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Guidebook forHandling, Storing, &
Dispensing Fuel Ethanol
Prepared for the
U.S. Department of Energy
by the Center for Transportation ResearchEnergy Systems Division
Argonne National Laboratory
A
L
TER
NAT
IVE - FUEL
VEH
IC
LE
S
MA
DE
FO
RTOMO R R
OW.
TOD
A
Y.
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1
WHY FUEL ETHA N O L? 2
EN ERG Y PO LIC Y AC T O F 1992 3
A LC O HO L- FUELED V EHIC LES 4
PRO DUC TIO N, PRO PERTIES, &
EN V IRO N M EN TA L IM PAC TS 5Production
Physica l Properties
Emissions
E85 FUEL SPEC IFIC ATIO N S & STA NDA RDS 8
ASTM Fuel Standard Specification
Seasonally Adjusted Blend
HydrocarbonsFuel Additives
E85 Q UA LITY A SSURA N C E 10
M A TERIA LS REC O M M EN DATIO N S 11
FUEL STO RAG E & DISPEN SIN G 12
General Dispensing Equipment
Aboveground Fuel-Storage Systems
Underground Fuel-Storage Systems
FUEL TRA N SPO RT & DELIV ERY 14
HA N DLIN G FUEL ETHA N O L 15
Visual Inspection
Hydrocarbon Content of the Fuel Ethanol
Electrical Conductivity
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SA FETY PRO C EDURES 17
Health C onsiderations
Fire Safety Considerations
Safety Codes
A p p e n d ix A : C o m p a riso n o f Fu e l Pro p e rtie s 1 9
Appendix B: AAMA Specif icat ionsfor Fue l Etha nol a s Disp e nse d
to Ve hic le s 20
A p p e n d ix C : G e o g ra p h ic a l
Fue l- M a rke ting Re g io ns 21
A p p e nd ix D: E85 Ship p ing Pro c e d ure s 23
Ap pe ndix E: M e thod to Determ ine the Total
Hyd ro c a rb o n C o nte nt o f A lc o ho l Fue l 24
Appe nd ix F: M ater ia l Sa fe ty Da ta Shee t fo r E85 25
FO R M O RE IN FO RM A TIO N , CA LL . . . 27
TRO UBLESHO O TERS G UIDE 29
Ta b le 1 Pro p e rtie s o f Fue l Etha no l 7
Ta ble 2 ASTM D 5798 Stand a rd Spe c ifica tion
for Fue l Etha nol for Autom otive Spa rk-
Ig nitio n Eng ine s 9
Ta b le 3 First Aid Trea tm e nts for Exp osure toFue l Etha nol 18
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Concern about our countrys dependence on for-
eign petroleum and about the environment has led to
development of alternative fuels in the transportation sec-
tor. By switching to these new fuels and vehicle technolo-
gies, fleet owners are leading the way to energy security
and c leaner air. Alcohol fuels* and, in particular, fuels of
ethyl alcohol (also known as ethanol) blended with gaso-
line are well-suited forreplacing gasoline in light-duty vehi-
cles and diesel fuel in trucks and
buses. The other fuel alcohol
commercially available today is
methanol. Although it sounds similar
to ethanol,it is derived from different
sources, its properties are quite dif-
ferent, and it cannot be used in
place of ethanol.
Currently, a small amount of
ethanol (10% by volume) is added to
gasoline to increase the octane rat-
ing and to provide oxygen to
decrease tail-pipe emissions of car-
bon monoxide (CO); the resulting
fuel blend, called gasohol by the public and E10 by the
industry in the United States, is a widely accepted vehiclefuel. New vehicle technologies have been developed
that can use blends having higher concentrations of
ethanol in gasoline as fuels while achieving reliable,
low-emission operation. The new flexible-fuel vehicles
operate on blends of up to 85% ethanol (known as E85).
The gasoline in E85 makes the vehicle easier to start in
cold weather and increases the vehicles range.
Spec ifications, technical standards, handling proce-dures, and refueling equipment for fuel ethanol have
been developing at a rapid pace. Because of the limited
experience with ethanol blends as fuels, research and
data collection from vehicles in the field will be continuing
for some time. Fuel distributors and fuel producers, as well
as managers responsible for operating these new fleets of
ethanol-powered vehicles, need prac tical information to
successfully use this renewable alternative fuel.
This guidebook provides accurate
and up-to-date information based
on proven practices developed by
experienced fuel providers, fleet
managers, and vehicle manufac -
turers for successfully using fuel
ethanol in vehicles. Safe and envi-
ronmentally responsible working pro-
cedures and simple tests to assessfuel quality in the field are presented.
In the near future, as market
conditions demand, vehicles in the
field may need to operate on
blends having ethanol concen-
trations different from E85.No matter
what the blend, the basic prac tices for handling and
using fuel ethanol remain the same you can apply theinformation presented in this guidebook to all expected
new blends.
WHY FUEL ETHANOL?
* Alcohol fuel blends are designated by E for ethanol or M for methanol,followed by a number representing the percentage of a lcohol (by volume)in the blend.The ethanol used in fuel blends is denatured and can containup to 5% hydrocarbons (gasoline or gasoline-like a dditives) before b lend-ing. Additional gasoline is added to the ethanol to make up the desiredpercentage in the blend. The fuel E10, or gasohol, is 10% denatured
ethanol blended with 90% gasoline; E85, commonly called fuel ethanol, is70-85% denatured ethanol blended with 30-15% hydrocarbons; and E100 is100% denatured ethanol.
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The Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPACT) addresses the
energy challenges facing our country as we approach
the next century, including lessening our dependence on
foreign oil. Under this law, the Secretary of Energy is
required to . . . ensure the availability of those replace-
ment fuels that will have the greatest impact in
reducing oil imports, improving the health of our Nations
economy,and reducing greenhousegas emissions.
According to EPACT, alternative
fuels include ethanol,methanol,and
other alcohols; mixtures containing
85% or more by volume of methanol,
ethanol,or other alcohols with gaso-
line or other fuels; natural gas; lique-
fied petroleum gas; coal-derived liq-uid fuels; hydrogen; fuels (other than
alcohols) derived from biological
materials; electricity; and any other
fuel the Secretary of Energy deter-
mines is substantially not petroleum.
EPACT established the purchase
requirements for alternative-fueled vehicles (AFVs) for
Federal,state government, and fuel-provider fleets. If theSecretary of Energy determines that EPACT goals will not
be met with only the a bove requirements, municipal and
p r i v a t e
sector fleets may be required to purchase AFVs. Also
established were tax incentives for purchasing AFVs, for
converting gasoline vehicles to operate on alternative
fuels, and for installing refueling or recharging fac ilities.
Other state and local financial incentive programs may
be available in your area. For up-to-date information on
these programs or on funding, financing, and incentives,
contac t the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) National
Alternative Fuels Hotline at 800-423-1DOE, the DOE
Alternative Fuels Data Center Internet home page at
http://www.afdc.doe.gov,or your state energy office.
ENERGY POLICY ACT OF 1992
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To safely and effectively operate your alcohol-fueled
fleet, the vehicles need to be compatible with alcohol
use.Aftermarket conversion of gasoline-powered vehicles
to alcohol-fueled vehicles, although possible, is not rec -
ommended because of the changes in component
materials necessary, the high cost, and the need for
extensive engine recalibration. In addition, the lac k
of widespread refueling facilitiesmakes operating vehicles dedi-
cated to alcohol fuel imprac tical.
To resolve refueling infrastruc-
ture problems, automakers have
developed vehicles,called flexible-
fuel vehicles (FFVs), that can oper-
ate on alcohol, gasoline, or any
blend of these fuels up to 85%alcohol (dedicated to either
methanol blends or denatured
ethanol blends).These vehicles are
designed to use a specific alcohol
fuel,either methanol or denatured
ethanol, and only the alcohol fuel
the vehicle is designed for can be used. Use of methanol
in an ethanol vehicle,and vice-versa, will result in improper
vehicle operation and could cause failure of fuel systemcomponents. Flexible-fuel vehicles manufactured by Ford
are available now in the marketplace. These vehicles are
fully warranted.You may take advantage of government
incentives and c redits if you purchase FFVs. Contac t the
DOE Nationa l Alternative Fuels Hotline (800-423-1DOE),or
your automobile dealer for an up-to-date list of available
vehicles. More information about FFVs can be found on
the DOE Alternative Fuels Data Center Internet homepage at http://www.afdc.doe.gov or by calling the E85
hotline (800-E85-8895).
Ethanol FFVs are similar to gasoline vehicles.The main
changes are new materials in the fuel management sys-
tem and spec ial engine calibration. In addition, FFVs
require special lubricating oils and fuel filters.
Flexible-fuel vehicles are fueled by pumping the fuel
from a storage tank through a dispenser and hose, just like
gasoline-powered vehicles. Differ-
ences in the fueling installations are
discussed later in this guidebook
(see M at er i a l s R ecom m endat i ons ,
Fue l Stora ge & Dispe nsing, and Fuel
Tran sp ort & De live ry). Although the
alcohol content of the blend while
it is in the storage tank may be
spec ified, the a lcohol content of
the fuel after it has been dispensedto the vehicle may be different
because of mixing with any existing
fuel in the vehicles tank.
Always follow the recommen-
dations of the manufac turer for
maintenance, lubricants, and
replacement parts for the vehicle. Training on alcohol-
fueled vehicles is helpful for a fleets mechanics,but if thespecified parts and lubricants are used, routine mainte-
nance can easily be performed.
ALCOHOL-FUELED VEHICLES
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5
Production
Ethanol is also known as ethyl alcohol or grain alco-
hol.Like gasoline,ethanol contains hydrogen and carbon,
but ethanol also contains oxygen in its chemical structure.
The oxygen makes ethanol a cleaner burning fuel than
gasoline.It can be produced chemically from ethylene or
biologically from grains, agricultural
wastes, or any material containingstarch or sugar. Because ethanol
can be produced from crops, it is
classified as a renewable fuel.
Todays ethanol is produced in the
United States mainly from corn
grown in the Midwest.One bushel of
corn (approximately 56 pounds)
produces 2.5 gallons of ethanol.*Because the gasoline or additives
in an ethanol blend make the
ethanol denatured (unfit to drink),
blends are exempt from Federal
liquor taxes.
It is a common misconception
that ethanol production c onsumes as much energy as the
ethanol may offer. Recent research has shown that pro-ducing ethanol from corn creates 24% more energy than
the production process uses. Due to the abundance of
natural gas, propane, and coal, ethanol produced from
these feedstocks has the potential to replace a significant
amount of petroleum imports.
Physical Properties
Properties of E85 are listed in Table 1.Ethanol is a flam-
mable,colorless liquid (E100 is clear like water) with a faint
alcohol odor, but ethanol fuel blends have a color that
depends on the color of the gasoline in the blend and
have a gasoline-like odor. One ga llon of E85 provides as
much energy as 0.72 gallon of gaso-
line. A comparison of the propertiesof E85 to those of methanol,ethanol,
and gasoline is found in A p p e n d ix A
of this guidebook.
Emissio ns
One of the benefits of using AFVs
is a reduction in the emission of pol-
lutants into the air we breathe.In general,the type of emissions from
vehicles using E85 will be similar to
that from gasoline-powered vehi-
cles,but the amount of emissions will
be less. The quantity of pollutants
released depends on how well the
vehicles emissions control system captures and burns
emissions and how well the engine is designed andtuned for using fuel ethanol. The emissions control
systems found on ethanol-powered vehicles manufac-
tured today have been engineered to meet or exceed all
Federal and state emissions control regulations.
PRODUCTION, PROPERTIES, &ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
MORE
* In addition to the ethanol, one bushel of corn produces 12.4 lb o f 21%protein feed , 3 lb of 60% gluten meal,1.5 lb of corn oil,and 17.0 lb of ca r-bon dioxide (for carbonated soft drinks).
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6
PRODUCTION, PROPERTIES, &ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS (cont.)
Two types of emissions are released by AFVs: exhaustand evaporative. Although compliance with Federal
and state regulations has already resulted in a decrease
in exhaust emissions from gasoline-powered vehicles,
ethanol-fueled vehicles can further reduce pollution from
emissions by a modest, but meaningful, amount.
Compared with gasoline-fueled vehicles, most ethanol-
fueled vehicles produce lower carbon monoxide (CO)
and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and the same or
lower levels of hydrocarbon (HC) and nonmethane hydro-carbon (NMHC) emissions; nitrogen oxides (NOx) emis-
sions are about the same or even less. In recent tests,1996
model Ford Taurus FFVs emitted 50% less NMHC and 35%
less CO when running with E85 than when running with
reformulated gasoline (RFG). No change was reported for
NOx. In addition, once at operating temperature,
the catalytic converter in an ethanol-fueled vehicle is
very efficient at breaking down aldehydes into less harm-ful chemicals.(Aldehydes are chemical compounds asso-
ciated with incomplete combustion of alcohol that are
suspec ted of being carcinogenic).
Emissions resulting from fuel evaporation are a poten-
tial problem for any vehicle, regardless of the fuel. More
emissions can leak from a vehicle when it is sitting than
when it is operating! The built-up heat in the engine
compartment, and sometimes even the heat reflectedfrom the pavement onto the fuel tank, can cause the
most volatile parts of the fuel to boil off and leak into
the air, causing pollution. E85 has fewer highly volatile
components than gasoline and so has fewer emissionsresulting from evaporation. Ethanols low volatility means
that it needs help in igniting at low temperatures thats
why gasoline and other hydrocarbons are added to the
fuel. Without hydrocarbons in the blend, an ethanol-
fueled vehicle may be hard to start when the engine is
cold, especially in wintertime.
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7
TABLE 1 PROPERTIES OF FUEL ETHANOL
Pro p e rty C o m m e nt
Va po r de nsity Ethanol vapor, like gasoline vapor, is denser than air and tends to settlein low areas.However,ethanol vapor disperses rapidly.
Solub ility in wa ter Fuel ethanol will mix with water,but at high enough concentrations ofwater, the ethanol will separate from the gasoline.
Ene rgy c ontent For identical volumes, ethanol contains less energy than gasoline. Onan energy basis,1.0 gallon of E85 is equivalent to 0.72 gallon of gasoline.
Fla m e visib ility A fuel ethanol flame is less bright than a gasoline flame but is easilyvisible in daylight.
Spe c ific g ravity Pure ethanol and ethanol blends are heavier than gasoline.
Conductivi ty Ethanol and ethanol blends conduct electricity. Gasoline, by contrast,is an electrica l insulator.
Stoichiom e tric fuel- to-a ir rat io E85 needs more fuel per pound of air than gasoline; therefore, E85cannot be used in a conventional vehicle.
Tox ic ity Ethanol is less toxic than gasoline or methanol.C arcinogenic compoundsare not present in pure ethanol; however,because gasoline is used in theblend, E85 is considered to be potentially carcinogenic.
Flammabil i ty At low temperature (32 F),E85 vapor is more flammable than gasolinevapor. However at normal temperatures, E85 vapor is less flammable
than gasoline, because of the higher autoignition temperature of E85.
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8
Alcohols are more corrosive than gasoline because
they are electrically conductive and may contain
corrosive impurities.Alcohols may degrade materials that
are commonly used with gasoline or diesel fuel. You
can reduce the chance for failure or contamination
of alcohol equipment and systems by selecting proper
materials and by controlling fuel composition.
The American Soc iety for Testing
and Materials (ASTM) and the
American Automobile Manufacturers
Association (AAMA) have estab-
lished standards for E85. While the
two standards are similar, only the
ASTM standard (Table 2) is discussed
in this sec tion. For your information, a
copy of the AAMA specification
appears in A p p e n d ix B .
ASTM Fue l Stan da rd Spe c ifica t ion
(ASTM D 5798 )
The ASTM standard spec ifica-
tion for fuel ethanol, designated
ASTM Ed75-Ed85 (where d stands for
denatured), covers fuel blends for different seasons
and geographical areas. These spec ifications, shown inTable 2, represent the minimum commercial standards
and reflect the consensus of many stakeholders. The
ethanol and hydrocarbon denaturant used in making fuel
ethanol must meet the requirements of ASTM D 4806.
Se a sona l ly Ad justed Ble nd
The amount of alcohol in the fuel ethanol blend
depends on the geographical fuel-marketing region and
the season. (A c omplete breakdown by volatility class for
the geographical fuel regions can be found in Appe ndix C .)
In cold weather, more gasoline is added to the blend to
avoid starting problems. A minimum of 70% by volume
of alcohol is permitted in the winter blend by the ASTM
fuel standard.
H y dr oc a r bons
The hydrocarbon(s) blended
into the fuel ethanol must comply
with several of the same standards
as gasoline. The hydrocarbon may
contain ethyl tertiary butylether (ETBE),
methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE),or
other aliphatic ethers as blending
components, as is customary forautomobile spark-ignition-engine
fuel. Natural gasoline, commonly
used as the denaturant of fuel
ethanol, is an excellent blend stock
for the hydrocarbon portion of E85.
Fue l Add itives
Commercial gasoline contains additives, detergents,
and inhibitors, as well as hydrocarbons. Federal law
requires that the hydrocarbon portion of E85 contain
detergent additives. After blending the gasoline with
denatured alcohol to make E85,any additives that were
in the gasoline are now in the E85 (although at reduced
levels). In some states in the United States, certain
detergents used in commercial gasoline, such as
E85 FUEL SPECIFICATIONS &STANDARDS
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9
polyisobutylene amine, have performed poorly in FFV
operation. If these additives get into the fuel ethanol,precipitation and deposition in the FFVs fuel system may
TABLE 2 ASTM D 5798 STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR FUEL ETHANOL (Ed75-Ed85)FOR AUTOMOTIVE SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES
Pro p e rty Va lue fo r C la ss Te st M e tho d
ASTM vola tility c lass 1 2 3 N/A
Ethanol , p lus h ighe r a lc ohols (m inimum , volume %) 79 74 70 ASTM D 5501
Hydrocarbons ( inc luding denaturant ) / (volume %) 17-21 17-26 17-30 ASTM D 4815
Va po r pressure a t 37.8C
k Pa 38-59 48-65 66-83 ASTM D 4953,D 5190,D 5191p si 5.5-8.5 7.0-9.5 9.5-12.0
Le a d ( m a x im u m , m g / L) 2.6 2.6 3.9 ASTM D 5059
Phosphor us ( m a x im um , m g/ L) 0.3 0.3 0.4 ASTM D 3231
Su lfu r ( m a x im um , m g / kg ) 210 260 300 ASTM D 3120, D 1266, D 2622
M e th a n o l ( m a x im u m , v o lu m e % ) 0.5 N/A
H ighe r a lipha tic a lcoho ls, C 3 - C 8 ( m a x im um , vo lum e % ) 2 N/A
W a te r ( m a x im u m , m a ss % ) 1.0 ASTM E 203
A c i d ity a s a c e t ic a c i d (m a x im u m , m g / k g ) 50 ASTM D 1613
In o rg a n ic c h lo rid e ( m a x im u m , m g / k g ) 1 ASTM D 512,D7988
Tot a l ch lo r ine a s ch lo r ide s (m a x im um , m g / kg ) 2 ASTM D 4929
G u m , u nw a sh e d ( m a x im u m , m g / 1 00 m L) 20 ASTM D 381
G u m , so lv e n t- w a s he d ( m a x im u m , m g / 1 0 0 m L) 5.0 ASTM D 381
C o p p e r ( m a x im u m , m g / L) 0.07 ASTM D 1688
A p p e a r a n c e Product shall be visibly free of Appearance determined atsuspended or precipitated ambient temperature or 21C
contaminants (shall be clear (70F),whichever is higher.and bright).
N/A = Not applicable.
result.The best way to avoid this problem is to use natural
gasoline in the E85 blend, if it is available in your area.
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10
Once your E85 refueling station has been installed,
taking simple operational precautions can assure fuel
quality.A periodic check of fuel properties will avoid cost-
ly damage to vehicles operating with E85.Some of these
checks may be performed in the field, but others may
require the services of a spec ialized laboratory. A list of
some of these laboratories may be obtained by calling
the U.S DOE National Alternative
Fuels Hotline (800-423-1DOE).
For a new fuel station, the
following properties of E85, at a
minimum, should be checked within
a few days of the start of operation:
Conductivity (see Electr ical
Conductivi ty on page 16),
Unwashed gum content,
Water content,and
Particulate content.
After the refueling station has
reached normal operation, test the fuel periodica lly. At a
minimum, the following items should be checked every1-2 months, depending on how frequently the station is
used. Also, any time you suspect your fuel is contaminat-
ed,check these properties:
Hydrocarbon content (see H ydroc a rbon C ont en t o f
the Fuel Ethano lon page 16),
Reid vapor pressure,
Water content,and
Acidity.
Because it is possible to perform the conductivity test
and the test for hydrocarbon content in the field, these
tests should be performed more often.More details about
these tests may be found in
Handling Fuel Ethanol(page 15).
If you need to send a fuel sam-
ple to a laboratory,you will find infor-
mation on shipping procedures inA p p e n d i x D ; always remember to
follow the shippers requirements for
packaging hazardous materials.
E85 QUALITY ASSURANCE
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Up to this point,you have been told what your equip-
ment supplier should do to make your installation com-
patible with alcohol fuels and what your fuel provider
should do to deliver uncontaminated fuel ethanol. Now
its time to explain how you should handle E85 to keep
your customers vehicles operating properly and safely.
As with any other fuel,common
sense should govern handling of fuelethanol. The procedures are similar
to those for handling gasoline.
Following the recommendations
below at your installation should
keep your employees and cus-
tomers safe, prevent contamination
of the fuel, and protect your equip-
ment from degradation.
Avoid skin or vapor contact
with E85. If you are handling E85,
always wear ethanol-resistant gloves
(such as nitrile gloves). In the event
of contact, seek medical help (also
see Sa fe ty Proc ed ureson page 17).
Use only equipment that is recommended for use
with ethanol. Do not use parts or equipment for handling
and dispensing E85 fuel that are designed for use with
other fuels (see pages 11-13).
Be sure that the fuel ethanol is transported and
delivered to you in an ethanol-compatible, dedicated
tank; in a gasoline tank; or, if necessary, in a tank that has
been cleaned by following the recommendations on
page 14.
Do not reuse cans or barrels that have contained
other fuels to store or transport fuel ethanol. Other fuels
can leave residues that may contaminate E85.New con-
tainers are always preferable. Dedicate them to fuel
ethanol use!
If your refueling station is used less often than once
a week, recycle the fuel contained
in the hose between the nozzle andthe filter. If E85 is in contact with the
hose material for a long period of
time, the hose may degrade and
become a source for contamination
that cannot be trapped by the filter.
At least weekly, fill a one-gallon E85-
compatible container with fuel from
the nozzle and return the fuel to the
storage tank. (Although a quart
would probably be enough to drain
the hose,draw a gallon to be on the
safe side.)
E85 from your storage tank
should be tested on a regular basis
for appearance, hydrocarbon content, and electrica l
conductivity (see the following sections for directions onhow to perform these tests).Put samples to be tested into
alcohol-compatible containers. Stainless steel c ontainers,
steel containers with epoxy liners, or glass containers are
recommended for use in sampling and testing.
Visua l Inspe c tion
Visual inspection may be the least expensive and
most efficient way to check for possible contamination of
alcohol fuel.Fuels must be completely clear and free from
HANDLING FUEL ETHANOL
MORE
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16
visible particulates.Particulates indicate contamination; if
they are found, immediately begin an investigation into
the source of the contamination.
At least two samples should be visually examined.
Pour one sample of fuel from the dispenser hose into a
quart-sized clear glass container and inspect the liquid.
Remember that this first quart is the fuel that was stored in
the dispenser hose between the nozzle and the filter. Ifparticulates are found in the first sample, the hose has
begun to degrade. Draw more fuel through the hose into
a compatible container until you are sure you have emp-
tied the hose and are dispensing fuel from the tank. (This
fuel can be returned to the tank later if no particulates
are found in the test sample to be drawn next.) Then draw
another quart sample of fuel into a separate glass con-
tainer and observe the liquid. If particulates are found in
the second sample,fuel in the tank has become contam-
inated. If particulates are found in either sample, do not
dispense any fuel until the problem has been identified
and corrected. Contac t your fuel provider for assistance.
Hydroca rbo n C ontent of the Fuel Ethanol
If you are experiencing poor vehicle performance,
the hydrocarbon content in the fuel blend may be too
low.The FFVs produced in the United States today havealcohol sensors as standard equipment,but storage tanks
rarely are equipped with this kind of sensor. Checking the
hydrocarbon content of the fuel in the tank is inexpensive
and fast use the procedure described in A p p e n d ix E .
Check the hydrocarbon content as a standard proce-
dure once every month,after each fuel delivery, or when
drivers report a c hange in vehicle performance. If the
hydrocarbon content is too high or too low,contac t your
fuel provider for assistance.
Remember that the blend you are dispensing from
the storage tank may be different from the blend inside
the vehicle because of mixing with fuel already in the
vehicle tank. If vehicles are experiencing performance
problems, you may need to check the hydrocarbon
content of the fuel in the vehicles tank as well as in the
storage tank.
Elec trica l Con duc tivi ty
The electrical conductivity of the fuel ethanol is
a measure of the fuels quality. High conductivity is a sign
of corrosivity of the fuel and may indicate the presence
of metal in the fuel,which could be the result of material
or equipment degradation. If you use fuel whose con-
ductivity is higher than specification, your vehicles will
not operate properly. A conductivity value of no more
than 500 micro-mhos/meter is recommended (mhois sometimes abbreviated as S). If the conductivity read-
ing is outside specification, contac t your fuel provider
for assistance.
Measuring the electrical conductivity of the fuel sam-
ple with a conductivity meter is easy.Follow the manufac-
turers instructions.
Check the AAMA specification for fuel ethanol toobtain more details about recommended conductivity
meters. Check the fuels conductivity every time one-
quarter of the storage tank has been dispensed or every
two weeks,whichever occurs sooner.
HANDLING FUEL ETHANOL (cont.)
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APPENDIX B: AAMA Specifications for Fuel Ethanol (Ed75-Ed85) asDispensed to Vehicles (Purged or Unpurged Dispenser)
Pro p e rty Va lue fo r C la ss Te st M e tho d
ASTM vola t il ity c lass (a pp l ic a t ions pe r ASTM D 481 4) 1 2 3
Ethanol , p lus h ighe r a lco hols (m inimum , volume %) 79 74 70 ASTM D 5501
Hydroca rbo ns ( inc luding de na tura nt ) / (volume % ) 17-21 17-26 17-30 N/A
Va po r pressure a t 37.8C
k Pa 38-59 48-65 66-83 ASTM D 4953, D 5190,p si 5.5-8.5 7.0-9.5 9.5-12.0 D 5191,D5482
O c t a n e TBD N/A
H ighe r a l ipha tic a lco ho ls, C 3 - C 8 ( m a x im um , vo lum e % ) 2 ASTM D 5501
A c i d ity a s a c e t ic a c i d (m a x im u m , m g / k g ) 50 ASTM D 1613
C h lo rid e i o n ( m a x im u m , m g / k g ) 1 Ion chromatography
Tot a l ch lo r ine as ch l o ride s (m ax i m um , m g/ kg ) 2 ASTM D 4929, Method B
Ele ct r ica l Co nduc t iv ity (m a ximum , m ic ro S/ m ) 500 ASTM D 1125
G u m , u nw a sh e d ( m a x im u m , m g / 1 0 0 m L) 20 ASTM D 381
G u m , w a sh e d ( m a x im u m , m g / 1 00 m L) 5.0 ASTM D 381
Par ticu l a t es ( m a x im um , m g / L) 0.1 ASTM D 2276
A lu m in u m ( m a x im u m , m g / L) 0.03
Iro n ( m a x im u m , m g / L) 0.1
Filter plug g ing TBD N/A
Le a d ( m a x im u m , m g / L) 2.6 ASTM D 3229
Phosphor us ( m a x im um , m g / L) 0.2 ASTM D 3231
Su lfu r ( m a x im um , m g/ kg ) 50.0 ASTM D 3120,D 1266,D 2622
W a te r ( m a x im u m , m a ss %) 1.0 ASTM E 203
D e n a t ura n t ( m a x im u m , % ) 5.0 ASTM D 4806
A p p e a r a n c e Product shall be visibly free of Use a strong beam of lightsuspended or precipitated aimed diagonally towardcontaminants (shall be clear the eye and view throughand bright). a clear glass 250 mLbeaker.
N/A = Not applicable.TBD = To be determined.
ICP-Atomic emissionspectroscopy
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APPENDIX C: Geographical Fuel-Marketing Regions (cont.)
Volat il ity C lass by M onth
Sta te a nd Fue l- M a rke ting Re g io n Ja n Fe b M a rc h A p ril M a y June July A ug Se p t O c t N ov De c
Minnesota 3 3 3 3 3/ 2 2/1 1 1/2 2 2/3 3 3M ississipp i 2 2 2 2/1 1 1 1 1 1 1/2 2 2M issouri 3 3 3 3/2 2/1 1 1 1 1/2 2/3 3 3M o n t a n a 3 3 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1/2 2/3 3 3 3N ebr aska 3 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1/2 2 2/3 3 3N e v a d a
North of 38 latitude 3 3 3 3/2 2 2 2/1 1/2 2 2/3 3 3South of 38 latitude 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1 1 1/2 2 2/3 3
New Hampshire 3 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1/2 2 2/3 3 3
Ne w Jersey 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1 1 1/2 2 2/3 3N e w M e x ic o North of 34 latitude 3 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1 1/2 2/3 3 3South of 34 latitude 3 3 3/2 2/1 1 1 1 1 1 1/2 2/3 3
Ne w York
North of 42 latitude 3 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1/2 2 2/3 3 3South of 42 latitude 3 3 3 3/2 2/1 1 1 1 1/2 2 2/3 3
No rth C a rol ina 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1 1 1/2 2/3 3 3North Da kota 3 3 3 3 3/2 2/1 1 1/2 2 2/3 3 3Ohio 3 3 3 3/2 2/1 1 1 1 1/2 2/3 3 3
O k l a h o m a 3 3 3 3/2 2/1 1 1 1 1/2 2 2/3 3O r e g o n East of 122 longitude 3 3 3 3/2 2 2 2/1 1/2 2 2/3 3 3West of 122 longitude 3 3/2 2 2 2 2/1 1 1 1/2 2 2 2/3
Pe nnsylva nia
North of 41 latitude 3 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1/2 2 2/3 3 3South of 41 latitude 3 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1 1/2 2 2/3 3
Rhode Island 3 3 3 3/2 2/1 1 1 1 1/2 2 2/3 3Sou th C a rolina 2 2 2 2/1 1 1 1 1 1 1/2 2 2South Da kota 3 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1/2 2 2/3 3 3
Te nne sse e 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1 1 1/2 2 2/3 3Tex a sNorth of 31 latitude 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1 1 1/2 2 2/3 3South of 31 latitude 2 2 2 2/1 1 1 1 1 1 1/2 2 2
Utah 3 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1 1/2 2/3 3 3V er m ont 3 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1/2 2 2/3 3 3Virg inia 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1 1 1/2 2 2/3 3Washington
East of 122 longitude 3 3 3/2 2 2 2/1 1 1 1/2 2/3 3 3West of 122 longitude 3 3/2 2 2 2 2/1 1 1 1/2 2 2 2/3
We st Virg inia 3 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1/2 2 2/3 3 3Wisconsin 3 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1 1/2 2 2/3 3 3Wyoming 3 3 3 3 3/2 2 2/1 1/2 2 2/3 3 3
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APPENDIX F: Material Safety Data Sheet for E85 (cont.)
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APPENDIX F: Material Safety Data Sheet for E85 (cont.)
Page 2 * U.S.G.P.O.: 1986-491-529/45775
Section V Reactivity Data
Stability Unstable Conditions to Avoid
None in normal use.Stable
XIncompatibility (Materials to Avoid)
May react vigorously with oxidizing materials.Hazardous Decomposition or ByproductsCombustion may produce COx, NOx and reactive hydrocarbons.
HazardousPolymerization
May Occur Conditions to Avoid
None in normal use.Will Not Occur
X
Section VI Health Hazard Data
Route(s) of Entry: Inhalation?
(A)Skin?
(B)Ingestion?
(C)Health Hazards (Acute and Chronic)
(A) May cause mucous membrane irritation; unconsciousness; coma; respiratory failure and death.
(B) May cause skin irritation as a result of defatting. (C) Moderately toxic (LD50 0.5 to
5 G/Kg), gastrointestinal irritation, vomiting, CNX depression, coma.Carcinogenicity: NTP?
Not determinedIARC Monographs??
Not determinedOSHA Regulated?
Yes
Signs and Symptoms of Exposure
May cause dizziness, loss of balance and coordination.
Medical Conditions
Generally Aggravated by Exposure Not determined.
Emergency and First Aid Procedures
If swallowed, do not induce vomiting. If inhaled, remove person to fresh air. Give artificialrespiration if breathing has stopped. Call a physician. If splashed in eyes or on skin, flushimmediately with copious amounts of water.
Section VII Precautions for Safe Handling and Use
Steps to be Taken in Case Material is Released or Spilled
Eliminate all sources of ignition. Small spills should be flushed with large quantities
of water. Large spills should be collected for waste disposal.
Waste Disposal Method
Do not allow to enter sewers where vapors may become ignited. Incinerate infurnace where permitted under appropriate federal, state & local regulations or dispose of ina site stipulated for hazardous materials.
Precautions to Be Taken in Handling and Storage
Keep away from heat, sparks, & open flames. Keep container closed. Use with adequate
ventilation.Other Precautions
Use explosion proof electrical equipment and non-sparking tools. Ground electrical
equipment.
Section VIII Control Measures
Respiratory Protection (Specify Type)
Air supplied mask for high concentrations.Ventilation Local Exhaust
PreferredSpecial
NoneMechanical (General)
AcceptableOther
NoneProtective Gloves
RubberEye Protection
GogglesOuter Protective Clothing or Equipment
Eye bath and safety shower.Work/Hygienic Practices
NA
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G e n e r a l
U.S.Department of EnergyAlternative Fuels Data CenterNational Alternative Fuels HotlineP.O.Box 12316Arlington,VA 22209703-528-3500 (User Support Services)800-423-1DOE (Toll-Free)e-mail: hotline@afdc.nrel.gov
Governors Ethanol CoalitionNebraska Energy OfficeThe Atrium, First Floor, 1200 N StreetP.O.Box 95085Lincoln,NE 68509402-471-2867Contac t: Robert Harris
National C orn Growers Assoc iation1000 Exec utive Parkway,Suite 105St.Louis,MO 63141314-275-9915
National Ethanol Vehicle Coalition*1648 Highway 179J efferson City,MO 65109573-635-8445800-E85-8895Contac t: Phillip Lampert
National Renewable Energy Laboratory1617 Cole BoulevardGolden, CO 80401-3393303-275-4481Contac t: Norm Hinman,Biofuels Program Manager
Renewable Fuels AssociationOne Massachusetts Avenue, N.W.,Suite 820Washington,DC 20001
202-289-3855
U.S.Environmental Protection AgencyDivision of Regulatory Programs & Technology2565 Plymouth RoadAnn Arbor,MI 48105313-668-4296
Ethanol Fuel C od e s and Sa fe ty
National Fire Protection Association
1 Batterymarch ParkP.O.Box 9101Quincy, MA 02269-9101617-984-7407Contac t: Ted Lemoff
Standards
American Automobile Manufac turers Assoc iation1401 H Street, N.W.,Suite 900Washington, DC 20005-2110202-326-5500
American Society for Testing and Materials100 Bar Harbor DriveWest C onshohocken,PA 19428-2959Publication and Customer Service610-832-9585
Society of Automotive Engineers400 Commonwealth DriveWarrendale, PA 15096-0001412-776-5760
Mater ia ls
Convault4109 Zeering RoadDenair,CA 95316209-632-7571
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL . . .
MORE* For the name of a contact nearest your area, ca ll the National EthanolVehicle Coa lition at 800-E85-8895.
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Cuno Separations Systems50 Kerry Place
Norwood,MA 02062800-367-6805
EMCO Wheaton4001 Weston ParkwayCary,NC 27513800-285-3626
Gasboy of Canada Ltd.430-T Industrial Road
London, Ontario, Canada N5V 1T5519-453-5340
Goodall Rubber Co.Grover Mill Road, Suite 203Lawrenceville,NJ 08648609-799-2000
Goodyear331 McCarter Hwy
Newark,NJ 07114201-242-5550
OPW Fueling Components9393 Princeton-Glendale RoadP.O. Box 405003Cincinnati,OH 45240-5003800-947-6976
Tokheim Co.
1123 C Avenue NWP.O. Box 74062-TCedar Rapids,IA 52407319-362-4847
U-Fuel, Inc.306 Barstow StreetP.O. Drawer 1511Eau C laire, WI 54702715-836-0905
Alte rnative Fuel Vehicle s
Chrysler Corp.Alternative Fuel Vehicle Sales and Marketing27777 Franklin RoadSouthfield, MI 48034810-984-3644Contact: Mike C lement
Ford Motor Co.Alternative Fuels ProgramThe American Road
Dearborn,MI 48121800-ALT-FUEL
General Motors Corp.Automotive Emissions Control3044 West Grand BoulevardDetroit, MI 48202313-556-7723Contact: Gerald Barnes,Manager
DOE Alternative Fuels Data CenterNationa l Alternative Fuels HotlineP.O.Box 12316Arlington,VA 22209703-528-3500 (User Support Services)800-423-1DOE (Toll-Free)e-mail: hotline@afdc.nrel.gov
Alco hol-Fueled Ve hicle Te c hnician Tra ining
Central Community College, Platte CampusP.O.Box 1027Columbus,NE 68602-1027402-562-1280Contact: Doug Pauley
Conta iners
Labelmaster5724 N. Pulaski RoadChicago, IL 60646-6797800-621-5808
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL . . . (cont.)
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?Remember that a vehicle is a complex mac hine, so
most of the vehicles problems are not related to its fuel.
Always follow the directions and recommendations from
the owners manual supplied with the vehicle by the man-
ufacturer.
Prob lem : Vehic le do es not star t, id le is irre gular, la ck of
pow e r a nd you suspe ct that fuel is a c ontributing fa ctor
Solution:
Check the hydrocarbon content of the fuel. If your
vehicle is equipped with an alcohol sensor,read the num-
ber from your onboard display; if you do not have an
alcohol sensor,refer to Appendix E for direc tions on how to
measure the hydrocarbon content. Contact your fuel
provider to see how to modify the fuel to get the correct
hydrocarbon content.
If you have an electrical conductivity meter, check
the conductivity of the fuel. Check all equipment and
material in contact with the fuel for incompatibility and
possible degradation. Contact your fuel provider and
equipment supplier for assistance.
C heck the fuel filter in the vehicle. If deposits are
present,call your fuel provider or the vehicle manufactur-
er for assistance.
Prob lem : Fue l sa m ple is not c lea r and / or pa rt ic les are
pre se nt in the fuel
Solution:
The fuel has become contaminated. Check the
refueling facility for materials compatibility problems.
Check for excessive wear or degradation of nozzle,hoses,
filters,etc.Check for possible external sources of contam-
ination (for example, dirt around the nozzle or refueling
valve) and remedy them. Contac t your fuel provider and
equipment supplier for assistance.
Problem: Fuel sample e lect r ica l conduct iv i ty reading is
too h igh (ove r 500 m ic ro S/ m )
Solution:
The fuel has become contaminated. Check the
refueling facility for materials compatibility problems.
Check for excessive wear or degradation of nozzle,hoses,
filters,etc.Check for possible external sources of contam-
ination (for example, dirt around the nozzle or refueling
valve) and remedy them. Contac t your fuel provider and
equipment supplier for assistance.
Prob lem : White pow de ry de po sits on the no zzle
Solution:
Check the nozzle material for compatibility with
ethanol. Contac t your equipment supplier or the nozzle
manufac turer for assistance.
Prob lem : Del ive ry of the fue l to the ve hicle is slow o r no
fue l is c om ing throug h the n ozzle
Solution:
Check the electrical connection to the fuel pump.
Check the filter to see if it is plugged. Look for possible
causes of material degradation before the filter. Look for
possible external sources of contamination. Contac t your
fuel provider or equipment supplier for assistance.
TROUBLESHOOTERS GUIDE
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