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Epipelagic & Deep OceanEpipelagic & Deep Ocean
PelagicPelagic Ocean Zones Ocean Zones (open ocean) (open ocean)
EpipelagicEpipelagic- 0 to 200m (photic zone)- 0 to 200m (photic zone) MesopelagicMesopelagic- 200 to 1000m - 200 to 1000m
(midwaters)(midwaters) BathypelagicBathypelagic- 1000 to 4000m (deep - 1000 to 4000m (deep
water)water) AbyssopelagicAbyssopelagic- 4000 to 6000m (deep - 4000 to 6000m (deep
water)water) HadopelagicHadopelagic- deeper than 6000m - deeper than 6000m
(trench)(trench)
Epipelagic (0-200m)Epipelagic (0-200m)Photic ZonePhotic Zone
Primary Primary ProducersProducers::PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton
Primary Primary ConsumersConsumers:: Suspension feedersSuspension feeders
Seconday Seconday ConsumersConsumers: : NektonNekton
Primary Producers PlanktonPrimary Producers Plankton Megaplankton (large)Megaplankton (large) Macroplankton, Mesoplankton, Macroplankton, Mesoplankton, Microplankton, NanoplanktonMicroplankton, Nanoplankton Picoplankton (Bacteria)Picoplankton (Bacteria)
Types of Primary Producing Types of Primary Producing Plankton:Plankton:
Diatoms & DinoflagellatesDiatoms & Dinoflagellates Nitrogen is most limiting factorNitrogen is most limiting factor
Megaplankton (Mola mola)
Salp
Pteropod
Aurelia-Moon jelly
Lion’s ManeUrochordate
Net planktonNet plankton
Primary Consumers Primary Consumers ZooplanktonZooplankton
Bacteria: eat DOM making it Bacteria: eat DOM making it available to food chainavailable to food chain
Copepods (most abundant)Copepods (most abundant) KrillKrill Arrow wormsArrow worms
ZooplanktonZooplanktonHoloplanktonHoloplankton- - spend their entire spend their entire
life cycle as planktonlife cycle as planktonMeroplanktonMeroplankton-- only part of their only part of their
life cycle is planktonic. More life cycle is planktonic. More prevalent in prevalent in Neritic Neritic waterswaters
Plankton distribution is Plankton distribution is PatchyPatchy throughout the Ocean.throughout the Ocean.
Secondary Consumers Secondary Consumers PredatorsPredators
NektonNekton•CarnivoresCarnivores•PlanktivoresPlanktivores
Adaptations for Staying in the Adaptations for Staying in the Epipelagic ZoneEpipelagic Zone::
PlanktonPlankton::•Gas pocket, lipid deposit, light ions, Gas pocket, lipid deposit, light ions,
spines to increase drag, tiny spines to increase drag, tiny size,flagella, ciliasize,flagella, cilia
NektonNekton::•Lipid deposits (fat, blubber), swim Lipid deposits (fat, blubber), swim
bladderbladder Neuston/PleustonNeuston/Pleuston::
•Gas filled floatsGas filled floats
Characteristics of Epipelagic Characteristics of Epipelagic Predators:Predators:
Highly developed sense organs:Highly developed sense organs:•Eyes = Large, good visionEyes = Large, good vision•Lateral Line = well developedLateral Line = well developed•Echolocation = toothed whales Echolocation = toothed whales
sonarsonar
Protective Coloration & Escape Protective Coloration & Escape Techniques of Epipelagic Predators:Techniques of Epipelagic Predators:• Transparent BodiesTransparent Bodies• CountershadingCountershading• IridocytesIridocytes• Schooling & coloniesSchooling & colonies• ““Flying”Flying” out of water out of water• FASTFAST muscular swimmers, sleek muscular swimmers, sleek
compact bodiescompact bodies• Vertical migrationVertical migration to surface waters to to surface waters to
feed at NIGHTfeed at NIGHT
Characteristics of Epipelagic ZoneCharacteristics of Epipelagic Zone Visible LightVisible Light Seasonal ThermoclineSeasonal Thermocline present present
•Storms mix thermoclinesStorms mix thermoclines Overturns occur in EpipelagicOverturns occur in Epipelagic
•Sinking & Upwelling mix strata Sinking & Upwelling mix strata (layers)(layers)
Seasonal “Blooms” of planktonSeasonal “Blooms” of plankton
El Nino-Southern Oscillation El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the Epipelagic(ENSO) in the Epipelagic::
Normal wind patterns in the Normal wind patterns in the PacificPacific change change direction….causing the ocean’s direction….causing the ocean’s surface currents to change temp surface currents to change temp and direction.and direction.
Tremendous weather changes Tremendous weather changes occur with subsequent economic occur with subsequent economic loss to certain areas of the world.loss to certain areas of the world.
Assignment:Assignment: ReadRead pg 66 in Text pg 66 in Text WriteWrite a 5 paragraph summary a 5 paragraph summary
of ENSO base upon what of ENSO base upon what you’ve just read.you’ve just read.
Time: 30 minutesTime: 30 minutes Turn in Summary to TeacherTurn in Summary to Teacher
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