English version 4/12/2000 © Jacques Vergne séminaire TALANA-1- Linear order of constituents :...

4/12/2000 © Jacques Vergne séminaire TALANA -1-

English version

Linear order of constituents :towards a generalisation

Jacques VergneGREYC - Université de Caen

France

séminaire TALANA

http://www.info.unicaen.fr/~jvergne

English version

introduction : the order of constituents

• How to pose in a general way the question of the order of words in a sentence in a language

towards a study of

the order of X in a Y (independently of the language) i.e. while generalising : - in the dimension of constituents

- in the dimension of languages • We will propose some links : with prosody and with NL parsing

English version

2 eyes on the material => 2 significations of "order"

• the material seen in a static way,

as a motionless object

=> interest for the patterns

• the material seen in a dynamic way,

as a flow between 2 human beings who communicate

=> interest for processes of production and reception

these processes constraint forms of the flow (and its order)

study of processes is to include into the study of the forms of the flow

English version

the question of the language of the flow

• some properties of the flow are independent of its language

• constraints on the flow are independent of its language :

- the flow is unidimensional

- 2 human beings communicate :

. same vocal system

. same cognitive system

. same search of the least effort (optimisation)

English version

a flow of constituents, of segments

• the flow is discrete : a sequence of segments, organised into a hierarchy(hierarchies are multiple, but not recursive :

several partitions = several eyes)

• cuts, discontinuities are placed by the speaker

• these cuts allow the receiver to rebuild, restore, recompute segments, their hierarchy, and links between segments

(discontinuity is a foundation of perception)

• the flow is a coding, a temporary (and protective) compression of the produced, transmitted and received complex structures

English version

flow of segments => production order of segments

• the question of the order in a flow : production order of segments in the production process

• hence the plan of the lecture :

- segments : non recursive hierarchies

- a model of the production process

- some constraints on the production process. constraint of the flow as a 1 dimension space . cognitive constraint of the least effort

English version

plan of the lecture

• 1. Segments : non recursive hierarchies

• 2. A model of the production process

• 3. Some constraints on the production process. 3.1 Constraint of the flow as a 1 dimension space . 3.2 Cognitive constraint of the least effort

• 4. Links with prosody

• 5. Links with NL parsing

English version

segments : non recursive hierarchies• examples of non recursive hierarchies :

in physics : molecules, atoms, particulesin astrophysics : galactic clusters, galaxies, stellar systems

in syntax of writing : document, textual zone, paragraph, sentence, between ponctuations, physical words,

charactersin speech syntax : breath group, prosodic group,

accentual group , syllables, phonemes

• in a recursive hierarchy, an element of a level is composed of elements of the same level or of the lower level

• in a non recursive hierarchy, an element of a level is composed of elements of the lower level

English version

segments : non recursive hierarchies

• in a non recursive hierarchy :

- an element of a level is composed of elements of the lower level (or of lower levels : heterogeneous hierarchy)

- the number of levels is fixed a priori

• a hierarchy is a model, a representation of an object, only a particular eye on this object

(it is not a truth on this object)

• it is a tool for thinking, representing an object, for act on the object(this action can help to validate the model)

English version

plan of the lecture

English version

a model of the production process

• let us see the production process as :

or the transformation of a graph into a chain (the flow)

or the transformation : structural order --> linear order (Tesnière)

or the enumeration of the nodes of a graph

or the linearisation of a graph

• the graph = the linked elements to produce

• the chain = the flow = the linked elements produced into a certain order

English version

plan of the lecture

English version

constraints on the production process

• 3.1. Constraint of the flow as a 1 dimension space :

- the time of the speech- or the line of the text

• 3.2. Cognitive constraint of the least effort of memory :

- limit of embedding number- limit of distance between linked segments - minimisation of distances

between linked segments in the flow

English version

constraint : flow = 1 dimension space • question : how to place linked nodes onto an axis ?

graphs linearised graphs

English version

constraint : flow = 1 dimension space • question : how to place linked nodes closer ?

• metrics : in the flow, distance between 2 nodes = number of nodes between these 2 nodes (contiguity <=> null distance)

graphs linearised graphs

0 00 0

∑=0 ∑=1

∑=1 ∑=3

English version

• 3.1. constraint of the flow as a 1 dimension space :

• 3.2. cognitive constraint of the least effort of memory :

- limit of the number of embeddings - limit of distance between linked segments - minimisation of distances

English version

limit of embeddingsUn amour de Swann

Pour faire partie du "petit noyau", du "petit groupe", du "petit clan" Verdurin, une condition était suffisante, mais elle était nécessaire: il fallait adhérer tacitement à un Credo dont un des articles était que le jeune pianiste, protégé par Mme Verdurin cette année-là et dont elle disait: "Ça ne devrait pas être permis de jouer Wagner comme ça!", "enfonçait" à la fois Planté et Rubinstein et que le docteur Cottard avait plus de diagnostic que Potain. Toute "nouvelle recrue" à qui les Verdurin ne pouvaient pas persuader que les soirées des gens qui n'allaient pas chez eux étaient ennuyeuses comme la pluie, se voyait immédiatement exclue. Les femmes étant à cet égard plus rebelles que les hommes à déposer toute curiosité mondaine et l'envie de se renseigner par soi-même sur l'agrément des autres salons, et les Verdurin sentant d'autre part que cet esprit d'examen et ce démon de frivolité pouvait par contagion devenir fatal à l'orthodoxie de la petite famille, ils avaient été menés à rejeter successivement tous les "fidèles" du sexe féminin.

À la recherche du temps perdu (Marcel Proust)

English version

limit of embeddingsUn amour de Swann

Pour faire partie du "petit noyau", du "petit groupe", du "petit clan" Verdurin, une condition était suffisante, mais elle était nécessaire: il fallait adhérer tacitement à un Credo dont un des articles était que le jeune pianiste, protégé par Mme Verdurin cette année-là et dont elle disait: "Ça ne devrait pas être permis de jouer Wagner comme ça!", "enfonçait" à la fois Planté et Rubinstein et que le docteur Cottard avait plus de diagnostic que Potain. Toute "nouvelle recrue" à qui les Verdurin ne pouvaient pas persuader que les soirées des gens qui n'allaient pas chez eux étaient ennuyeuses comme la pluie, se voyait immédiatement exclue. Les femmes étant à cet égard plus rebelles que les hommes à déposer toute curiosité mondaine et l'envie de se renseigner par soi-même sur l'agrément des autres salons, et les Verdurin sentant d'autre part que cet esprit d'examen et ce démon de frivolité pouvait par contagion devenir fatal à l'orthodoxie de la petite famille, ils avaient été menés à rejeter successivement tous les "fidèles" du sexe féminin.

À la recherche du temps perdu (Marcel Proust)

English version

limit of embeddings

Toute "nouvelle recrue"

1 subject waiting

for a verb

in the flow

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limit of embeddings

à qui ...

1 subject waiting

for a verb

in the flow

English version

limit of embeddings

à qui les Verdurin ?

2 subjects waiting

for a verb

in the flow

English version

limit of embeddings

à qui les Verdurin ne pouvaient pas persuader

1 subject waiting

for a verb

in the flow

English version

limit of embeddings

que ...

1 subject waiting

for a verb

in the flow

English version

limit of embeddings

que les soirées ...

2 subjects waiting

for a verb

in the flow

English version

limit of embeddings

que les soirées des gens

2 subjects waiting

for a verb

in the flow

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limit of embeddings

3 subjects waiting

for a verb

in the flow

English version

limit of embeddings

qui n'allaient pas ...

2 subjects waiting

for a verb

in the flow

English version

limit of embeddings

qui n'allaient pas chez eux

2 subjects waiting

for a verb

in the flow

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limit of embeddings

étaient ennuyeuses ...

1 subject waiting

for a verb

in the flow

English version

limit of embeddings

étaient ennuyeuses comme la pluie ,

1 subject waiting

for a verb

in the flow

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limit of embeddings

étaient ennuyeuses comme la pluie ,

se voyait immédiatement exclue .

0 subject waiting

for a verb

in the flow

English version

limit of embeddings

• the limit of clause embeddings is 1 embedded clause inside 1 embedded clause

in the flow

English version

limit of embeddings

• the limit of the number of waiting subjects is 3 subjects waiting for their verb

in the flow

English version

limit of embeddings

• the limit of the number of waiting subjects is 3 subjects waiting for their verb

• hypothesis : it is a limit of memory

in the flow

English version

• 3.1. constraint of the flow as a space à 1 dimension :

- limit of the number of embeddings - limit of distance between linked segments - minimisation of distances

English version

limit of distance between linked segments

En dehors de la jeune femme du docteur, ils étaient réduits presque uniquement cette année-là (bien que Mme Verdurin fût elle-même vertueuse et d'une respectable famille bourgeoise, excessivement riche et entièrement obscure, avec laquelle elle avait peu à peu cessé volontairement toute relation) à une personne presque du demi-monde, Mme de Crécy, que Mme Verdurin appelait par son petit nom, Odette, et déclarait être "un amour", et à la tante du pianiste, laquelle devait avoir tiré le cordon; personnes ignorantes du monde et à la naïveté de qui il avait été si facile de faire accroire que la princesse de Sagan et la duchesse de Guermantes étaient obligées de payer des malheureux pour avoir du monde à leurs dîners, que si on leur avait offert de les faire inviter chez ces deux grandes dames, l'ancienne concierge et la cocotte eussent dédaigneusement refusé.

English version

limit of distance between linked segments• the greater is the distance between linked segments,

the more important is the effort of production - reception

• the distance between 2 linked segments is a mesure of the duration which separates these 2 segments in the production - reception process

(question of distance => a metric is necessary)

• to be able to link 2 segments, at the moment of the reception of the second one, the receiver must have the first still present in memory at this moment

• maintaining the first segment in memory during a certain duration requires an effort which seems to be proportional to this duration

English version

• 3.1. constraint of the flow as a 1 dimension space :

- limit of the number of embeddings - limit of distance between linked segments- minimisation of distances

English version

constraint of minimisation of distances between linked segments in the flow

• criterion of comparison between different linearisations : the sum of distances between linked units

• hypothesis of the least effort of memory =>

geometrical definition of the optimisation criterion of the linearisation :

• this hypothesis is corroborated on corpus : the observed linearisations are optimised

optimised linearisation = the one which minimises the sum of the distances between linked units

English version

an example of a non recursive hierarchy of segments

sentences

clauses

chunks

English version

These chunks correspond in some way to prosodic patterns.

[...] the strongest stresses in the sentence fall one to a chunk, and pauses are most likely to fall between chunks.

[I begin] [with an intuition] : [when I read] [a sentence] ,

[I read it] [a chunk] [at a time] .

Abney's concept of chunkin "Parsing by Chunks" (1991)

an example :

a prosodic segment : (an accentual group)

English version

an example :

English version

an example :

English version

[I read it] [a chunk] [at a time].

an example :

The typical chunk consists of a single content word surrounded by a constellation of function words, matching a fixed template.

internal structure :

English version

an example :

English version

an example :

English version

A simple context-free grammar is quite adequate to describe the structure of chunks.

the word order inside chunks :

English version

A simple context-free grammar is quite adequate to describe the structure of chunks.

the word order inside chunks :

the chunk order inside a sentence :

By contrast, the relationships between chunks are mediated more by lexical selection than by rigid templates. [...] the order in which chunks occur is much more flexible than the order of words within chunks.

English version

the concept of chunk illustrated by Molière

in Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme :

English version

[Belle marquise] , [vos beaux yeux] [me font] [mourir] [d'amour] .

English version

[d'amour] [mourir] [me font] , [Belle marquise] , [vos beaux yeux] .

English version

[vos beaux yeux] [d'amour] [me font] , [Belle marquise] , [mourir] .

English version

[vos beaux yeux] [d'amour] [me font] , [Belle marquise] , [mourir] .

Molière permutes chunks (not words)

English version

example of distance minimisation between linked segments in the flow :

the case of verb complements in the clause

English version

[L'auteur] [remercie]

English version

[le Professeur Hubert J.

CECCALDI]

1 chunk0

English version

[le Professeur Hubert J.

CECCALDI]

[pour l'intérêt soutenu] [qu'il a

manifesté] [au cours] [de ce travail] .

1 chunk

4 chunks

English version

[Les travaux] [de Kuhn] [décrivaient]

English version

[pour la première fois]

1 chunk0

English version

[pour la première fois]

[la présence] [d'astacine] [chez le homard] [comme "caroténoïde] [différent] [de ceux]

[des végétaux] ."

1 chunk

7 chunks

English version

[verb]

English version

[verb]

[complement 1 : 1 chunk]

English version

[verb]

[complement 1 : 1 chunk]

[complement 2 : >1 chunk]

English version

distance minimisation between linked segments in the flow :

the case of verb complements in the clause [verb]

English version

[complement 1 : x chunks]

English version

[complement 2 : y chunks]

English version

linearisation 1 : ∑1 = 0+x = x

English version

linearisation 1 : ∑1 = 0+x = xlinearisation 2 : ∑2 = 0+y = y

English version

linearisation 1 : ∑1 = 0+x = xlinearisation 2 : ∑2 = 0+y = y

hypothesis of the least effort of memory=> the optimised linearisation minimises ∑=> ∑1 < ∑2 <=> x < y=> the shorter branch is said the first

English version

plan of the lecture

• 3. Some constraints on the production process. 3.1. Constraint of the flow as a 1 dimension space . 3.2. Cognitive constraint of the least effort

English version

links with prosody

À l'issue de la réunion de son cabinet ,

ont provoqué la fuite de nombreux réfugiés .

le président a déclaré

que les combats qui ont débuté au mois de décembre

English version

links with prosody

[À l'issue] [de la réunion] [de son cabinet] ,

[ont provoqué] [la fuite] [de nombreux réfugiés] .

[le président] [a déclaré]

[que les combats] [qui ont débuté] [au mois] [de décembre]

English version

links with prosody

00[À l'issue] [de la réunion] [de son cabinet] ,

00[ont provoqué] [la fuite] [de nombreux réfugiés] .

[que les combats] [qui ont débuté] [au mois] [de décembre] 0 0

English version

links with prosody

English version

links with prosody

English version

links with prosody

English version

links with prosody

English version

links with prosody

English version

links with prosody

English version

links with prosody

00 • • • ,

00 • • • .

• • • • • • 0 00 00

English version

links with prosody

00 .0 00 000

• if accentual groups (= chunk) are contiguously linked, they are said without a pause, and together form a prosodic group

•• • • • • •• •• ••

English version

links with prosody

00 .0 00 000

• if accentual groups (= chunk) are contiguously linked, they are said without a pause, and they together form a prosodic group

• if 2 contiguous accentual groups are not linked, they are separately said by a pause which is proportional to the length of the link

this pause is a cut between 2 prosodic groups (discontinuity is a foundation of perception)

•• • • • • •• •• ••

English version

links with prosody

• question : what is prosody used for ?

why first text to speech systems without prosody (constant F0 , constant durations, no pause) were so hard to understand ?

English version

links with prosody

• question : what is prosody used for ?

why first text to speech systems without prosody (constant F0 , constant durations, no pause) were so hard to understand ?

• hypothesis :the prosody generated by the speaker

helps the hearer to segment in accentual groups , and to restore, recompute links between accentual

groups

English version

links with prosody

• this model of prosody is the base to compute prosody in the text to speech system KALI

English version

links with prosody

analysesyntaxique

de complexitélinéaire

calculde

prosodie

transcriptiongraphème-phonème

calculdu signalde parole

carteson

texte parolesynthétisée

règles desyntaxe

règles deprosodie

règles detranscription

base dediphones

English version

links with prosody

analysesyntaxique

calculde

prosodie

carteson

règles desyntaxe

règles deprosodie

base dediphones

English version

links with prosody

analysesyntaxique

calculde

prosodie

carteson

règles desyntaxe

règles deprosodie

base dediphones

English version

links with prosody

analysesyntaxique

calculde

prosodie

carteson

règles desyntaxe

règles deprosodie

base dediphones

English version

links with prosody

analysesyntaxique

calculde

prosodie

carteson

règles desyntaxe

règles deprosodie

base dediphones

English version

links with prosody

analysesyntaxique

calculde

prosodie

carteson

règles desyntaxe

règles deprosodie

base dediphones

http://www.crisco.unicaen.fr/KaliDemo.html• demonstration on line :

English version

plan of the lecture

• 3. Some constraints on the production process. 3.1. Constraint of the flow as a 1 dimension space . 3.2. Cognitive constraint of the least effort

English version

links with NL parsing

• NL parsing is a simulation of the reception process :

or the transformation of a chain (the flow) into a graph

or the transformation : linear order --> structural order (Tesnière)

or the reconstruction of a graph from its enumerated nodes

• how to process the flow ?

segmenting it, and linking segments

graph = elements with their links computed, restored

chain = flow = received elements

in a certain orderanalyseur

English version

• structures of constituents :

- not to be explicited in a formal grammar as input

- but to be computed and produced en output

• the parsing process :

- not a combinatory process (or arborescent)

- but a determinist process of linear complexity ,

explicited by rules applied to grains of the flow

English version

• which segments ?

hierarchised segments

2 non recursive hierarchies (-> constituency links)

a hierarchy of physical segments :document, textual zone, paragraph, sentence, between ponctuations, physical words , characters

a hierarchy of computed segments :tokens, chunks, clauses, ...

English version

• segmenting with which resources ?- without exhaustively knowing segments a priori

(written forms and tags of words in dictionaries + constituent structures in formal grammars)

- but segmenting with properties of borders between segments

• option : not modelling the flow with a formal grammar

• example of border between 2 chunks :

morphemes of end] (punctuation) [morphemes of beginning

• resources to recognise borders are possible to enumerate :prepositions, determiners, punctuations, word endings

English version

• which segmentation process ?

- not a combinatory process to recognise the structure of the sentence in a formal grammar

- but applying to the input flow, rules using properties of the borders between segments (linear

complexity)

• it is a computation on data with computing rules (// multiplying rules but not multiplying tables, operators but not operands)

English version

• which linking process ?

English version

a 2 steps process

English version

a 2 steps process

unit i

step 1rule 1

English version

a 2 steps process

unit i

virtual unit

step 1rule 1

invokable at any momentin the conditions

English version

a 2 steps process

unit i

virtual unit

step 1rule 1

English version

a 2 steps process

unit i

virtual unit

English version

a 2 steps process

unit i

virtual unit

English version

a 2 steps process

unit i

virtual unit

English version

a 2 steps process

unit i

virtual unit

unit j

step 2rule 2

English version

a 2 steps process

unit i

virtual unit

unit j

step 2rule 2

English version

a 2 steps process

unit i

virtual unit

unit j

step 2rule 2

English version

a 2 steps process

unit i

virtual unit

unit j

English version

a 2 steps process

unit i

virtual unit

unit j

• process of linear complexity, independent of units arriving between the 2 linked units

English version

• how to be independent of the language of the flow ?- first rules package : written forms --> attributes of units- following packages : computation on the attributes,

independent of the language of the flow

in the GREYC parser, common operations on English and French :segmentation into clauseslinking chunks inside clausessegmentation into sentences

debugging rules on English and French corpora

English version

end of the lecture

• you can download this presentation on http://www.info.unicaen.fr/~jvergne/SemTalana2000JVergne_en.ppt

English version

your questions ?

English version 4/12/2000 © Jacques Vergne séminaire TALANA-1- Linear order of constituents :...

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