface
in a fluid is the same regardless of the orientation of the
surface
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