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Evidence-based Test Method Development
Jon PearlmanAnand Mhatre- International Society for Wheelchair Professionals - Department of Rehab Science & Technology
Agenda• Motivation• Project Goals• Test Method Development• Free Resources• Focus on Caster Test Method • Takeaways & Future Work
Motivation: Evidence of Poor WC Quality
1 in 3 experienced at least one adverse consequence
(Mcclure, 2009). (Toro, 2016). (Worobey, 2012). (Mann, 1996). (Hansen, 2004).
Work completed in USA, Mexico & Indonesia.
Motivation: Evidence of Poor WC QualityAdverse Incidence 2009-2017: Frequency of Component Type involved in
Powered Wheelchair incidenceSource: WestMARC Adverse Incidence Database (n-1100)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Castor
sW
heels
Other
Non/no
t app
licab
leElec
trical
Footre
stFram
eArm
rests
Acces
sorie
sUph
olster
yBrak
esSea
ting
Backre
stPus
h Han
dle
Suppo
rtive S
eatin
gLa
pbelt
Headre
stCus
hion
Seatin
g Inte
rface
Component
Freq
uenc
y of
Com
pone
nt T
ype
invo
lved
in In
cide
nce
(%)
Projects & Goals1. Identify and address gaps in test methods for adverse
conditions (USAID Funded)• WHO Guidelines on MWCs in Less Resourced Settings• AJOD Publication listing priorities
2. Use Standards To guide Clinical Decisions• Supported by NIDILRR (US GOVT)• Standards Development: Cushions, Casters, Rolling Res.• Data mining of failure data to identify gaps in standards
Test Method Development
Test Method Development
Free Resources www.wheelchairnet.org
Focus on Castor Test Method
Castor Failures• Among all parts, castors fails most often with different failure modes based on research
evidenceScotland Kenya Indonesia Mexico
Castor Testing• Develop reliable castor testing protocol• ISO & ICWM Standards do not reproduce field failures
• Lack of environmental factors
• Testing needs• Include environmental factors• Include a range of shock conditions• Ability to change caster load, speed and direction of travel
Shock Validation
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
-10 to -9 -9 to -8 -8 to -7 -7 to -6 6 to 7 7 to 8 8 to 9 9 to 10 10 to 11 11 to 12 12 to 13 13 to 14
Num
ber o
f acc
eler
atio
n da
ta p
oint
s
Data bins in g
Field data ISWP Chakra shock exposure ISO Double drum shock exposure
2 half inch obstacles
2 half + 1 three quarter inch obstacles
Corrosion Validation
Abrasion (tire wear) validation
Castor Testing Study
Testing Outcomes• Field failures comparison
• 73% testing failures match field failures
• Environmental factors have impact on• Durability – 25% models• Failure mode change – 75% models
• 2/3 changed failures modes pose higher risk for user injuries
Takeaways• Environmental conditions affect wheelchair quality
• No progress towards inclusion of environmental conditions in testing• Outcomes from caster testing showed impact of environmental factors on quality• Inclusion of environmental factors in wheelchair testing
• Need for Evidence-Based Test Method Development • Field data collection• Include impacts, heat and other testing factors
• Free Resources• Castor design guidelines • Test equipment assembly instructions
AcknowledgementsGrantsAPC/USAID: APC-GM-0068 & 0107NIDILRR: 90REGE0001, 90SI5014, 90DP0078, 90DP0025
Team at Pitt, ISWP, NHSjpearlman@pitt.eduanand.mhatre@pitt.eduwww.wheelchairnet.org (resource hub)
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