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EUMETSAT Met. Sat. Conf. 2006: Kaiser et al., Biomass Burning Emissions 1
Observation Requirements for Global Biomass Burning Emission Monitoring
J.W. Kaiser 1, M.G. Schultz 2, J.−M. Gregoire 3, C. Textor 4 , E. Bartholomé 3, M. Leroy 5 , R. Engelen 1, A. Hollingsworth 1
1 ECMWF, Reading, UK2 FZ Jülich, Jülich, Germany3 JRC, Ispra, Italy4 CNRS, Paris, France5 Medias-France, Toulouse, France
EUMETSAT Met. Sat. Conf. 2006: Kaiser et al., Biomass Burning Emissions 2
OUTLINE
IntroductionAtmosphere MonitoringLand MonitoringObservation SystemSummary
EUMETSAT Met. Sat. Conf. 2006: Kaiser et al., Biomass Burning Emissions 3
INTRODUCTION: Biomass Burning (BB) in GMES
GMES aims at designing and establishing a European capacity for the provision and use of operational services for Global Monitoring of Environment and Security.
The FP6 IP GEMS develops the atmosphere monitoring system for GMES.
The FP6 IP GEOLAND develops the land monitoring system for GMES.
Biomass Burning (BB) is a major interface between both the atmosphere and land monitoring systems.
EUMETSAT Met. Sat. Conf. 2006: Kaiser et al., Biomass Burning Emissions 4
INTRODUCTION: Biomass Burning (BB) Emissions …
AIR QUALITY: … can dominate regional air quality in “severe air pollution” events … can elevate background of atmospheric pollutant after long range
transport [Stohl et al. 2001, Forster et al. 2001, Andreae et al. 2001]
POLLUTION CONTROL: … significantly contributes to global budgets of several gases
Kyoto, CLRTAP, …
WEATHER: (absorbing aerosols) … influences the radiative energy budget [Konzelmann et al., JGR 1996] … provides cloud condensation nuclei [Andreae et al., Science 2004] Heat release accelerates deep convection. [Damoah et al., ACP 2006]
REMOTE SENSING: … affects essential a priori information for remote sensing (AOD, profiles)
CHALLENGE: … are highly variable on all time scales from hours to decades
NOAA, 2005-12-11
EUMETSAT Met. Sat. Conf. 2006: Kaiser et al., Biomass Burning Emissions 5
ATMOSPHERIC MONITORING: GEMS Objectives
global operational system for monitoring & forecasting atmospheric composition
global retrospective analyses 2000-2007
several regional air-quality forecasting systems
EUMETSAT Met. Sat. Conf. 2006: Kaiser et al., Biomass Burning Emissions 6
ATMOS. MONITOR.: BB Observation Requirements
Product Types:amount emitted: aerosol, trace gases locationtime injection height profile
Availability:global~25 km spatial resolutionseveral hours to one day time resolution near-real time and retrospectively covering many years
(>8a)
EUMETSAT Met. Sat. Conf. 2006: Kaiser et al., Biomass Burning Emissions 7
LAND MONITORING: Selected Objectives
to model vegetation as part of the global carbon cycle quantitatively
including carbon flux due to fire
to characterise behaviour of land cover types with repeated fire events
typical fire repeat periodtypical fire intensitytypical fire seasonality…
to monitor land cover changepartially due to fire, e.g. tropical deforestation
EUMETSAT Met. Sat. Conf. 2006: Kaiser et al., Biomass Burning Emissions 8
LAND MONITORING: Fire Product Requirements
Products:amount of biomass burnttype of vegetation burntdate of fire
AvailabilityGlobal level products 25x25kmconsistent multi-year time series (>10a)
diurnal cycleseasonal distribution inter-annual changes
EUMETSAT Met. Sat. Conf. 2006: Kaiser et al., Biomass Burning Emissions 9
Two types of fire products accessible from Earth obs. systems
Area burnt
- Burnt area- Burnt pixel- Burnt scar
BURNT AREA product
Fire front- Active fire- Hot spot- Fire pixel- Fire count
ACTIVE FIRE product
OBSERVATIONS
• thermal emission, MIR• only during fire
• spectrally flat• BRDF flat• dark• only after fire
EUMETSAT Met. Sat. Conf. 2006: Kaiser et al., Biomass Burning Emissions 10
traditional:
Fire Radiative Power (FRP): M(…) = FRP * time * scaling factor * emission factor(…)
M (…) = Area . Biomass . Burning efficiency. Emission factor
Globe: ~ 400 millions hectares burnt in 2000Med. Basin: ~ 500000 hectares
Dry tropical grass savanna: ~ 2 tons/hectareMoist tropical savanna: ~ 10 tons/hectareBoreal forest: ~ 20 tons/hectareMoist tropical forest: ~ 40 tons/hectare
~ 25% forest -- ~ 80% savannaWoodland & forests~ 1600 g CO2 / kg biomassGrasslands~ 1700 g CO2 / kg biomass
Fuel: T. ha-1 ????
“pixels” burnt per vegetation type
Area burnt per vegetation type: ha
OBSERVATIONS: Calculating Emission Amounts
EUMETSAT Met. Sat. Conf. 2006: Kaiser et al., Biomass Burning Emissions 11
OBSERVATIONS: Existing Products (NRT)
Active Fire Products yes/no-fire-product from: MODIS, AATSR (WFA), MSG,
AVHRR (IGBP), TRMM-VIRS, SPOT-VGT (VGT2Africa) quantitative from: GOES-E/W (WF-ABBA), MODIS (FRP)
Large fires may saturate MIR channel (~4μ). Small fires are not detected.
Burnt Area from: AVHRR (GBA1992-1999), SPOT-VGT (GBA2000), AATSR (GLOBSCAR)
Accurate emission products often require small pixel sizes (~500m) and calibration with even smaller pixel sizes, e.g. BIRD.
EUMETSAT Met. Sat. Conf. 2006: Kaiser et al., Biomass Burning Emissions 12
Some Conclusions on Fire Products
No current product satisfies all requirements.LEO spatial coverage/resolution complements GEO temporal
resolution.Hot spots (tropical forest) complement burnt area products.
[C. Michel et al., JGR 2005]need regionalised approach
Many existing products are inconsistent. [Boschetti et al. 2004]
Several new operational products are anticipated. Fire Radiative Power from SEVIRI (M. Wooster) WF_ABBA from global GEO system (E. Prins) Burnt Area from MODIS (D. Roy) Burnt Area from VEGETATION 2000-2006 (GDBAv1) Burnt Area from GEOLAND (BAG)
EUMETSAT Met. Sat. Conf. 2006: Kaiser et al., Biomass Burning Emissions 13
PROPOSE: Global Fire Assimilation System (GFAS)combining complementary satellite observations with land
products and meteorologysingle, consistent processing for all GMES systems regionalised: events in mid-lat/boreal, statistics in tropics
geoland, …
GEMS
satellitefire product
satelliteradiance
land coverclimatology
fireclimatology
land coverproduct
fireproduct
Global FireAssimilation
System
global fireemissions
greenhousegases
reactivegases
aerosols
regionalair quality
carbon
meteorology
EUMETSAT Met. Sat. Conf. 2006: Kaiser et al., Biomass Burning Emissions 14
SUMMARY
Biomass Burning (BB) emissions are needed globally in near-real time as well as in consistent multi-year time series.
No suitable BB emission product is available. Principal shortcomings are accuracy, delivery time, temporal resolution, geographical coverage.
Various fire observations complement each other.
We propose the development of a Global Fire Assimilation System (GFAS) to serve the GMES requirements.
Product generation needs to exploit existing observations more completely.
FRP is very promising due to accuracy of emitted amount calculation and temporal resolution.
EUMETSAT Met. Sat. Conf. 2006: Kaiser et al., Biomass Burning Emissions 15
MORE INFORMATION
www.ecmwf.int/research/EU_projects/HALOwww.ecmwf.int/research/EU_projects/GEMSwww.gmes-geoland.info j.kaiser@ecmwf.int
This work has been funded by the European Commission through the FP6 projects HALO, GEMS, and GEOLAND.
THANK YOU!
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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