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7/28/2019 English 114 Appendix 2 Using Punctuation
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MTA/2010
English 114:BasicPrinciples of Reading and
Writing
Dr. Mercedes Torres Almodvar
Appendix II: The Mechanics of Writing
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Objectives
Discuss the importance ofunderstanding the basic rules of
capitalization and punctuation Review the basic rules of capitalization
Review the basic rules of punctuation
Complete exercises to apply the rules Appreciate the importance of writing
clearlyMTA/2010
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Capitalization
Gives clear distinctions in meaning
Provides signals that clarify sentence
emphasis
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Capitalization Rules
1. Capitalize the first word of a sentence
1. The dictionary is an important learning
tool.2. Capitalize the pronoun I
1. My brother and I study at Pontifical
Catholic University.
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Capitalization Rules
3. Capitalize all proper nouns
1. Names of people (Prof. Julio Santiago)
2. Specific groups of people (races and ethnicgroups), nationalities, and languages (Most of thestudents are Puerto Ricans, and they speakSpanish and English.)
3. Names of deities and religions ( God, Islam)
4. Days, Months, special days, and special events
( Sunday, June, Easter Parade)
5. Seasons which are part of a proper noun ( Spring
Festival) MTA/2010
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Capitalization Rules
Capitalize all proper nouns6. Particular places such as countries, cities, mountains, streets
and oceans (She lives in Ponce at 405 Las Americas Avenue.)
7. Geographic areas ( Middle East, the East Coast)8. Names of stars and planets (Mars, Jupiter)
9. Specific structures (the White House)
10. Specific organizations and products ( Pen Club, Republican
party)11. Name of school subject that is a language or that includes acourse number ( English, Biology 117)
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Capitalization Rules
4. Capitalize a title (civil, family, military, nobility,professional, and religious) that precedes apersons name, or is used in place of the name or
in direct address (Professor Torres, Pope JohnPaul, etc. )
5. Capitalize academic degrees B.S. (Bachelor of Science)
B.A. in Ed. (Bachelor of Arts in Education) M.A. (Master of Arts)
Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy)
Ed.D. (Doctor of Education)
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Capitalization Rules
6. Important words in titles of compositions, stories,books, magazines, newspapers, plays, poems,movies, and paintings (The Daily Sun, Readers
Digest)
7. The first word and all important words in theagenda of a formal meeting.
I. Call to Order
II. Old BusinessA. Minutes of the Past Meeting
B. Treasurers Report
III. New Business
IV. Adjournment
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Practice
Do exercises pages 165-168
MTA/2010
Do the exercises firstand then check youranswers
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Punctuation Period (.)
at the end of a declarative sentence The library is open on Sunday.
after a sentence to make a polite request
Please close the door.
after an imperative sentence
Come here.
for abbreviations Dr. Torres
with initials
Ponce, P.R.
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Punctuation
Question Mark (?)
at the end of an interrogative sentence Is the university library open on Sunday?
after a series of questions within aquestion
Why didnt the Governors speech coverhousing issues? Crime? Economy?
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Punctuation
Exclamation Point (!)
to express a surprise I didnt know she had gotten married!
to express a strong emotion I love you!
to make a forceful command Get out now!
after interjections Really!
Wow! MTA/2010
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Practice
Do exercises pages 171-172
MTA/2010
Do the exercises firstand then check youranswers
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Punctuation within
sentences Commas
clarify the meaning of a sentence
separate information signals a pause in reading
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Comma (,)
Uses
1. before coordinating conjunctions
(and, but, so, for, or, nor, yet) thatconnect two independent clauses of acompound sentence.
We can go to the movies, or we can stayat home.
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Comma (,) Uses2. after the words yes and no
No, I have not finished.
3. after a subordinate clause
Although the movie was interesting, I will not see itagain.
4. to separate words, phrases, or clauses in a series (agroup of three or more)
Jose went fishing, swimming, and water-skiing.
5. both before and after a word or phrase that interrupts asentence.
This room, for example, needs air-conditioning.MTA/2010
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Comma (,) Uses6. set off a direct quotation
I completed the task, replied Luisa.
7. set off academic degree
Mercedes Torres, Ed.D.8. to set off abbreviations
Westinghouse, Inc.
9. separate the parts of an address, dates except before zip codes
She lives at 234 Hostos Avenue, Ponce, Puerto Rico 00717.
10. to separate coordinate adjectives (adjectives which modify the samething equally)
It was a funny, well-acted movie
11. after time-order expressions
First, complete the prewriting activityMTA/2010
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Practice
Do exercises pages 175-176
MTA/2010
Do the exercises firstand then check youranswers
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Semicolon(;)
used to separate elements within asentence
separate independent clauses
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Semicolon(;) Uses
to connect closely related independent clauses that are notjoined by a coordinating conjunction
Lisa and Miguel went to the party together; Maria saw themthere.
before connecting words such as consequently, however,therefore, accordingly, hence, and in fact, that come betweentwo independent clauses The students arrived early to class; therefore, they began the test
immediately.
to separate a series when the items in the series have internalcommas David has traveled to Orlando, Florida; Buffalo, New York; and Dallas, Texas.
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Practice
Do exercise page 179
MTA/2010
Do the exercises firstand then check youranswers
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Colon(:)
Colon(:) indicates that essential information follows
Uses
to introduce a list after an independent clause
Harold is taking five courses this semester: math, science, social
science, political science, and philosophy. before an explanatory phrase or statement.
The administrator gave a good reason for canceling the order:lack of funds.
after the salutation in a business letter.
Dear Mr. Jones:
to separate the hours from the minutes
The class begins at 9:00.
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Practice
Do exercise page 183
MTA/2010
Do the exercises firstand then check youranswers
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Quotation Marks
Highlight the words of a conversation
Indicate words used in a special sense
Set off the titles of short pieces ofwriting
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Quotation Marks
Indicates speakers exact words
The professor said, Please read the instructionsbefore writing the answer.
to set off a nickname Michael Air Jordan is a great basketball player.
to indicate disapproval of an offensive expression
to show disagreement with a phrase used in a special
sense by others to set off titles of short stories, articles, songs, short
poems, and chapters of a book. My favorite song is Because of You.
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Practice
Do exercises pages 187-188.
MTA/2010
Do the exercises firstand then check youranswers
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MTA/2010
References
Ellis, J. et al. (2009). Write On: AGrammar-Composition Workbook.
Puerto Rico: Editorial PlazaMayor
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