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Evaluating the Adequacy of the CNCPS Model
Luis Orlindo Tedeschi
Bertha Rueda-Maldonado
Francisco “Paco” Juárez-Lagunes
Mexican dual-purpose lactating cow evaluation
Descripción Entrada Unidades
Tipo de animal 2 Vacas lechera lactantes
Edad 66 Meses
Sexo 4 Vaca
Peso corporal 511 Kg
Raza 2 Cruzado (doble propósito)
Peso maduro 550 Kg
Condición Corporal 3 1 = flaca a 5 = gorda
Sistema de cruza 2 Dos vías
Raza de la Madre 17 Brahman
Raza del Padre 15 Holstein
Dias gestante 55 D
Días en lactancia 174 D
Lactación 5 #
Intervalo entre partos 13 Meses
Promedio del Hato 2866 Kg
Producción de leche 10 Kg/d
Grasa en leche 3.6 %
Proteína en leche 3.2 Kg%
Prod. De leche relativa 5 Escala de 1 a 9
Peso becerro al nacer 38 Kg
Edad al 1er parto 33 Meses
Descripción ambiental
Aditivo No
Velocidad del viento 16 Km/h
Temperatura previa 27 ºC
Humedad relativa previa 80 %
Temperatura actual 28 ºC
Humedad relativa actual 80 %
Horas luz solar 12 Horas
Exposicion a tormentas 1 Si
Temp. Min. Nocturna 18 ºC
Profundidad del pelo 0.6 Cm
Grosor de la capa 1 Delgada
Cubierta en el pelo 1 No lodo
Animales sofocados 1 No
Actividad Pastoreo intensivo
Pangola
SeñalInsurgentes
Mulato
Llanero
Privilegio MombazaTanzania
Estrella
BASE DE DATOS
BASE DE DATOSEdad
% M.sec
a
FDN, %
MS
Lig.,% FDN1
PC, % MS
Solubilidad % de
PC2
NNP, %
P.Sol3
PIDN, % PC4
PIDA, % PC5
E.E. % MS
MIN, % MS
FDN disp., %MS6
FDN no
disp., %MS7
CNE %
MS8
713.11
64.45 7.53 12.07 90.75 14.93 9.25 3.16 3.79 9.92 46.36 17.95 9.91
1419.53
63.11 5.37 14.16 92.48 16.70 7.52 4.35 3.35 9.87 50.23 12.73 9.67
2116.70
67.12 6.01 13.46 91.45 27.13 8.55 4.06 3.86 9.45 52.70 14.27 6.26
2813.57
66.14 4.89 12.19 91.39 5.56 8.61 4.05 3.92 9.46 54.40 11.61 8.41
3515.91
69.30 6.06 9.40 91.33 8.61 8.67 5.73 2.32 9.96 54.74 14.48 9.10
4219.28
65.70 7.00 4.97 84.12 2.69 15.88 5.89 2.69 8.82 48.90 16.76
17.85
4920.70
63.58 7.63 6.84 88.46 32.46 11.54 3.96 2.25 9.64 45.26 18.26
17.74
5618.45
68.70 7.06 9.43 90.83 11.01 9.17 5.80 3.85 10.17 51.75 16.87 7.93
6322.23
69.02 7.39 7.21 91.51 29.66 8.49 7.49 2.68 9.60 51.29 17.69
11.53
7023.19
71.75 7.51 4.84 90.36 18.83 9.64 10.31 0.80 9.90 53.73 17.99
12.73
7720.44
71.34 7.67 6.62 90.09 32.96 9.91 6.49 0.18 9.64 52.94 18.36
12.26
9621.15
72.75 8.11 4.50 88.33 36.48 11.67 12.95 0.14 9.65 53.29 19.44
12.99
Carbohydrate fractions of four tropical grasses.
Item TOTAL A B1 NDS B2 C
Andropogon 80.4x 10.6x 6.8x 17.4x 47.8y 15.2y
Brachiaria 79.7x 10.8x 4.7xy 15.5xy 50.6xy 13.5y
Cynodon 79.9x 7.9y 2.7y 10.7z 51.2x 18.0x
Panicum 77.8y 9.6xy 4.0y 13.6y 49.4xy 14.8y
SEM .12 .19 .26 .24 .32 .20P < .05
Fertilization effect on the carbohydrate fractions.
Item TOTAL A B1 NDS B2 C
Non-fertilized 83.7x 10.5x 4.5x 15.0x 53.9x 14.8y
Fertilized 75.2y 9.0y 4.6x 13.6x 45.6x 16.0x
SEM .06 .10 .13 .12 .16 .10
P < .10
Digestion rates based on gas production measurements.Item Andropogon Brachiaria Cynodon Panicum SEM Whole grassVol, mL 23.7x 23.0x 21.6y 23.6x .11Rate, %/h 5.1xy 5.2xy 4.8y 6.0x .10Lag, h 2.2y 2.4y 1.0z 3.0x .06 NDF fractionVol, mL 19.4x 18.6xy 17.5x 18.4xy .14Rate, %/h 7.3xy 8.4x 3.8z 6.8y .16Lag, h 4.5y 5.2y 4.6y 6.7x .14 NDS fractionVol, mL 4.3y 4.4y 4.1y 5.2x .08Rate, %/h 13.8y 27.4x 13.2y 8.6y .77Lag, h 1.2x .5x .1y .6x .11x,y,z Different superscript in each row differ (P < .05)
Protein fractionation of four tropical grasses ________________% CP________
Class CP,% DM
A BI B2 B3 C
Andropogon 9.1x 16.6y 2.4z 31.7yz 42.5x 6.7y
Brachiaria 9.0x 29.2x 12.9y 44.6x 9.9z 3.5z
Cynodon 8.3xy 12.3y 19.7x 29.2z 28.1y 10.6x
Panicum 7.2y 16.9y 10.7y 38.1xy 24.9y 9.4x
SEM .12 .77 .68 .86 1.06 .28
P < .05
Effect of N fertilization on protein fractionation __________% CP___________
Class CP,% DM
A B1 B2 B3 C
Non-fert. 5.9y 20.8x 9.3x 33.4y 27.6x 8.8x
Fertilized 10.9x 16.7x 13.5x 38.4x 25.1x 6.3x
SEM .06 .38 .34 .43 .53 .14
P < .10
Digestion Rate of NDF-N in Tropical Forages
F.I. Juarez, A.N. Pell, and J.B. Robertson.
Cornell University
INIFAP
Objectives
To measure the NDF-N digestion kinetics of tropical grasses.
To determine the effects of plant maturity and N fertilization on rate and extent of digestion.
Table 1. NDF-N x 6.25 content (%CP).
Grass n CP/DM NDF-N B3 C
Overall 35 8.2 35.0 27.8 7.2MSE 0.41 1.85 1.64 0.43
Andropogon 5 9.3 48.1 41.9 6.2Brachiaria 5 9.7 13.1 10.2 2.9Cynodon 5 8.8 38.8 29.6 9.2Panicum 5 8.2 34.2 26.1 8.1
MSE = Mean Standard Error.
Table 2. Effect of fertilization on NDF-N x 6.25 (%CP).
Variable NonFertilized
Fertilized MSE
CP/DM* 5.9 10.9 0.060NDF-N* 36.4 31.4 0.347B3 27.6 25.1 0.532C* 8.8 6.3 0.143
Every number is the mean of 8 observations.* Statistically different at P < 0.05.
Table 3. Effect of Age (days) on NDF-N x 6.25 (%CP).
Variable 28 35 42 MSE
CP/DM 7.7 a 6.3 b 5.5 c 0.119
NDF-N 34.9 ab 36.7 a 33.7 b 0.465
B3 28.8 a 28.1 a 25.4 b 0.484
C 6.1 a 8.6 b 8.3 b 0.249
Every number is the mean of 7 observations.Different letters within row differs ( P < 0.05).
Table 4. NDF-N x 6.25 of 4 tropical grasses (%CP).
Variable Andropogon Brachiaria Cynodon Panicum MSE
CP/DM 9.1 a 9.0 a 8.3 b 7.2 c 0.12
NDF-N 49.2 a 13.4 c 38.7 b 34.3 b 1.33
B3 42.5 a 9.9 c 28.1 b 24.9 b 1.06
C 6.7 b 3.5 c 10.6 a 9.4 a 0.28
Every number is the mean of 4 observations.Different letter within row differ ( P < 0.05 ).
Table 5. NDF and NDF-N x 6.25 extent of digestion (%).
Variable n EXTENTNDF NDF-N MSE
Overall 35 67 b 73 a 0.113
Andropogon 5 71 b 83 a 0.691Brachiaria 5 72 a 56 b 0.691Cynodon 5 61 b 74 a 0.691Panicum 5 69 b 77 a 0.691
Diferent letter within row differ ( P < 0.05 ).
Table 6. NDF and NDF-N x 6.25 rates of digestion (%/h).
Variable n RATENDF NDF-N MSE
Overall 35 5.5 b 6.5 a 0.040
Andropogon 5 5.5 b 9.1 a 0.241Brachiaria 5 5.2 b 6.7 a 0.241Cynodon 5 5.1 a 5.4 a 0.241Panicum 5 5.3 b 9.4 a 0.241
Different letters within row differ ( P < 0.05 ).
N Fertilization and CP, NDF and NDF-N x 6.25.
Variable Non Fertilized Fertilized MSE
CP/DM 5.7 b 10.7 a 0.051B3/CP 29.9 a 27.4 a 0.478
NDF/DM 72.1 a 69.7 b 0.478NDF extent, % 67.1 a 66.7 a 0.140NDF rate, %/h 4.9 a 5.1 a 0.045NDF lag, h 3.8 a 2.8 b 0.097
NDF-N extent, % 65.7 b 75.5 a 0.345NDF-N rate, %/h 7.1 b 8.3 a 0.176
Every number is the mean of 8 observations.Different letter within row differ ( P < 0.05 ).
Table 8. Effect of Age (d) on CP, NDF and NDF-N x 6.25.
Variable 28 35 42 MSE
CP/DM 7.3 a 6.2 b 5.2 c 0.134B3/CP 27.5 a 28.5 a 28.2 a 0.483
NDF/DM 69.7 a 72.0 b 72.4 b 0.233NDF extent, % 69.7 a 66.5 b 65.4 b 0.253NDF rate, %/h 5.7 a 5.1 b 4.6 c 0.070NDF lag, h 3.5 a 3.6 a 3.0 a 0.098
NDF-N extent, % 72.0 a 68.1 b 65.1 b 0.663NDF-N rate, %/h 6.2 a 6.3 a 5.2 a 0.238
Every number is the mean of 7 observations.Different letter within row differ ( P < 0.05 ).
CP, NDF and NDF-N x 6.25 of 4 grasses.
Variable Andropogon Brachiaria Panicum Cynodon MSE
CP/DM 8.7 ab 8.8 a 7.2 c 8.3 b 0.10B3/CP 43.7 c 11.4 a 31.1 b 28.7 b 0.96
NDF/DM 71.5 b 65.3 a 71.9 b 74.9 c 0.57NDF extent,% 69.5 b 71.1 a 68.0 c 59.0 d 0.28NDF rate,%/h 5.3 a 5.1 a 4.8 b 4.7 b 0.09NDF lag, h 3.7 b 5.8 a 1.3 d 2.4 c 0.19
NDF-N extent,% 81.7 a 52.2 c 74.5 b 74.1 b 0.69NDF-N rate,%/h 9.5 a 6.1 b 9.3 a 5.7 b 0.35
Every number is the mean of 4 observations.Different letters within row differ ( P < 0.05 ).
Conclusions - 1
NDF-N as % of CP averaged 35 with a range of 10 - 60.
The NDF-N variation was primarily due to species but N fertilization and maturity also were factors.
Conclusions - 2
NDF-N is potentially ruminally available. Extent and rate of NDF-N digestion is
affected by fertilization. NDF-N was digested faster than NDF.
Requirements for accurate prediction in the tropics
Must accurately predict requirements for maintenance, growth, pregnancy, lactation, and energy reserves
Must accurately predict absorbed energy and protein feeds being fed for each specific farm condition
Tabular nutrient requirements and feed values developed in North America are not adequate for the tropics
CNCPS for feed management
Develop a model to predict requirements and feed biological values on each farm
Use the model to identify the factors that are first limiting performance– Energy– Protein– Amino acids– Minerals
CNCPS components for the tropics
Breed adjustments for maintenance, growth, and lactation
Tropical forages CHO and Protein fractions and digestion rates
Dry matter intake equations Ruminal adjustment for N and branched-
chain amino acids deficiencies
Dual-purpose Lactating Cows
Fifty 3/4 Holstein x 1/4 Brahman lactating cows with:– Body weight = 511 kg (550 mature), Condition
score = 3, and milk production = 10 kg/d Rotational grazing Pangola grass and
supplemented with 3.5 kg/d of concentrate From Juarez Lagunes et al. (1999) in J. Dairy Sci.
82:2136
Animal descriptions for the baseline using the CNCPS.Animal Type 2 Lactating Dairy CowAge 74 MonthsSex 4 CowBody Weight 508 KgBreed Type 2 Beef * DairyMature Weight 550 KgCondition Score 5 1=v. thin - 5=v.fleshyBreeding System 2 way cross Dam's Breed 17 Brahman Bull's Breed 15 HolsteinDays Pregnant 30 daysDays since Calving 210 daysLactation # 3Rolling Herd Average 3660 KgMilk Production 12 KgMilk Fat 3.6 KgMilk Protein 3.2 KgRelative Milk Production 5 1-9Expected Calf BirthWeight 38 Kg
Management and environmental descriptions for the baseline using the CNCPS.
Management DescriptionAdditive 1 NoneGrazing Unit Size 20 HectaresDaily Pasture Allowance 1 DM Kg/PDMIInitial Pasture Mass 3000 Kg/HectareFeeding Frequency 24 # Times DailyFeeding Method 1 Forage and Grain Separate
Environment DescriptionWind Speed 16 kphPrevious Temperature 27 0CCurrent Temperature 28 0CStorm Exposure 1 YesNight Cooling 1 No CoolingHair Depth 0.6 cmHide 1 ThinHair Coat 1 No MudCattle Panting 1 None
Pangola grass descriptions used for the baseline.
Pangola grassa Pangola grass PangolaGrass
Item UnitConcentrate % DM 0.0 0.0 0.0Forage % DM 100.0 100.0 100.0Dry Matter % AF 21.0 26.8 26.8NDF % DM 70.0 69.5 69.5 Lignin % NDF 11.4 7.5 7.5CP % DM 9.1 8.9 8.9 Solubility % CP 42.0 41.9 41.9 NPN % SolP 4.8 36.3 36.3 NDIP % CP 24.0 32.5 32.5 ADIP % CP 2.2 5.4 5.4Starch % NSC 5.0 28.2 28.2Fat % DM 2.3 2.4 2.4Ash % DM 7.6 8.6 8.6CHO-A KD % hr 250.0 250.0 19.7CHO-B1 KD % hr 30.0 30.0 19.7CHO-B2 KD % hr 3.0 3.0 5.3Prot-B1 KD % hr 135.0 135.0 ---Prot-B2 KD % hr 11.0 11.0 ---Prot-B3 KD % hr 0.1 0.1 5.3a Tabular values from Beef NRC, 1996.
Ingredients for the concentrate used in the baselinea
Sorghum Grain
SoybeanMeal
MolassesCane
Urea Minerals
Item UnitConcentrate % DM 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0Forage % DM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Dry Matter % AF 89.0 89.8 73.0 99.0 100.0NDF % DM 13.3 14.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lignin % NDF 6.1 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0CP % DM 11.6 49.9 8.0 291.0 0.0 Solubility % CP 12.0 20.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 NPN % SolP 33.0 55.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 NDIP % CP 10.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ADIP % CP 5.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Starch % NSC 90.0 90.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Fat % DM 3.1 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0Ash % DM 2.0 7.2 8.0 0.0 100.0CHO-A KD % hr 150.0 300.0 500.0 0.0 0.0CHO-B1 KD % hr 12.0 25.0 30.0 0.0 0.0CHO-B2 KD % hr 5.0 6.0 20.0 0.0 0.0Prot-B1 KD % hr 135.0 230.0 350.0 400.0 0.0Prot-B2 KD % hr 6.0 11.0 11.0 0.0 0.0Prot-B3 KD % hr 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0a Tabular values from Beef NRC, 1996.
Results of the diet evaluation using tabular values or laboratory measurements forpangola grass.Item Tabular values Laboratory values New ratesDMI predicted, Kg 11.8 12.5 12.9DMI actual, Kg 21.4 17.5 14.5Diff., % 182 140 113ME allowable milk,Kg/d
15.9 16.0 16.0
MP allowable milk,Kg/d
7.1 8.7 12.1
PUN, mg % 17 12 9Pangola grass 17.90 14.0 11.0Concentrate 3.5 3.5 3.5
Feed Composition
Item Unit Pangola grass
Sorghum grain
SBM
NDF %DM 69.5 10.3 11.4
Lignin %NDF 7.5 12.8 0.9
Protein %DM 8.9 10.4 52.6
SolCP %CP 41.9 14.9 16.0
NPN %SolCP 36.3 33.0 55.0Juarez Lagunes et al. (1999), Table 10
Digestion Rates
Item Unit Pangola grass
Sorghum grain
SBM
CHO A %/h 19.7 14.3 7.9
CHO B1 %/h 19.7 14.3 7.9
CHO B2 %/h 5.3 6.0 5.7
Prot. B1 %/h 135 135 230
Prot. B2 %/h 11.0 6.0 11.0
Prot. B3 %/h 5.3 0.12 0.20Juarez Lagunes et al. (1999), Table 10
Sensitivity to NDF and LigninME milk
Kg/d
MP milk
Kg/d
MP Bacteria
g/d
NDF1, %DM
60 11.3 7.7 685
70 9.4 5.7 640
80 7.4 3.8 593
Lignin2,%NDF
4 10.5 6.8 668
8 8.2 4.6 6121 Lignin = 6% DM. 2 NDF = 70% DM. From Juarez Lagunes et al. (1999), Table 4Note: ME decreases 1.25 and 0.69 of % units/% of NDF and Lignin increase, respectively
Sensitivity to NDF Digestion Rate
NDF1
Dig. Rate
ME milk
Kg/d
MP milk
Kg/d
MP Bacteria
g/d
3%/h 5.0 0 415
6%/h 9.4 5.7 640
9%/h 11.7 9.9 789
1 CHO A and B1 @ 16%/h. Juarez Lagunes et al. (1999), Table 5
Sensitivity analysis of the CNCPS to a changes in NDF and lignin contents.NDF, %DM 60 70 80Lig, %NDFItem
4 6 8 4 6 8 4 6 8
ME, milkKg/d
12.2 11.3 10.4 10.5 9.4 8.2 8.8 7.4 6.0
MP, milkKg/d
8.6 7.7 6.8 6.8 5.7 4.6 5.0 3.8 2.5
Rum N Bal,gm/d
-13 -6 0 -2 6 13 3 12 20
Pept Bal,gm/d
14 14 14 36 36 36 52 52 52
MP Bact.gm/d
708 685 661 668 640 612 626 593 560
MP UIPgm/d
287 287 287 280 280 280 273 273 273
Sensitivity analysis of the CNCPS to a changes in carbohydrates rates ofdigestion.A=B1, %/h 6 16 26B2, %/hItem
3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9
ME, milkKg/d
4.9 9.5 11.8 5.0 9.4 11.7 4.9 9.3 11.6
MP, milkKg/d
-2.4 4.1 8.3 -0.8 5.7 9.9 -0.1 6.5 10.7
Rum NBal, gm/d
85 25 -15 66 6 -34 56 -4 -44
Pept Bal,gm/d
48 48 48 36 36 36 30 30 30
MP Bact.gm/d
334 559 708 415 640 789 452 677 826
MP UIPgm/d
280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280
Sensitivity analysis of the CNCPS to a changes in crude and soluble protein.CP,% DM
4 8 12
SolP, %CPItem
20 35 50 20 35 50 20 35 50
MP, milkKg/d
4.1 3.7 3.2 6.6 5.7 4.9 9.0 7.7 6.5
Rum NBal, gm/d
-70 -66 -63 -2 6 13 37 49 61
Pept Bal,gm/d
3 -1 -5 45 36 27 84 71 59
MP Bact.gm/d
683 681 680 640 640 640 594 594 594
MP UIPgm/d
161 140 119 321 280 238 482 420 357
Sensitivity analysis of the CNCPS to a changes in the B3 protein fractionrate of digestion in tropical grasses.B1=B2, %/h 10B3, %/hItem
4 7 10
ME, milk Kg/d 9.4 9.4 9.4MP, milk Kg/d 5.4 4.9 4.6Rum N Bal, gm/d 7 12 14Pept Bal, gm/d 37 42 45MP Bact. gm/d 640 640 640MP UIP gm/d 266 240 224
Evaluation of the nutritive value of tropical grasses for dual purpose cattle usingthe CNCPSItem Brizantha Andropo. Cynodon Panicum SEMDMI, kg 14.5X 12.6Y 10.3Z 12.3Y 0.11ME Milk, kg/d 13.6x 8.2y 1.1z 9.3y 0.34MP Milk, kg/d 12.6x 5.9y 0.5z 4.2y 0.33Rum N Bal. gm/d -18.5y 11.7x 34.0x -3.5y 3.14Pept. Bal. gm/d 35.7z 65.5x 40.5yz 50.5y 1.63MP Bact. gm/d 824x 625y 360z 603y 11.4MP UIP, gm/d 465x 294y 288y 214y 11.7P < .05
Nitrogen fertilization effect on the nutritive value of four tropical grasses for dualpurpose cattle using the CNCPS.Item Non-fertilized Fertilized SEMDMI, kg 12.1Y 12.8X 0.05ME Milk, kg/d 7.3x 8.8x 0.17MP Milk, kg/d 4.2y 7.4x 0.16Rum N Bal. gm/d -29.6y 41.5x 1.57Pept. Bal. gm/d 21.2y 74.9x 0.81MP Bact. gm/d 630x 576x 5.7MP UIP, gm/d 202x 428x 5.8P < .10
Effect of N fertilizer on volume of gas, amount of carbohydrate and mL of gas per100 mg of carbohydrate digested.Item Non-fertilized Fertilized SEM
Total carbohydratesVolume, mL 24.0x 21.9y .05Amount, mg 83.7x 75.2y .06Vol/Amt, mL/100 mg 28.7x 29.2x .07 B2 fractionVolume, mL 19.2x 17.8y .07Amount, mg 53.9x 45.6x .16Vol/Amt, mL/100 mg 35.3x 39.2x .21 NDS fractionVolume, mL 4.8x 4.1y .04Amount, mg 15.0x 13.6x .12Vol/Amt, mL/100 mg 34.1x 30.8x .45P < .10
Volume of gas, amount of carbohydrate and mL of gas per 100 mg ofcarbohydrate digested for each grass.Item Andro. Brachi. Cynodon Panicum SEM
NDS fractionVolume, mL 4.3y 4.4y 4.1y 5.2x .08Amount, mg 17.4x 15.5xy 10.7z 13.6y .24Vol/Amta 24.5y 28.1y 38.6x 38.6x .90
A fractionVolume, mL 3.3x 2.0y 3.4x 3.2x .08Amount, mg 10.6x 10.8x 7.9y 9.6xy .19Vol/Amta 31.7y 18.2z 42.6x 33.4y .72
B1 fractionVolume, mL .9y 2.4x .7y 2.0x .09Amount, mg 6.8x 4.7xy 2.7y 4.0y .26Vol/Amta 13.8y 54.7x 24.4xy 51.4x 3.44a Vol/Amt = mL of gas/100 mg of the corresponding carbohydrate fraction.P < .05
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