English Linguistics 1

English Linguistics 1

Session 5 2

4. Meaningful building blocks: morphology 4.1 Morphological analysis4.2 Typology of morphemes4.3 Word formation

10.11.2010

4.3 Word formation

4.3.1 New meanings in new forms4.3.1.1 Coinage, invention4.3.1.2 Borrowing

4.3.2 Old meanings in new forms4.3.2.1 Clipping4.3.2.2 Acronyming4.3.2.3 Blending

10.11.2010 Session 5 3

4.3.3 New meanings in old forms4.3.3.1 Derivation4.3.3.2 Zero derivation4.3.3.3 Backformation4.3.3.4 Compounding

10.11.2010 Session 5 4

4. Meaningful building blocks: morphology

• morphology - originally coined by Goethe for 'form and structure of living organisms'

• in linguistics: internal structure of words and the various processes for producing new words

10.11.2010 Session 5 5

the basic unit of morphology is not the word, the morpheme (G Morphem)

10.11.2010 Session 5 6

singers - one word, - ? morphemes

10.11.2010 Session 5 7

Questions: two different words ? singers - singer singer - sing

form ….reference to … …. lexical concepts

grammatical info … ….belong to …paradigm

….

10.11.2010 Session 5 8

difficulties of defining 'word'

intuitive feel for the words of the language

10.11.2010 Session 5 9

suggestions: • orthographic: what occurs between spaces in

writing• semantic: a unified semantic concept,

conceptual unity, minimum free form• phonological: what occurs between potential

pauses in speaking, one primary stress• morphological/syntactical: a word is

indivisible by other units, may be modified only externally by suffixes or prefixes

10.11.2010 Session 5 10

grapefruittravel agencygood-for-nothingson-in-lawmoney-hungrylook overpassion fruitcannotwill not

10.11.2010 Session 5 11

ice ageicebreakerbus conductorbus stopofitifcouldto kick the bucketput a sock in it

10.11.2010 Session 5 12

discussion:criterion of orthography

~ phonology of, it,

travel agencygood-for-nothingson-in-law

10.11.2010 Session 5 13

~ semantics

~ morphology two good-for-nothingstwo sons-in-lawson-in-law's

(behaves as a phrase and a word)

10.11.2010 Session 5 14

look over qualities of a phrase

look the information over + ….semantic criterion ….

10.11.2010 Session 5 15

4.1 Morphological analysis

How can we identify morphemes?

2 procedures(1) segmentation and (2) classification

10.11.2010 Session 5 16

10.11.2010 Session 5 17

The cats are chasing the dogs. segmenting into concrete entities on the basis of comparing similar utterances

....

morphconcrete realization of a morpheme, not yet classified...

10.11.2010 Session 5 18

step (2) classification:cat, dog, chas- internally indivisible lexical units with identifiable and separate meanings= morphemes

notational convention:{cat} {dog} {chas-} { } between curly braces{-ing} signals progressive aspect

10.11.2010 Session 5 19

-[s], -[z]: different phonetic forms – two morphemes? .........

10.11.2010 Session 5 20

very often: morpheme – one phonological form

possibility of variation: e.g. plural morpheme [s, z, Iz] – phonologically conditioned, dependent on the adjacent sound

10.11.2010 Session 5 21

goose – geese, sheep – sheep, ox – oxen

lexically conditionedform seems to be purely accidental, linked to a lexical item

10.11.2010 Session 5 22

homonymic morphssame sound structure - different functions[remember 'homonymy' ch. 3.5][-s]

G [-] <-er>

10.11.2010 Session 5 23

4.2 Typology of morphemesTry to classify the following morphemes. {run}{skirt} {-ly}{he} {-ist} {but} {-ian}{un-}

10.11.2010 Session 5 24

How can you classify them?c. according to:

- meaning/function- form

Which categories come to your mind?

typology

(1) based on meaning / function

lexical morphemesgrammatical morphemes

10.11.2010 Session 5 25

lexical morphemes

• content / lexical words - {sing} {cat} ...N, V, Adj., Adv.

• derivational affixes (suffixes, prefixes), for producing new wordse.g. {-er} ...

10.11.2010 Session 5 26

{-ize, -ment, -able, -ity ... } common charcteristic?......

{in-} ...

{re-, dis-, ultra- ... }{de-, trans- ... }

10.11.2010 Session 5 27

grammatical morphemesalso functional morphemes - express grammatical relationships ('abstract meanings')function words - {if, and, the, to, she ... }....

inflectional morphemes / affixes...

10.11.2010 Session 5 28

(2) types according to form• free morpheme - may stand alone as a word

contains lexical and grammatical ms.e.g. dog, albatross, the, whether

• bound morpheme - must be attached to another morpheme

contains lexical and grammatical ms.e.g. un-happy, hunt-er; hunt-s;

10.11.2010 Session 5 29

Special cases • root morphemes / bound roots / Wurzelm.:

often foreign borrowings, free in the source language, not free in E.

e.g. convert, revert, subvert, pervertconceive, perceive, receive, deceivecontain, pertain, maintain

10.11.2010 Session 5 30

intuitive identification of the roots: ...

but: ...

-

10.11.2010 Session 5 31

• unique morphemes / unikale Morphemecranberry – ...

cran-

10.11.2010 Session 5 32

because -berry is morpheme - not monomorphematic

cran- = unique m. - exists only in one word[G .... ]

10.11.2010 Session 5 33

• suppletive morphemes / Suppletive M.

not possible to show a morphological relationship between two elements of a paradigm, substitution by a formally different unit (different roots)

good – betterbe – is – was ...go – went

10.11.2010 Session 5 34

Summary:

• morph - • morpheme - • allomorph -

• homonymic morphs -

10.11.2010 Session 5 35

• lexical – grammatical / functional morphemes• free – bound ms.• root m. -• unique m. - • suppletive m. -

10.11.2010 Session 5 36

Now try to classify the following morphemes according to the categories discussed. {run}{skirt} {-ly}{he} {-ist} {but} {-ian} {un-}

10.11.2010 Session 5 37

4.3 Word formation how do languages cope with new meanings (new ideas, tools, products, events ...) several ways of creating new morphemes and new words

remember – morphemes / words are relationships of form and meaning new words – not usually all new

10.11.2010 Session 5 38

three senses in which a morpheme / word may be new

new morpheme / word may have:

1. 2. 3.

10.11.2010 Session 5 39

4.3.1 New meanings in new forms

4.3.1.1 Coinage, invention / Wortschöpfungword completely new

Kodak – coined according to phonotactic constraints,

....

10.11.2010 Session 5 40

geek - ...snob - ...sometimes boundary between 'invented' and 'unknown origin' unclear rare process

10.11.2010 Session 5 41

4.3.1.2 Borrowing / Entlehnungfrom foreign languages – loanwords, G Lehnwort

karaoke -

bistro, bidet, croissant ...

pizza, pasta, minestrone ...

10.11.2010 Session 5 42

phonetic adaptations, e.g. ['pi:/ItsK, 'pA:/æstK, mInI'strKuni]

Some more loan words in English

from Latin and Greekappropriate, conspicuous, expensive, obstruction, virus, relaxation, temperature, crisis, disability, exaggerate

from or via Frenchbattery, chocolate, detail, invite, passport, probability, shock, tomato, muscle, entrance

from or via Italiandesign, lottery, rocket, volcano, ballot, trill, fuse, stanza, violin, carnival

from or via Spanish and Portugueseapricot, banana, canoe, cockroach, guitar, hurricane, negro, potato, tank, tobacco

From other languagestry to pair languages and words (given order is incorrect)

bamboo bazaar caravancoffee cruise curry easelflannel guru harem ketchup

HindiDutch Persian Tamil Malay Welsh TurkishPersianMalay Dutch Arabic

10.11.2010 Session 5 45

kiosk landscape pariah raccoonrouble sago shekel troll trousers turbanwampum yacht yoghurt

Dutch Malay Turkish Turkish Hebrew Irish GaelicAlgonquianDutchTamil RussianAlgonquianPersianNorwegian 10.11.2010 Session 5 46

see e.g. The COD (Concise Oxford Dictionary) for the origins of the words

history of English = a history of loanwords ( ~ 60%)

nativization – adaptation of the borrowed words, especially in pronunciationtobacco – Sp. tobacoskunk – AmInd. segankwtomato – Sp. tomate – Mex. tomatl

10.11.2010 Session 5 48