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A REFERENCE GUIDE TO MINING MACHINE APPLICATIONFIELD GUIDE 2009
Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right.
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Scope
This document is primarily intended for use by Caterpillar
and CATdealer project managers as a ready referencefor the assessment of machine application and haul roadconditions on their project sites. It may also prove useful toother Caterpillar and Catdealer personnel and customersin need of a concise reference tool.
It contains practical benchmarking data that isachievable with correct and well-managed machineapplication.It is also intended to provide guidanceon assessing haul road design and maintenance thatsupports sound industry practices.
CONTENTS
Application Benchmarksand Operating Techniques
Cost-Per-Ton (CPT)......................................................Large Wheel Loaders..................................................Hydraulic Front Shovels............................................Hydraulic Backhoes.................................................Electric Rope Shovels..............................................Electric Draglines......................................................Large Mining Trucks.................................................Motor Graders............................................................Track-type Tractors...................................................Wheel Dozers.............................................................Wheel Tractor Scrapers...........................................
Haul Road Design and Maintenance
Design and Maintenance.......................................
Truck Dump Design and Maintenance
Truck Dump Operation............................................
CatUnderground Machines
Underground LHD Loaders....................................
Underground Mining Trucks..................................
Underground Applications.....................................
Management Review
Strategies..................................................................
Reference Information
Performance Handbook 39 Specifications.........
Mine Site Illustrations............................................
Notes...........................................................................
123567
799
11
13
14
15
15
17
1824
25
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*Estimates Only
Electric Rope Shovel$0.05 0.07/ton*
Reliable, low cost-per-ton
Requires: Long mine life
Electric grid
Hard oor
50-foot face Well shot material
Clean-up support
Hydraulic Front Shovel$0.10 0.15/ton*
Breakout force
and selectivity
Requires: Proper face height
Limited tramming
Clean-up support
Wheel Loader$0.11 0.16/ton*
Mobility
Requires: Solid oor
Well shot material
Dry oor
Mass Excavator$0.10 0.15/ton*
Breakout force
and selectivity
Requires: Proper bench height
Limited tramming
Clean-up support
Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
COST-PER-TON (CPT)
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LARGE WHEEL LOADERS
Application Benchmarksand Operating Techniques
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Things to watch for:
Enter pile straight-on, with bottom of bucket parallel to oor
Operate in rst gear, full throttle
Limit travel to 1 1/2 tire revolutions
Keep spillage to a minimum
Keep oor clean and smooth
Keep time in face below 12 seconds
Maintain proper bucket and lift kickout adjustment
Keep tight V loading pattern
Adjust Rim Pull Control setting
Work 1 1/2 bucket width dig pattern
OptimalBench Height
Bucket hinge pin height at maximum lift
Cycle Times 28 42 seconds (avg. 35 seconds)
Bucket Fill Factorin Well-shot Rock
90 110%
Most EfficientPass Match
4 6 passes
ConditionsFavorable to Large
Wheel Loaders
Level, dry, smooth, rm oors
Sufcient crossfall and drainage
in high rainfall areas to minimize tire
damage
Well-fragmented materials that
minimize crowding time, particularly
in the toe-area of the cut
Lower face prole
Multiple faces and frequent tramming
ConditionsUnfavorable to Large
Wheel Loaders
Poor underfoot conditions
wet, soft, jagged
Tight load areas
Poorly shot material
Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
LARGE WHEEL LOADERS
LARGE WHEEL LOADERS
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Start of dig pattern:
Stage truck parallel to safety burm or bench
Dig material from behind truck
Position truck in pocket as soon as possible Advance face in normal left to right pattern
Things to watch for:
Keep frame straight when digging
Lift bucket before crowding
Fill bucket by the time lift arms are horizontal in face
Clean oor while approaching face when necessary with
minimum oor contact Never operate with blunt GET or bare bucket edge
Advance face left to right when possible
Minimize truck exchange time
Clean oor if required between trucks
Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
LARGE WHEEL LOADERS
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Loading:
Operator controls dumping impact into bed (dump easy)
Place material vs. dumping material in truck bodies
Different loading tools have different effects on truck bodies
Pad body oors with smaller material before placing inoversize material
DO NOT contact truck side rails
DO NOT push material in bodies
LARGE WHEEL LOADERS
Parallel dig pattern:
Quick truck exchange
Right to left set-up
Works well in narrow cuts
Trucks spotted 15-20
Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
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Things to watch for: GET
Clean oor while approaching face when necessary with minimum
oor contact
Rear of the bucket kept clear of the oor
Minimize oor contact (GET will overheat and melt)
Minimize speed
Never operate with blunt GET or bare bucket edge
Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
Things to watch for: GET
Enter pile straight-on, with bottom of bucket parallel to oor
Operate in rst gear, full throttle
Smooth steady speed
Keep oor clean and smooth with minimal bucket contact
Maintain proper bucket kickout adjustment
Tips do not touch the oor more than 150 400 mm (6 16)
before the toe
LARGE WHEEL LOADERS
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HYDRAULIC FRONT SHOVELS
Application Benchmarksand Operating Techniques
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Things to watch for:
Keep work areas as tight as possible; keep swing
distances to a minimum
Avoid excessive prying or corner loading
DO NOT swing into existing material
Maximize GET tip contact, minimize bowl contact
(i.e., boom up and curl bowl through material)
Use boom up to minimize bucket heel contact
Never operate with blunt GET or bare bucket edge
OptimalBench Height
Just above boom/stick pivot
Cycle Times 24 28 seconds (avg. 26 seconds)
Bucket Fill Factorin Well-shot Rock
90 100%
Most Efficient PassMatch
4 6 passes
ConditionsFavorable toHydraulic FrontShovels
Selective digging
Multiple targets
Tight load area
Tough digging
Can work in poor oor conditions
Dene dig pattern, L to R or R to L,
and maintain pattern
ConditionsUnfavorable toHydraulic FrontShovels
Excessive tramming Low benches
Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
HYDRAULIC FRONT SHOVELS
HYDRAULIC FRONT SHOVELS
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Things to watch for:
Single back-up
Less oor clean-up
Easier to maintain
Square set-up & dig
HYDRAULIC FRONT SHOVELS
Things to watch for:
1. First two passes:
Upper half of face
Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
2. Third/fourth passes:
Load out the center
3. Final pass:
Clean up oor
and advance
Double back-up
Tight working envelope
Highly productive
Square set-up & dig
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Things to watch for:
Hauler pre-positions
Hauler positions on swing radius of shovel
Truck spotted on clean oor Quicker truck exchange time
Clean-up oor between shovel moves
Things to watch for:
Left to right dig pattern
Single back-up loading
Trucks positions on clean oor
Shorter swing anglesCan Be Most Productive withShorter Reach Front Shovels
Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
Right to left dig pattern Single back-up loading
Greater swing angles
HYDRAULIC FRONT SHOVELS
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HYDRAULIC BACKHOES
Application Benchmarksand Operating Techniques
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OptimalBench Height
Length of stick, or between truck side
rail and tail
Cycle Times 24 28 seconds (avg. 26 seconds)
Bucket Fill Factorin Well-shot Rock
80 110%
Most Efficient PassMatch
4 6 passes
ConditionsFavorable
to HydraulicBackhoes
Low to moderate bench heights
Truck spotted either on top of bench
or on the oor below the backhoe
Tight load area
Short swing - 60
Well-shot material
Remove farthest pass during truck
exchange "key cut"
ConditionsUnfavorable
to HydraulicBackhoes
High benches Excessive tramming
Unstable benches
Low angle of repose material
Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
HYDRAULIC BACKHOES
Things to watch for:
Always maintain "key cut"
Start at "key cut" and work toward truck
Ideally dig no more than 45 either side of center line
Never operate with blunt GET or bare bucket edge
Always work over idler and swing no more than 60
to truck
Prepare next cuts in advance Maintain proper bench height
HYDRAULIC BACKHOES
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Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
FULL REACH
FULL REACH
ME Set-up (Both "Over the rail" and "Through gate")Things to watch for:
"Over the rail" loading
Trucks on bottom level
Dig depth equals stick length
Minimum swing angles
Set-up provides ample dig
and reach
Alternate loading positions
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Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
Things to watch for:
Use "through the gate" loading
to increase production
Truck on bottom level
Clean oor between
backhoe move Quicker truck exchange time
MOST PRODUCTIVE
ME Set-up (Box Cut Same Level)
Things to watch for:
"Through the gate" loading
Trucks & backhoe on same level
Single or double side loading
Minimum or maximum dig depth 60 maximum swing angle
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Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
Three ways to increaseproductivity:
10 15% higher productivitywhen bench is correct height
vs. too high
15 20% higher productivity
when trucks are spotted on
the oor below the excavatorvs. on top of bench
5% higher productivity when
excavator swings 60 vs. 90
Things to watch for: GET
Maintain proper bench height
Load square to the face
Avoid excessive prying or
corner loading
Maximize GET tip contact,(i.e., boom up and curl bowl
through material)
Minimizes bowl contact
Keeps heel clear of the
material
Keeps bucket throat open
Use "boom up" to minimize
bucket heel contact
Never operate with blunt GET
or bare bucket edge
Incorrect
Things to watch for:
Through the gate loading
Trucks and backhoe on same
level
Single or double side loading
Minimum or maximum digdepth
60 maximum swing angle
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ELECTRIC ROPE SHOVELS
Application Benchmarksand Operating Techniques
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Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
ELECTRIC ROPE SHOVELS
Things to watch for:
70 90 maximum swing angle
Efcient support machine activity to keep oor clean
Power cable maintenance
Never operate blunt GET or a bare edge DO NOTallow oor clean-up machine to interfere withtruck loading
Target 2 side loading and "0" truck exchange time
Recommendations from Manufacturer
Optimal BenchHeight
Between Parallel Dipper Arm and Boom
Sheave (4100 / BE495)
Cycle Times 28 44 seconds (avg. 37 seconds)
Bucket Fill Factorin Well-shot Rock
80 110%
Most Efficient PassMatch
3 5 passes
ConditionsFavorable toElectric RopeShovels
Working a single face of the
correct height
Solid, level oor
Wide benches to facilitate truckmaneuverability
Well-shot material
ConditionsUnfavorable toElectric RopeShovels
Poor underfoot
Low faces
Poorly shot material
Multiple faces
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Things to watch for:
Position truck in target tolerance range
Utilize marker on dipper handle or counterweight to assist truckoperator with pre-spotting and spotting
Keep mirrors on shovel and truck clean
Recommendations from Manufacturer
Truck Spotting
Tolerance range
Tail Swing
Tolerance
Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
Things to watch for:
Advance dipper up face to get maximum bucket load
Maintain oor grade
DO NOT "jack boom"
DO NOTstall during hoisting cycle
Operate machine as level as possible Place material easily into body
Pad body for oversize material loading
Recommendations from Manufacturer
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Dig Angle Affect on Power Requirements
Dig Angle Power Requirement to Lift Load*
0 100%
15 103.5%
30 115.4%
45 141.4%
60 200%
* As a Percent of Load
ELECTRIC ROPE SHOVELS
Recommendations from Manufacturer
Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
Adjusting the digging angle can also reduce the load on
wire ropes. Loading increases with the digging angle and
crowd distance
At a digging angle of 15 it takes 1.035 times as much power, or
3.5% more to lift a given load as it does directly below the boom
point. At an angle of 60 it takes twice as much power
Digging as low under the boom point as possible helps to reducerope stress and extend the useful life of the wire rope
Recommendations from Manufacturer
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Swing Arc Approximate Percentage of Optimum Output
45 126%
50 116%
60 107%
70 100%
100 88%
130 77%
180 70%
Recommendations from Manufacturer
ELECTRIC ROPE SHOVELS
Swing Angle vs. Productivity
Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
Avoid swing angles that exceed 70
Take advantage of previous dig pocket to reduce swing angle
Recommendations from Manufacturer
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The rake angle has a direct inuence on tooth angle and the digging
force applied to the working face, as well as the amount of wear on
the dipper. The rake angle is optimized by adjusting the length of the
"Pitch Braces."
ELECTRIC ROPE SHOVELS
Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
Suggested Starting Points for Adjusting theTooth Angle and Rake Angle
Hard Rock Digging Medium Digging
Tooth Angle 46 48 48 50
Rake Angle 57 59 59 61
Material Digability Approximate DipperFill Factor
Easy Digging 1.05 1.20
Medium Digging 1.00 1.15
Hard Digging 0.90 1.00
Very Hard Digging 0.80 0.90
Recommendations from Manufacturer
Recommendations from Manufacturer
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Things to watch for:
Double side load whenever possible
Keep exit from shovel in direct line to cable bridge
Clean-up oor between trucks not during truck loading cycle
Have trucks pre-spot when possible
Recommendations from Manufacturer
ELECTRIC ROPE SHOVELS
Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
Recommendations from Manufacturer
#2
Dig 3 Dig 2 Dig 1
Most Productive
( Lowest Cost-Per-Ton )
ExcavatedMaterial
OriginalPosition
Succeeding Cuts
New Position
#1
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ELECTRIC DRAGLINES
Application Benchmarksand Operating Techniques
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As the bucket is drawn closer to the dragline, the power required to
lift the same load increases.
Recommendations from Manufacturer
Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
As with shovels, the most efficient digging range is directly beneath
the boom point. Casting the bucket beyond this point increases the
stress and load on the rope. As the bucket is pulled closer to the
dragline, digging efficiency decreases and the load on the rope
increases, including the dump rope(s).
Recommendations from Manufacturer
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Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
Recommendations from ManufacturerRecommendations from Manufacturer
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Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
Recommendations from ManufacturerRecommendations from Manufacturer
ELECTRIC DRAGLINES
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Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
Recommendations from Manufacturer
ELECTRIC DRAGLINES
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LARGE MINING TRUCKS
Application Benchmarksand Operating Techniques
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Effects on Hauling Costs
Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
TRUCK OPERATING COST
Hauling, 45%
Admin & Other
Functions, 16% Loading, 15%
Drilling, 4%
Blasting, 6%
Haulage
Support, 14%
Effects on Mining Costs
MINE OPERATING COST
Tires, 16%
Operator, 14%
Repair, 25%
Fuel, 18%
Owning, 22%
Wear, 2% Maintenance, 3%
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Load placement:
Lateral
Centered over hoist cylinders or on body arrow
Longitudinal
Centered on centerline of body
General No substantial amount of material on headboard. Enough
freeboard to minimize spillage from sides through corners and
for rear of body on grades
Target 33% / 66% payload split on front / rear axles
Incorrect Loading
Correct Loading
Things to watch for:
Proper truck positioning
Report safety issues
Monitor body wear patterns
Report any tire wear and rock spillage
Manage proper spotting
Control 2nd gear shift point for better TPMS ( Truck PayloadManagement System) accuracy
Manage proper TPMS calibration and accuracy
Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
LOAD PLACEMENT ON TRUCKS
LARGE MINING TRUCKS
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% of Target Payload80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
Numbe
rofLoads
90 % 10%
SAFETY
Prod
uctivity
D
urability
No loads should be above 120% of
the target payload
90% of loads should fall into this range
No more than 10% of loads should
exceed 110% of the target payload
LARGE MINING TRUCKS
The mean (average) of the pay
load distribution shall not
exceed the target payload
No more than 10% of pay
loads may exceed 1.1 times
the truck target payload
No single payload shall ever
exceed 1.2 times the target
payload
No more than 10% of loads
above 1.10
No loads above 1.20
The average payload shall not
exceed the target
Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
Caterpillar 10/10/20 Payload Management PolicyTruck exchange time:Elapsed time from when loaded
truck receives last loading pass
until next truck receives first
loading pass
Exchange time: Good 42 seconds or less
Acceptable 54 seconds
Unacceptable over 1 minute
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MOTOR GRADERS
Application Benchmarksand Operating Techniques
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Favorable applications:
Haul road construction / maintenance Selected load area cleanup
Selected dump area maintenance
Blasting cleanup
Reclamation
Snow removal
Utility ripping
Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
MOTOR GRADERS
Things to watch for:
Grade in 2nd or 3rd gear (6 11 km/h / 4 7 mph) Use wheel lean and articulation to reduce turning radius
Rip in rst gear; manually operate throttle
Excessive speed negatively affects cutting edge life
Change cutting edges when down to 10 mm (0.5 in)
Use ripper attachment to rip hard-packed top surface
Always use differential lock when blading and ripping
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Proper blade tip angle:
Moldboard top should be 50
100 mm (2 4 in) ahead of
cutting edge on Cat 16M and
24M Motor Graders
Constant tip angle minimizes
cutting edge wear
Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
Proper blade angle:
Use widest possible
pass width
Reduce pass width (increas
angle) if material ows around
leading edge (toe)
Use maximum 10 blade angle
if using Graderbit system or
serrated edge
Maintain contact with road
surface across the full width
of the cutting edge
Cut
Normal
Carry
MOTOR GRADERS
Things to watch for:
Maintain full blade contact
with oor to avoid high point
loading
Consider using track-type
tractors or wheel dozers
rather than motor graders
when unable to maintain full
blade loads in hard bladingmaterial
Use wheel lean to hold front of
machine in line, will reduce
side draft forces and help
reduce turning radius
Always use differential lock
when blading and/or ripping
Properly trained operators use:
Differential lock Proper coverage
Wheel lean
Articulated turns
Proper gear selection
Proper ripping practices
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TRACK-TYPE TRACTORS
Application Benchmarksand Operating Techniques
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Optimal track-type tractor - truck match ups:
TRACK-TYPE TRACTORS
Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
Track-Type Tractor
Things to watch for:
Dozing in 1st gear
Steering with blade tilt cylinders rather than steering clutches
when blade is loaded
Minimized corner loading, prying and impact dozing
Maintain a steady dozing pressure
Keep unloaded travel distance to a minimum
DOZING APPLICATIONS
D9 777
D10 777 / 785 / 789
D11 789 / 793 / 797
Track-type Tractor Truck
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Back each pass technique
(Less efficient technique)
Operator starts each pass at
the back of the cut
Each pass uses the entire
length of the cut at a
uniform depth
Efciency and productivity
suffer because the machine
travels the entire length of the
cut in both directions with
each pass
Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
DOZING APPLICATIONSBack to front technique
(Less efficient technique)
Operator progresses the cut
from back to front
Push distance is reduced with
each pass
Efciency suffers from uphill
blade loading
Doesnt fully utilize the slot
throughout the cut
Front to back technique
(Most efficient technique)
Most efcient method of dozing
Works cut from front to back
Push distance increases with each pass
Uses more efcient downhill blade loading
Slot is created and utilized throughout the cut
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Berm management: criss /cross berm removal
Most efcient method of
center berm removal
Works cut from back to front
Push distance reduces witheach pass
Uses existing slots to hold
in material and increase
blade load
Berm management
Berm height should not
exceed blade height
Berm should only be high
enough to trap material for
optimum loading
Center berm width should be
one-third the blade width
The smaller the berm, the
easier the disposal for
improved productivity
Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
TRACK-TYPE TRACTORS
DOZING APPLICATIONS
Blade positioning on dual tilt machines:
Begin cut with blade tilted forward
Begin to lay blade back when nearly full
Continue to ll blade while lying back
Tilt blade forward to unload material
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Things to watch for:
Rip downhill when possible
If loading scrapers rip material in same direction as loading
1.5 2.5 km/hr (1.0 1.5 mph) at two-thirds throttle is most
economical
Reduce speed in shock and impact conditions
Try cross ripping if material will not free up
Do not carry ripper beam in material
Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
TRACK-TYPE TRACTORS
RIPPING APPLICATIONS
Ripper position Begin pass with tip rearward
Pull tip forward after tip penetrates
Signs of incorrectpositioning / operating Excessive track slippage
Blunt tips (GET)
Breaking shank protector or
ripper tip pins
Ripper Ground Engaging Tools Penetration ripper tip reinforcing ribs must face upward
Ensure ground engaging tool pins, retainers, and bolts
are installed correctly
Never operate a bare shank or worn tip
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Incorrect
Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
Things to watch for: GET
1.5 2.5 km/hr (1.0 1.5 mph) at two-thirds throttle is
most economical and recommended Reduce speed in shock and impact conditions
Try cross ripping if material will not free up
Rip in 1st gear
Keep ripper beam parallel to the oor
Do not turn or reverse with shank in the ground
RIPPING APPLICATIONS
TRACK-TYPE TRACTORS
Things to watch for: GET
Doze in 1st gear
Use slow steady speed (More speed = less production)
Steer with blade tilt cylinders rather than steering clutches
when blade is loaded
Minimize corner loading, prying and impact
Maintain a steady dozing pressure Never back blade
DOZING APPLICATIONS
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WHEEL DOZERS
Application Benchmarksand Operating Techniques
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Wheel Dozer Track Type Tractor
814H
824H834H
844H
854K
D7R
D8TD9T
D10T
D11T
DESIGN MATCH-UP
Wheel Loader Wheel Dozer
992K
990H988H
980H
966F
854K
844H834H
824H
814F
Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
WHEEL DOZERS
SIZE COMPARISON
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Extended
Material
Pass 1
Pass 2
Incoming
Truck
Departing
Truck
Loading
3 Pass
Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
WHEEL DOZER CLEAN-UP (ELECTRIC ROPE SHOVELS)
WHEEL DOZERS
Favorable Applications:
Loading area cleanup
Dump area maintenance Haul road construction/maintenance
Blasting area cleanup
Reclamation
Wheel dozers are typically more cost-effective and offergreater speed than track-type tractors in light applications.
Things to watch for:
Keeps loads small and material should "roll"
Avoid excessive down pressure
Push the load keeping machine as straight as possible
Minimize heel-plate contact
Maintain full blade contact with oor
Keep heel plates parallel with oor and back of blade vertical
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834 773 / 777
844 777 / 785
854 785 / 789 / 793
WHEEL DOZERS
Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
SIZING WHEEL DOZERS FOR THE TRUCK DUMP Things to watch for: GET
Keep loads small and material
should "roll"
Minimize heel-plate contact
Maintain full blade contact
with oor Avoid excessive down
pressure
Minimize speed and contact
to prevent cutting edges from
overheating and softening
Keep heel plate parallel
with oor and back of blade
verticalToo Far Back
Optimal wheel dozer truck match ups
Wheel Dozer Truck
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WHEEL TRACTOR SCRAPERS
Application Benchmarksand Operating Techniques
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ECONOMIC PUSH / HAUL DISTANCES
AgTowed-Scraper: 182 to 793m (600 to 2,600ft)
Dozers: 0 to 150 m (0 to 500 ft)
WTS: 183 to 1646m (600 to 5,400ft)
TTT W/Towed Scraper: 61 to 335m (200 1,100ft)
Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
HAULING SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Provides loading and spreading advantages
Quick loading
High travel speeds
Economic zone of application ranges from 400 meters to 1600 meters
(quarter of a mile to a mile)
Economic advantage greatest on short hauls
Tandem engine, push-pull and auger arrangements do not requireloading tool
Short load times < 1 minute
Do not require spreading tool
Dumps on the run
Can achieve as much as 98% compaction in the ll
WHEEL TRACTOR SCRAPERS
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631G D9 / D10
637G D9 / D10
657G D10 / D11
WHEEL TRACTOR SCRAPERS
Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
Optimal scraper tractorcombinations are:
Larger tractor loads quicker
and provides denser loads
Can use two track-type
tractors
Track-type tractor poweraids loading
Track-type tractor pushes
scraper through the cut
Added power and thrust
speeds loading and facilitates
rated payload on every pass
PUSH LOADING COMBINATIONS
Shorter time for tandem, longer time for single-powered scrapers.
Consult publications for self-loading (elevating / auger) and
push-pull machines.
Loading time for open bowl push-loaded wheel tractor
Favorable Applications:
Clay-type overburden
Soft underfoot conditions
Conned areas
High speed / short hauls
Single and twinengine scrapers are often push loaded by track-
type tractors for greater productivity
PUSH LOADING SCRAPERS
36 43 secondsAverage
24 30 secondsGood
36 43 secondsAverage
24 30 secondsGood
Wheel Scraper Track-Type Tractor
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Setting up haul
Haul short return long
Grades vs. length of haul
Condition Water
Curve
Curve speeds and center
of gravity
Maximum production when
both operators work as a team
Proper technique can
pay dividends
Second scraper pulls to left
after disconnecting
Second scraper then leads
to the fill Allows machines to swap
lead and follow positions
on each cycle
Three push-pull scrapers can
work together (cannot hook
together at same time)
Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
WHEEL TRACTOR SCRAPERS
SCRAPER HAUL ROADS
PUSH-PULL CONSIDERATIONS
Engage/Disengage
cushion hitch
Load time in 20 - 50 seconds
Walk out of cut "unassisted"
Carry bowl low to the ground
Haul short / return long
Control loping on travel roads Don't move dirt twice
Load down hill
Straddle cut
Best compaction:
High speed / thin lifts
Can maintain haul road if a
motor grader is not available
or busy
Can trim high spots and ll
low ones
With ejector forward, acts
as a dozer
Provides haul road
compaction Can deliver and self spread
road material
Scraper can substitute for a
motor grader
RULE OF THUMB
HAUL ROAD MAINTENANCE
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Design
Material type
Lift size Spreading / dumping load
Speed
Using scrapers to mix materials
How to maximize compaction
Water
FILL AREA
Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniq
WHEEL TRACTOR SCRAPERS
STRADDLE CUT
Things to watch for:
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HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND MAINTENANCE
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Truck & shovel; Crusher in-pit
Loader; Feed into in-pit crusher
Haul Road Design and Maintena
HAUL ROAD CONSIDERATIONS
Truck & shovel; Crusher at surface
Loader; Tram to in-pit crusher
Three key factors in haul road design:
Material quality
Design
Maintenance
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Things to watch for:
Design corners and crests
with clear visibility at
operating speeds
Design for worst case
scenarios
10 / 1
Rules of thumb:
If you can comfortably travel your haul roads at 60 km/h (35 mph)
in a light vehicle, this is an indicator of good haul road conditions
Haul roads begin at the loading face and end at the dump
Maintain good oor conditions approaching and at the dump
Maintain good oor conditions approaching and at the face
Travel at reasonable speeds in the load and dump zones
Haul Road Design and Maintena
HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND MAINTENACE
HORIZONTAL AND GENERAL VERTICAL ALIGNMENT
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Must be sufcient for a machine to stop before reaching a hazard
or obstacle
Distance from the operators eye must equal or exceed required
stopping distances
Sight DistanceLine of Sight
Hazard
Vertical CurveCase A
Required Stopping Distance
Sight Distance Line of Sight
HazardVertical Curve
Case B
Required Stopping Distance
Sight Distance Line of Sight
Vertical Face or ObstructionCase C
Required Stopping Distance
Sight Distance
Line of Sight
Trees Removed and Slopes Laid BackCase D
2% constant cross fall
USE EXTREME CAUTION
Haul Road Design and Maintena
"The extent of peripheral area visible to the vehicle operator"
SIGHT DISTANCE FOR HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CURVES
HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND MAINTENACE
CROSS FALL
On flats
Maintain minimum slope
for drainage
Using 2% constant cross fall
with extreme caution and
travel loaded truck on the
"uphill" side
If constant cross fall is not
selected, crown haul roads
with minimum slope angle
On grades
Minimal cross fall is required
unless rainfall is heavy
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KEEP GRADE SMOOTH AND CONSTANT
a Minimizes transmission shifts
a Maintains higher average speed
a Allow more constant braking effort on returns
Incorrect Correct
11
10
Haul Road Design and Maintena
HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND MAINTENACE
Smooth, constant grades:
Grades less than 10% are recommended for maximum tire life
Consistent grades should be maintained
U = Track width of machine (center-to-center tires)
FA = Width of front overhang
FB = Width of rear overhang
C = Total lateral clearance
Z = Extra width allowance due to difficulty of driving on curves
FB
FB
FA
FA
Z
C
U
U
Z
Single unit
Articulated unit W=2(U+FA+FB+Z) C=Z=(U+FA+FB)/2
COMPUTING HAUL ROAD WIDTH ON HORIZONTAL CURVES
Minimum haul road width for curved road segments must
account for vehicle tracking at front and rear
A wider road is required on curves to account for the overhang
occurring at the front and rear of machine
Road width on curve is determined by:a Lateral clearance between passing haul trucks
a Extra width allowance to accommodate difficult driving
conditions
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One-way (straights/corners)
Two-way (In straights)
Two-way (In corners)
ROAD WIDTH
One-way straights and corners
A minimum of 2 2.5 widths is recommended
Two-way traffic
In straights, a minimum of 3 3.5 truck widths
In corners, a minimum of 3.5 4 truck widths
Haul Road Design and Maintena
HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND MAINTENACE
Things to watch for:
Truck should be able to clear loading tool under full acceleration
Minimum bench width is the truck turning radius plus the safety
berm plus loading tool swing radius (shovels)
BENCH WIDTH
CORNERS
Radius
Use maximum practical radius
Keep constant and smooth transitions
Superelevation
Employ if speeds exceed 15 km/h (10 mph) as per
Performance Handbook
Greater than 10% superelevation should be used with caution
30.0%13.0%50
11.0%
15.0%
21.0%
40
8.0%
12.0%
16.0%
27.0%
35
6.0%
9.0%
12.0%
20.0%
30.0%
30
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
14.0%
21.0%
28.0%
25
3.0%
4.0%
5.0%
9.0%
13.0%
18.0%
27.0%
20
2.0%
2.0%
3.0%
5.0%
8.0%
10.0%
15.0%
15
1.0%
1.0%
1.0%
2.0%
3.0%
4.0%
7.0%
10
Speed in mph
14.0%1000
19.0%700
27.0%500
300
200
150
100
45Feet
Radius of Turn
30.0%13.0%50
11.0%
15.0%
21.0%
40
8.0%
12.0%
16.0%
27.0%
35
6.0%
9.0%
12.0%
20.0%
30.0%
30
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
14.0%
21.0%
28.0%
25
3.0%
4.0%
5.0%
9.0%
13.0%
18.0%
27.0%
20
2.0%
2.0%
3.0%
5.0%
8.0%
10.0%
15.0%
15
1.0%
1.0%
1.0%
2.0%
3.0%
4.0%
7.0%
10
Speed in mph
14.0%1000
19.0%700
27.0%500
300
200
150
100
45Feet
Radius of Turn
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DRAINAGE
Things to watch for:
Slope must adequately carry away maximum expected rainfall,
with minimum puddling, pot-holing or water entry into road
sub-base
Haul Road Design and Maintena
HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND MAINTENACE
Things to watch for:
Recommended berm height is a minimum of half the wheel height
Safety berm along the edge of the truck dump
Safety berm along all haul road edges
Check your local mining regulations
wheel height wheel height
SAFETY BERMS (WINDROWS)
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HAUL ROAD MODELING
Tire load
94
inc
h
More severe
Permanent plastic strain
due to shear failure
Top:
Poor drainage
Poor compaction
Poor road base material
These are examples of a poorly constructed haul road (top)
and a well constructed haul road (bottom):
Bottom :
Good drainage
Good compaction
Good road base material
Haul Road Design and Maintena
HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND MAINTENACE
Tire Penetration
For off-highway trucks running radial-ply tires, assume aminimum rolling resistance of:
1.2% for a hard, well-maintained, permanent haul road
2.5% for a well-maintained road with little exing
4% for a road with 25 mm (1 in) tire penetration
5% for a road with 50 mm (2 in) tire penetration
8% for a road with 100 mm (4 in) tire penetration
14% for a road with 200 mm (8 in) tire penetration
In practice, a 5% increase in rolling resistance can result in
up to a 10% decrease in production and a 35% increase in
production costs.
ROLLING RESISTANCE
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610 mm (24 in) deep tire penetration
30% rolling resistance
Reduced production
Excessive fuel burn
Reduced tire life
Reduced component life
COMPACTION
An example of high rolling resistance:
Haul Road Design and Maintena
HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND MAINTENACE
SOFT AND WET AREAS
Things to watch for:
Remove soft and wet spots
completely refill and compact
with good dry material
Without a good repair, these
spots will continually
deteriorate
Performance vs Rolling Resistance10,000 ft. Flat Haul
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
180%
1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10%
Rolling Resistance
FuelCost
-60%
-50%
-40%
-30%
-20%
-10%
0%
10%
Production
Fue l Cos t Pr oduc tionFue l Cos t Pr oduc tion
HAUL ROAD ECONOMICS
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POINTS TO REMEMBER
Things to watch for:
The haul road begins at the loading face and ends at the
dump point
Once a road deteriorates, it takes ve times as long to repair it to
good condition again. Fix it once, x it right!
If one can travel comfortably in a light truck at 60 km/h (35 mph),
then road surfaces are good Good roads improve production, extend tire life and reduce overall
operating costs
Watering removes dust hazard and maintains compaction
Use "checkerboard" or "spot" intermittent pattern on grades to
reduce slippage risk during retarding on grades
"Spot" watering works well for areas with limited water supply
Haul Road Design and Maintena
HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND MAINTENACE
DUST CONTROL
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Cut
45%
Impact29%
Other
8%Wear
7%
Separation
heat) 11%
Source: Actual data, world-class metal mine
Factors effecting tire life:
Approximately 80% of all large tires fail before wear out
POINTS TO REMEMBER
HAUL ROAD DESIGN AND MAINTENACE
Haul Road Design and Maintena
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TRUCK DUMPS
Approaching the dump area:
Always enter the dump area in a clockwise direction Approach the dump from the left
Keep the dump edge on the operators side of the truck
Drive parallel to the dump edge
Observe the dump edge for cracks
Work dump from cab side to the right with support
tractor following
The following procedures should be followed on each cycle.
Truck Dump Operat
TRUCK DUMP OPERATION
After you have reversed in and in a stationary position:
Place hoist lever in RAISE position
Increase engine RPM to accelerate hoist speed
Watch for material to ow from truck bed and ensure material isowing over dump edge
Keep alert for dump edge movement
Reduce engine RPM as hoist cylinders reach full extension
TRUCK DUMPS
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TRUCK DUMPS
After you have made the dump:
Clear material from tailgate by moving forward slowly
Do not move over one truck length with body raised Never jerk the steering wheel from side to side to free
stuck material
Move gear selector into the desired gear after the body is
on the frame
Exit on established haulroad
Truck Dump Operat
TRUCK DUMP OPERATION
Things to watch for:
Maintain eye contact with dump maintenance tool
whenever possible Watch dump edge for stability
Dump away from safety berm if edge is unstable (dump short)
Maintain proper safety berm height
Lower body before moving from dump
Advance haulroad with dump
Maintain slight slope for water drainage
TRUCK DUMPS
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POOR DUMP PRACTICES
Things to watch for:
Body bulldozing
Pulling through berm after
dumping is hard on underside
of the body
Dumping into existing pile
Not lowering body prior to
moving forward
Truck Dump Operat
TRUCK DUMP OPERATION
Damage indicates:
Pulling through pile
"Pinching" material under tail
Pushing with a dozer
Poor dumping practice can result in rear rib and tail area damage
DUMP CONSIDERATIONS
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POOR DUMP PRACTICES
Cut
45%
Impact
29%
Other
8%Wear
7%
Separation
heat) 11%
Source: Actual data, world-class metal mine
Factors effecting tire life:
Approximately 80% of all large tires fail before wear out
Truck Dump Operat
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CatUnderground Machines
UNDERGROUND LHD LOADERS
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Optimal BenchHeight
Bucket hinge pin height at maximum lift
Cycle Times 28 42 seconds (avg. 35 seconds)
Bucket Fill Factorin Well-shot Rock
90 110%
Most Efficient PassMatch
4 6 passes
ConditionsFavorable to LHDLoaders
Level, dry, smooth, rm oors
Sufcient crossfall and drainage in high
rainfall areas to minimize tire damage
Well-fragmented materials that minimize
crowding time, particularly in the toe-
area of the cut
Lower face prole
Multiple faces and frequent tramming
ConditionsUnfavorable to LHDLoaders
Poor underfoot conditions wet,
soft, jagged
Tight load areas
Poorly shot material
CatUnderground Machi
LHD LOADERS
Things to watch for:
Lift bucket before curling when rst entering pile
Keep frame straight when digging
Keep lift arms as low as possible when tramming
Keep time in face below 12 seconds
Never operate worn GET or bare bucket edge
Maintain proper bucket kick-out settings
Control tire slippage
Enter pile straight-on, with bottom of bucket parallel to oor
Operate in rst gear, full throttle
Keep spillage to a minimum Keep oor clean and smooth
Keep tight "V" loading pattern
Clean oor while approaching face when necessary with
minimum oor contact
Minimize truck exchange time
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CatUnderground Machi
Loading:
Operator controls dumping impact into body (dump easy)
Place material vs. dumping material in body
Different loading tools have different affects on truck body
Pad body oor with smaller material before placing inoversize material
DO NOT contact truck side rails
DO NOT push material in body
MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR LHDS
Better bucket fill factors through:
Improved material fragmentation
Correct bucket selection, GET selection and maintenance
Correct bench heights
Correct loader orientation to face
Faster loader cycle times through:
Correct orientation to face
Correct truck placement
Improved material condition
Improved oor condition
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CatUnderground Machines
UNDERGROUND MINING TRUCKS
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CatUnderground Machi
UNDERGROUND MINING TRUCKS
Things to watch for:
Proper truck positioning
Safety issues
Body wear patterns
Tire wear / rock spillage Proper spotting
Caterpillar 10/10/20 Load Management Policy
The mean (average) of the pay
load distribution shall not
exceed the target payload
No more than 10% of payloads
may exceed 1.1 times the
truck target payload
No single payload shall
ever exceed 1.2 times the
target payload
No more than 10% of loads
above 1.10
No loads above 1.20
The average payload shall not
exceed the target
% of Target Payload80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
Nu
mberofLoads
90 % 10%
SAFETY
Productivity
Durability
No loads should be above 120% of
the target payload
90% of loads should fall into this range
No more than 10% of loads should
exceed 110% of the target payload
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LOAD PLACEMENT ON TRUCKS
Load placement:
Lateral (centered over hoist cylinders or on body arrow)
Longitudinal (centered on center line of body) Enough freeboard to minimize spillage from sides through corners
and from rear of body on grades
Target 33% / 66% payload split on front / rear axles
Establish a load placement pattern, rst bucket back, then front,
then center
CatUnderground Machi
UNDERGROUND MINING TRUCKS
Things to watch for:
Loader operator spots truck
Insure truck doesnt have to turn around once loaded Position truck away from overhead services
Position for fastest cycle times
Wheel loaders tight "V pattern"
Keep rear tires away from rocks and toe
Minimize wait time
Correct Loading Incorrect Loading
Correct LoadingIncorrect Loading
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CatUnderground Machines
UNDERGROUND APPLICATIONS
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CatUnderground Machi
MODERN TRACKLESS UNDERGROUND MINE CUT AND FILL STOPE MINING
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LONG HOLE STOPING
CatUnderground Machi
UNDERGROUND APPLICATIONS
BLOCK CAVING
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ROOM AND PILLAR MINING
CatUnderground Machi
UNDERGROUND APPLICATIONS
Things to watch for:
Truck exchange time:
Elapsed time from when loaded truck receives last loading pass
until next truck receives first loading pass
Exchange time:
Good 42 seconds or less
Acceptable 54 seconds
Unacceptable over 1 minute
TRUCK EXCHANGE
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MOTOR GRADERS
Things to watch for:
Grade in 1st gear
Determine drainage pattern prior to grading
Obtain road bed material sufcient to slope road
Always keep edges sharp for better penetration
Change edges prior to moldboard damage
Always lock differential when grading or ripping
Always perform articulated turns with wheel lean to reduce
turning radius
CatUnderground Machi
UNDERGROUND APPLICATIONS
MOTOR GRADERS
Blade angle:
Use widest pass width possible
Increase blade angle if material ows around leading edge
Use 10 blade angle for Grader Bit System or serrated edge
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Things to watch for:
Proper blade tip angle:
Moldboard top should be
50mm (2 in.) ahead of cutting
edge on 120M-14M Motor
Graders
Constant tip angle minimizes
cutting edge wear
Proper blade angle:
Use widest possible pass
width
Reduce pass width (increase
angle) if material ows around
leading edge (toe)
Use maximum 10 blade angle
if using Graderbit system or
serrated edge
Maintain contact with road
surface across the full width
of the cutting edge
CatUnderground Machi
Cut
Normal
Carry
HAUL ROAD CONSIDERATIONS
Three key factors in haul road design:
Material quality
Design Maintenance
UNDERGROUND APPLICATIONS
MOTOR GRADERS
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CatUnderground Machi
KEEP GRADE SMOOTH AND CONSTANT
Horizontal and General Vertical Alignment
Things to watch for:
Design corners and crests for
clear visibility at operating speeds
Design for worst case scenarios
Smooth, constant grades:
Grades less than 10% are
recommended for maximum
tire life Consistent grades should be
maintained
Minimizes transmission shifts
Maintains higher average speed
Allow more constant braking
effort on returns
Things to watch for:
Recommended berm height is a minimum of half the wheel height
Safety berm along the edge of the truck dump
Safety berm along all haul road edges
Check your local mining regulation
SAFETY BERMS (WINDROWS)
UNDERGROUND APPLICATIONS
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SOFT AND WET AREAS
Things to watch for:
Remove soft and wet spots completely and rell and compact
with good dry material
Without a good repair, these spots will continually deteriorate
CatUnderground Machi
Things to watch for:
Begin at face; end at dump
Truck travels at a reasonable and constant speed
Where trucks slow down evaluate the cause and repair
Remove and repair wet / soft spots Ride in jump seat, if it is rough the road is too rough
HAUL ROAD MAINTENANCE
UNDERGROUND APPLICATIONS
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VISUAL INSPECTIONS WHILE DRIVING THE HAUL ROAD
Loading Zone Things to watch for:
Smooth oors
Adequate water drainage
No debris spillage from trucks
Proper truck positioning
No tight, high-speed turns astrucks return to loading area
Loading zones that are too
tight, rough or congested
Trucks leave under full,
continuous acceleration
CatUnderground Machi
Dump Zone Things to watch for:
Smooth oor to maintain speed
Braking in straight line before
turning and stopping to reverse
and dump
Stable dumping capability
Back height is adequate for
body
Trucks brake in straight line,
then turn and stop to reverse
to dump
Safety berms and ore pass stop
blocks are regulation height
Trucks dump the load
without delays
Haul Roads Things to watch for:
Well maintained, smooth road
Sufcient drainage
Smooth, constant grades
Adequate passing room
Adequate corner radius Expected haul road speeds are achieved
No debris on roads
No potholes, ruts, gullies
No rubber on tight or rocky turns
No high braking forces required on curves
Use reference signs where necessary
VISUAL INSPECTIONS WHILE DRIVING THE HAUL ROAD
UNDERGROUND APPLICATIONS
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CatUnderground Machi
GENERAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES:UNDERGROUND MINING TRUCKS
Model the effects on total productivity through changes to:
Higher truck road speeds improve productivity and reduce
cost per ton
Achieve faster speeds through:
Smooth roads - load to dump
Reduced rolling resistance
Better road design
Better payload control
GENERAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES: LHDS
Model the effects on total productivity through changes to:
Higher ll factors improve productivity and reduce cost per ton
Achieve higher ll factors through:
Better fragmentation
Correct bucket selection
Correct GET selection and maintenance
Correct bench heights
Correct loader orientation to face
Correct operating techniques for maximum production
Faster cycle times improve productivity and reduce cost per ton Achieve faster cycle times through:
Correct orientation to face
Improved oor conditions
Correct truck placement
Improved material condition
Proper tram distance to and from truck
UNDERGROUND APPLICATIONS
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Strategies
MANAGEMENT REVIEW
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VISUAL INSPECTIONS WHILE DRIVING THE HAUL ROAD
Loading Zone Things to watch for:
Smooth oors
Adequate water drainage
No debris spillage from trucks
Proper truck positioning No tight, high-speed turns as trucks return to loading area
Loading zones that are too tight, rough or congested
Location of 2nd gear reweigh
Trucks leave under full, continuous acceleration
Strateg
MANAGEMENT REVIEW
Dump Zone Things to watch for:
Smooth oor to maintain speed Entering parallel to edge
Braking in straight line before turning and stopping to
reverse and dump
Safety berms at regulated height along entire edge
Stable dumping capability
No debris in area
VISUAL INSPECTIONS WHILE DRIVING THE HAUL ROAD
Haul Roads Things to watch for:
Well maintained, smooth road
Sufcient drainage
Smooth, constant grades
Adequate passing room
Adequate corner radius Expected haul road speeds
are achieved
No debris on roads
No potholes, ruts, gullies
No rubber on tight or
rocky turns
No high braking forces
required on curves
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Strateg
MANAGEMENT REVIEW
MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES TO REDUCE COSTS
Reducing your cost through proper operating procedures:
To minimize cost, rst look at the big picture, then use a common
sense approach
Select proper type of equipment
Properly equip for the specic job
Properly match buckets and bodies
Stress teamwork and communication Properly set-up load area
MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR WHEEL LOADERS
Better bucket fill factors through:
Improved material fragmentation
Correct bucket selection, GET selection and maintenance
Correct face heights
Correct loader orientation to face
Faster loader cycle times through:
Correct orientation to face
Correct truck placement
Improved material condition
Improved oor condition
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Strateg
MANAGEMENT REVIEW
MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR TRUCKS
Higher average mining truck haul speeds through:
Smoother roads (including loading and dump zones)
VIMSSystem
Truck Payload Measurement (TPM)
Application Severity Analysis (ASA) Road Analysis Control (RAC)
Minimize rolling resistance
Better haul road designs
Reduce switchbacks
Remove cross-overs that require stop signs
Constant grades that minimize transmission gear shifting
MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR TRUCKS
Higher average mining truck haul speeds through:
Better payload control to ensure highest possible gear on grade
Use VIMSSystem and VIMSSupervisor
Truck Payload Management System (TPMS)
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Strateg
MANAGEMENT REVIEW
Things to watch for: GET
Replace components when they reach 100% wear
Helps penetration thereby increasing bucket fill factor
Better penetration reduces fuel consumption and tire slip
Use worn GET wear patterns as a condition monitoring tool to
manage operating techniques
Use the best option for the application to maximize production
Protect, but dont over protect Increases bucket / implement weight
Decreases payload
Affects GET component life
Reduces penetration and productivity
Better penetration reduces fuel consumption
Adversely affect operating techniques
MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES TO REDUCE COST
Model the effects on total productivity through changes to:
Average road speeds
Higher on-grade speeds
Reduced rolling resistance
Reduced corner severity
Removal of speed limits
Improved bucket ll factors and truck/loader match
Reduced truck exchange and waiting times
Reduced fuel consumption Improved component life and machine/eet availability
Improved tire life/reduced tire costs
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Performance Handbook 39Specifications
REFERENCE INFORMATION
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Performance Handbook 39 Specificati
TRACK-TYPE TRACTORS
D9T D10T D11T D11T CD
105,600 lb 146,500 lb 230,100 lb 248,600 lb47900 kg 66 451 kg 104 600 kg 113 000 kg
410 hp 580 hp 850 hp 850 hp306 kW 433 kW 634 kW 634 kW
C18 ACERT C27 ACERT C32 ACERT C32 ACERT
17.7 yd3 (13.5 m3) 24.2 yd3 (18.5 m3) 35.5 yd3 (27.2 m3) 21.4 yd3 (16.4 m3) 28.7 yd3 (22 m3) 45.0 yd3 (34.4 m3)
57yd3 (43.6 m3)
14'2" ft/in (4.31 m) 15'11" ft/in (4.86 m) 18'4" ft/in (5.60 m) 15'3" ft/in (4.65 m) 17'3" ft/in (5.26 m) 20'10" ft/in (6.36 m)
22'0" ft/in (6.71 m)
11'5" ft/in 12'9" ft/in 14'7" ft/in 14'7" ft/in3.47 m 3.89 m 4.44 m 4.44 m
13'1" ft/in 14'0" ft/in 15'1" ft/in 15'1" ft/in
4.00 m 4.26 m 4.60 m 4.60 m
1611" ft/in 30'1" ft/in 34'9" ft/in 35'1" ft/in4.91 m 9.16 m 10.59 m 10.70 m
MODEL
Operating Weight
Flywheel Power
Engine Model
Blade Capacity SU U CD
Blade Width SU U CD(included end bits)
Track On Ground
Height To Topof Canopy (ROPS)
Overall LengthSU-Blade & SingleShank Ripper
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MODEL
Operating Weight
Engine
Flywheel Power
Rated Payload
Dump Height
Dump Reach
Bucket Size
Breakout Force
Full Turn Tip Load
992K 993K 993K HL 994F 994F HL 994F SHL
214,000 lb 294,800 lb 296,800 lb 427,300 lb 430,900 lb 467,100 lb97 069 kg 133 637 kg 134 603 kg 193 820 kg 193 782 kg 207068 kg
C32 ACERT C32 ACERT C32 ACERT 3516B 3516B 3516B
801 hp 945 hp 950 hp 1463 hp 1463 hp 1463 hp
597 kW 705 kW 708 kW 1092 kW 1092 kW 1092 kW
25 T 25 T 38 T 35 T 35 T22.7t 22.7t 35t 32t 32t
15.1 ft/in 15'3" ft/in 17'11" ft/in 18'3" ft/in 19'0" ft/in 24'0" ft/in4623 mm 4654 mm 5465 mm 5563 mm 5931 mm 7315 mm
76 ft/in 8'2" ft/in 8'4" ft/in 7'4" ft/in 8'11" ft/in 9'6" ft/in2311 mm 2503 mm 2616 mm 2261 mm 2643 mm 2926 mm
14.0 - 16.0 yd3 16.0 - 19.0 yd3 17 yd3 19.5 - 24.5 yd3 19.5 - 41 yd3 41- 47 yd3
10.7 - 12.2 m3 12.2 - 14.5 m3 13 m3 15.0 - 18.7 m3 15 - 31 m3 31- 36 m3
130,390 lb 159,562 lb 159,416 lb 222,553 lb 203,968 lb 156,562 lb580 kN 709 kN 708.5 kN 990 kN 1015 kN 696 kN
113,159 lb 158,026 lb 131,417 lb 243,760 lb 203,968 lb 152,014 lb51 328 kg 71 667 kg 59 599 kg 110 568 kg 92 518 kg 68 952 kg
WHEEL LOADERS
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Performance Handbook 39 Specificati
834H 844H 854K
103,849 lb 156,120 lb 216,273 lb47 106 kg 70 815 kg 99 100 kg
C18 ACERT C27 C32 ACERT
498 hp 627 hp 801 hp
372 kW 468 kW 597 kW
3.30 yd3 (25.0m3)
58.0 yd3 (45.0m3)
20"7 ft/in (6.32 m)
23"6 ft/in (7.2 m)
4F/3R 3F/3R 3F/3R
23.9 mph (38.5 km/h) 13.0 mph (21.5 km/h) 21.2 km/h (13.2 mph)
13'5" ft/in 16'6" ft/in 18'3" ft/in4.09 m 5.023 m 5590 mm
34'2" ft/in 35'9" ft/in 44'0" ft/in10.42 m 10.94 m 13405 mm
11'5" ft/in 14'4" ft/in 11'8" ft/in3.47 m 4.37 m 3556 mm
MODEL
Operating Weight
Engine
Flywheel Power
Blade Capacity SU C S
Blade Width SU C S
Transmission Gears
Top Speed Forward
Height To Top
of (ROPS)
Overall Length(with Dozer)
Over Width
WHEEL DOZERS
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MODEL
Body Type
Gross MachineOperating Weight*
Target Payload*
Maximum CapacityHeaped (2:1) (SAE)
Engine
No. Cylinders
Gross Power
Tires
Top Speed (Loaded)
Loading Height
Overall Length
Overall Width
777F 785D 789C 793D 793D AdditionalStandard (MA1) Retarding (MA2)
Dual Slope Lined Dual Slope Dual Slope MSD II MSD II
360,000 lb 550,000 lb 700,000 lb 846,000 lb 846,000 lb163 293 kg 249 433 kg 317460 kg 383 673 kg 383 673 kg
199,115 lb 146.6tons 198tons 252tons 250tons90 316 kg 133 m tons 180 m tons 228 m tons 227 m tons
78.8 yd3
102 yd3
137 yd3
195 yd3
195 yd3
60.2 m3 78 m3 105 m3 140 m3 140 m3
C32 ACERT 3512C HD-EUI 3516B EUI 3516B HD EUI 3516B HD EUI
12 12 16 16 16
1,016 hp 1,450 hp 1,900 hp 2,415 hp 2,415 hp758 kW 1 082 kW 1 417 kW 1 801 kW 1 801 kW
27.00R49 (E4) 33.00R51 37.00R57 40.00R57 40.00R57
40.1 mph 33.6 mph 32.7 mph 33.7 mph 33.7 mph64.5 km/h 54.1 km/h 52.6 km/h 54.2 km/h 54.2 km/h
14'7" ft/in (empty) 16'4" ft/in 17'1" ft/in 19'4" ft/in 19'4" ft/in4.43 m (empty) 4.97 m 5.21 m 5.87 m 5.87 m
34'6" ft/in (operating) 37'10" ft/in (base body) 38'2" ft/in (base body) 42'9" ft/in (base body) 42'9" ft/in (base body)10.53 m (operating) 11.31 m (base body) 11.63 m (base body) 13.05 m (base body) 13.01 m (base body)
21'4" ft/in 21'10" ft/in 25'2" ft/in 27'2" ft/in 27'2" ft/in6.49 m 6.64 m 7.67 m 8.28 m 8.28 m
*Reference Caterpillars 10/10/20 Payload Policy Revision #4 for .
information on gross machine operating weight and target payload.
LARGE MINING TRUCKS
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Performance Handbook 39 Specificati
735 740 740 Ejector
69,206 lb (31 391 kg) 72,973 lb (33 100 kg) 78,507 lb (35 610 kg)
141,297 lb (64 091 kg) 160,055 lb (72 600 kg) 162,282 lb (73 610 kg)
36 Tons (32.7 tonnes) 42 Tons (38 tonnes) 42 Tons (38 tonnes)
25.8yd3 (19.7m3) 31.4 yd3 (24 m3) 30.2 yd3 (23.1 m3)
ACERT C15 ACERT C15 ACERT C156 6 6
435hp (324kW) 469hp (350kW) 469hp (350kW)
26.5R25 Radials 29.5R25 Radials 29.5R25 Radials
56'5" ft/in (17.2m) 56'5" ft/in (17.2m) 59'6" ft/in (18.2m)
31.9 mph (51.3 km/h) 34 mph (54.7 km/h) 34 mph (54.7 km/h)
12'1" ft/in (3.7m) 12'3" ft/in (3.75m) 12'3" ft/in (3.75m)
17'2" ft/in (5.23 m) 17'2" ft/in (5.23 m) 18'3" ft/in (5.58 m)
35'7" ft/in (10.89m) 35'7" ft/in (10.89m) 38'0" ft/in (11.59m)
9'10" ft/in (2.98 m) 10'6" ft/in (3.2 m) 10'1" ft/in (3.07 m)
22'4" ft/in (6.81m) 23'4" ft/in (7.1m)
12'6" ft/in (3.82m) 12'6" ft/in (3.82m) 12'6" ft/in (3.82m)
8'8" ft/in (2.69m) 8'8" ft/in (2.69m) 8'8" ft/in (2.69m)
* Includes coolant, lubricant and a full fuel tank. ** Rating dependent on optional equipment. Maximum gross weight
(empty weight plus payload) should not be exceeded.
MODELOperating Weight (Empty)*
Gross Machine Weight
Target Payload
Maximum Capacity**Heaped (2:1) (SAE)
Engine
No. Cylinders
Gross Power SAE J1995
Tires
Circular Clearance Dia.
Top Speed (Loaded)
Height To Top of Cab
Wheelbase(Front-Center of Bogie)
Overall Length
Loading Height (Empty)Height @ Full Dump
Width (Operating)
Front Tire Tread
ARTICULATED DUMP TRUCKS
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Performance Handbook 39 Specificati
MOTOR GRADERS
* Operating weight based on standard machine configuration with ** Minimum turning radius Combining the use of articulated frame steering,
f ul l f uel t an k, c oo la nt , lub rica nt s a nd o pe rat or. 2 4H inc lu de s r ip pe r. f ro nt whe el st eer an d u nloc ke d d iff er en tial .
MODEL
Operating Weight (Empty)*
Flywheel Power
Base: Gears 1 - 8VHP: Gears 4 - 8
Engine Model
No. Cylinders
Blade Length
Minimum Turn Radius**Full Articulation &Front Wheel Steer
Top SpeedForwardReverse
Height To Top of ROPS
Overall Length
Overall WidthAt Top of Front Tires
14M 16M 24M
47,133 lb 57,452 lb 137,692 lb21 379 kg 26 060 kg 62 456 kg
259 hp (193 kW) 297 hp (221 kW) 533 hp (397 kW)274 hp (204 kW) 312 hp (233 kW)
C11 C13 ACERT VHP C18 ACERT
6 6 6
14'0" ft/in 16'0" ft/in 24'0" ft/in4287 mm 4877 mm 7315 mm
25'11" ft/in 29'3" ft/in 40'9" ft/in7.9 m 8.9 m 12.4 m
31.0mph (49.8km/h) 33.5mph(53.9km/h) 26.7mph(43.0km/h)24.5mph(39.4km/h) 26.5mph(42.6km/h) 25.6mph(41.2km/h)
139.2" 145.8" 171.3"3535 mm 3703 mm 4352 m
370.6" 392.2" 558.8"9412 mm 9963 mm 14 194 mm
109.9" 121.9" 168.5"2791 mm 3096 mm 4280 mm
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WHEEL TRACTOR SCRAPERS
627G 631G 637G 657G
86,957 lb 105,002 lb 114,559 lb 150,760 lb37 922 kg 47 628 kg 51 963 kg 68 384 kg
330/365 hp 462/500 hp 462/500 hp 564/600 hp(246kW/272kW) (345kW/373kW) (345kW/373kW) (421kW/447 kW)239/266 hp 266/283 hp 410/451 hp(178 kW/198 kW) (198 kW/211 kW) (306kW/337 kW)
C15 ACERT C18 ACERT C18 ACERT C18 ACERTC9 ACERT C9 ACERT C15 ACERT
15.7 yd3 (12 m3) 24 yd3 (18.3 m3) 24 yd3 (18.3 m3) 32 yd3 (24.5 m3)22 yd3 (17 m3) 34 yd3 (26 m3) 34 yd3 (26 m3) 44 yd3 (33.6 m3)
52,800 lb 81,600 kg 81,600 lb 104,000 lb23 950 kg 37 013 kg 37 013 kg 47 174 kg
32 mph 33 mph 33 mph 33 mph51 km/h 53 km/h 53 km/h 53 km/h
9'11" ft/in 11'6" ft/in 11'6" ft/in 12'8" ft/in3.02 m 3.51 m 3.51 m 3.85 m
12'6" ft/in 139 ft/in 13'9" ft/in 15'2" ft/in
3.81 m 4.18 m 4.18 m 4.62 m
42'3" ft/in 48'3" ft/in 48'3" ft/in 53'1" ft/in12.88 m 14.71m 14.71 m 16.2 m
11'9 ft/in 12'11 ft/in 12'11" ft/in 14'4" ft/in3.58 m 3.94 m 3.94 m 4.35 m
MODEL
Approx. OperatingWeight Empty
Flywheel PowerTractor
Scraper
Engine ModelTractorScraper
CapacityStruckHeaped
Rated Load
Top Speed (Loaded)
Width of Cut
Height To Topof Scraper
Overall Length
Overall Width
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UNDERGROUND MINING TRUCKS
AD30 AD45B AD55B
408 hp 587 hp 776/805 hp304 kW 438 kW 597/600 kw
C15 ACERT ATAAC C18 D1 ATAAC C27 ACERT
66,140 lb 89,303 lb 110,231 lb30 000 kg 40 500 kg 50 000 kg
132,280 lb 188,528 lb 231,485 lb60 000 kg 85 500 kg 105 000 kg
18.8 yd3 27.9 yd3 35.2 yd3
14.4 m3 21.3 m3 26.9 m3
14.8 yd3 (11.3 m3) (D) 27.9 yd3 (21.3 m3) (D) 35.2 yd3 (26.9 m3) (D)
18.8 yd3 (14.4 m3) (D) 32.8 yd3 (25.1 m3) (D)22.9 yd3 (17.5 m3) (D)
19.9 yd3 (15.2 m3) (E) 30.0 yd3 (22.9 m3) (E) 35.2 yd3 (26.9 m3) (E)
7'10" ft/in 9'7" ft/in 10'0" ft/in2 385 mm 2 925 mm 3 045 mm
33'4" ft/in 36'6" ft/in 39'8" ft/in10 153 mm 11 194 mm 12 064 mm
8'10" ft/in 9'10" ft/in 11'0" ft/in2 690 mm 3 000 mm 3 346 mm
* 1400kg (308701b) tramming only, 12, 500kg,
NOTE: R1700G and R2900G XTRA: For Load, Haul, Carry Only
@rated load. Not truck loading @ rated load.
MODEL
Engine Power
Engine
Empty Weight
Loaded Weight
Capacity M3Heaped (2:1) (SAE)
SAE Body CapacityDump (D)
Ejector (E)
Loading Height
Overall Length
Overall Width
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Performance Handbook 39 Specificati
MODEL
Operating Weight
Engine Power
Engine
Rated Payload
Overall Length
Width Bucket Standard
Bucket Size
Breakout Force SAE
Static Tipping Load
R1300G R1600G R1700G R2900G R2900G Xtra
46,021lb 65,698lb 84,880lb 110,692lb 122,522lb20 875kg 29 800kg 38 500kg 50 209kg 55 757kg
165hp 270hp 323/353hp 430/447hp 430/447hp123kW 201kW 241/263kW 321/333kW 321/333kW
3306 DITA 3176C EUI ATAAC C11 ACERT ATAAC C15 ACERT ATAAC C15 ACERT ATAAC
14,991lb 22,487lb 30,865 lb* 37,920lb 44,092lb6800kg 10 200kg 14 000kg* 17 200kg 20 000kg
28'7" ft/in 31'10" ft/in 34'9" ft/in 35'11" ft/in 37'10" ft/in8714 mm 9710 mm 10 600 mm 10 949 mm 11 083 mm
7'6" ft/in 8'11" ft/in 9'6" ft/in 10'5" ft/in 11'5" ft/in2318 mm 2723 mm 2894 mm 3176 mm 3472 mm
3.1 - 4.4yd3 5.5 - 7.7yd3 6.0 - 11.4yd3 9.4 - 11.6yd3 11.6 - 15.2yd3
2.4 - 3.4m3 4.2 - 5.9 m3 4.6 - 8.8m3 7.2 - 8.9m3 8.9 - 11.6m3
27,518lb 42,505lb 44,321lb 60,298lb 60,298lb12 480kg 19 280kg 20 100kg 27 346 kg 27 346kg
44,866lb 61,950 lb 78,119lb 39,923lb 123,911 lb20 351kg 28 100kg 35 434kg 88 015kg 56 205kg
UNDERGROUND MINING LOADERS
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Performance Handbook 39 Specificati
MOTOR GRADERS Radial Ply MICHELIN GOODYEAR BRIDGESTONE
Strength Inflation Pressure Inflation Pressure Inflation PressureModel Tire Size Rating Front Rear Front Rear Front Rear
kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi
120M 13.00R24 248 36 345 50 14.00R24 241 35 345 50 248 36 303 44 241 35 310 4517.5R25 207 30 276 40 200 29 248 36 207 30 241 35
12M 13.00R24 207 30 310 45 303 44 400 58 14.00R24 207 30 310 45 228 33 324 47 241 35 310 45
17.5R25207 30 241 35 200 29 276 40 207 30 276 40
140M 14.00R24 241 35 345 50 248 36 352 51 241 35 345 5017.5R25 207 30 207 30 200 29 276 40 207 30 276 40
160M 14.00R24 241 35 345 50 248 36 372 54 241 35 345 5017.5R25 207 30 276 40 228 33 303 44 207 30 310 45
14M 16.00R24 207 30 345 50 248 36 372 54 241 35 379 5520.5R25 207 30 276 40 200 29 303 44 207 30 310 45
16M 23.5R25 , 207 30 241 35 172 25 303 44 207 30 310 4524M 29.5R29 , 345 50 379 55 324 47 372 54 310 45 379 55
*Standard tire and ply rating. Refer to Tire Load Worksheet to determine proper ply rating.
MOTOR GRADERS Bias Ply* GOODYEAR BRIDGESTONE/FIRESTONE
Inflation Pressure Inflation PressureModel Tire Size Ply Rating Front Rear Front Rear
kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi
120M 13.00-24 12 241 35 345 5014.00-24 12, 16 172 25 248 36 207 30 276 4017.5-25 12, 16 172 25 228 33 207 30 241 35
12M 14.00-24 12, 16 172 25 276 40 207 30 276 4017.5-25 12, 16 172 25 248 36 207 30 241 35
140M 14.00-24 12, 16 172 25 303 44 207 30 276 4017.5-25 12, 16 172 25 276 40 207 30 276 40
160M 14.00-24 12, 16 200 29 303 44 207 30 276 40
17.5-25 16 200 29 352 51 207 30 276 4014M 16.00-24 16 172 25 324 47 172 25 310 45
20.5-25 16, 20 172 25 303 44 241 35 379 5516M 23.5-25 16, 20 172 25 276 40 207 30 241 3524M 29.5-29 28 241 35 310 45
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WHEEL TRACTOR-SCRAPERS Bias Ply GOODYEAR BRIDGESTONE/FIRESTONE
Inflation Pressure Inflation PressureModel Tire Size Ply Rating Front Rear Front Rear
kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi
611 29.5-25 28 303 44 248 36
613G 23.5-25 16, 20 324 47 324 47 345 50 345 50
621G 29.5-29 34 427 62 427 62 33.25-29 26, 32 400 58 276 40 379 55 379 55
623G 33.25-29 26, 32 400 58 372 54 379 55 379 55
627G 33.25-29 26, 32 400 58 400 58 379 55 379 55
631G 37.25-35 36, 42 427 62 372 54 448 65 448 65
637G 37.25-35 36, 42 448 65 427 62 448 65 448 65
Strength Inflation Pressure Inflation Pressure Inflation PressureModel Tire Size Rating Front Rear Front Rear Front Rear
WHEEL TRACTOR-SCRAPERS Radial Ply MICHELIN GOODYEAR BRIDGESTONE
kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi
611 26.5R25 , 414 60 414 60 503 73 503 73 29.5R25 , 348 50 348 50 372 54 324 47 379 55 379 55
613G 23.5R25 , 310 45 310 45 372 54 372 54 379 55 379 55
621G 29.5R29 448 65 379 55 572 83 572 83 517 75 517 7533.25R29 379 55 310 45 448 65 351 51 448 65 448 65
623G 29.5R29 517 75 517 7533.25R29 379 55 379 55 448 65 427 62 448 65 448 65
627G 29.5R29 517 75 517 7533.25R29 379 55 379 55 448 65 448 65 448 65 448 65
631G 37.25R35 517 75 414 60 476 69 427 62 552 80 552 80
637G 37.25R35 517 75 517 75 524 76 476 69 552 80 552 80
657G 40.5/75RR39 586 85 517 75 600 87 600 87 620 90 620 90
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Mining safely. Mining more. Mining right. 2REFERENCE INFORMATION
Performance Handbook 39 Specificati
Strength Inflation Pressure Inflation Pressure
ARTICULATED TRUCKS Radial Ply MICHELIN GOODYEAR
Strength Inflation PressureModel Tire Size Rating Front Center Rear
ARTICULATED TRUCKS Radial Ply BRIDGESTONE
kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi
725 23.5R25 345 50 379 55 379 55 372` 54 372 54 372 54750/65R25 276 40 310 45 310 45
730 23.5R25 414 60 448 65 448 65 372 54 448 65 448 65750/65R25 310 45 345 50 345 50 303 44 352 51 352 51
730 EJ 750/65R25 276 40 400 58 400 58
735 26.5R25 414 60 414 60 414 60 448 65 400 58 400 58850/65R25 345 50 345 50 345 50
740 29.5R25 414 60 414 60 414 60 372 54 372 54 372 54850/65R25
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