View
215
Download
1
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.0 Executive Summary
Nangal Masonary Stone Mining Project (M.L. No- 04/07 is situated near village
Nangal, Tehsil Pahari, District Bharatpur, State Rajasthan over an area of
1.00 ha.
The mining lease was granted in favour of Shri Manish Kumar S/o Shri Raghunath
Battra, R/o- Village- Ujina, Tehsil- Nooh, District Mewat Nooh (Haryana), vide order
no. 5187-5194 on dated 09/12/2010 & was registered on dated 18/10/2011 for 20
years.
The proposed rate of production is 64608.8 TPA ( Average) of Masonry Stone.
The estimated project cost is Rs. 20 lakhs. The expected life of mine is 11
years. The life of mine may change depending upon the prospecting results,
rate of production and the extent of mechanization done by the lessee in
future.
This mining project falls under Category “A” Project or activity 1(a) as per
EIA Notifications 2006, 2009, 2011, 2013 & 2014. An interstate boundary
of Haryana & Rajasthan lies within 1 km of the study area.
1.1 Salient features of the project
Project Name Nangal Masonary Stone Mining Project (M.L. No- 04/2007)
Location of Mine Site Near Village – Nangal Tehsil - Pahari
District - Bharatpur State - Rajasthan
Latitude & Longitude Lattitude- N27048'6.12"
Longitude- E77003'4.75""
Topo-sheet number 54 E-1
Minerals of mine Masonary Stone
Total Geological reserves
1140000Tonnes (Proved + Probable + Possible)
Total Mineable reserves 1021250 Tonnes (Proved + Probable)
Life of mine 11 years
Proposed production of
mine 64608.8 TPA ( Average)
Method of mining Mechanized Opencast Method
No of working days 300 days
Water demand Total water requirement is about 3.07 KLD = 2.07 KLD
(Drinking & Domestic Uses) + 0.6 (Plantation) KLD +
0.4 KLD (Dust Suppression).
Sources of water Water for dust suppression and plantation will be
collected from nearby villages. Water tanker will
provide the drinking water. During monsoon period,
rain water accumulated on the pit will be used for dust
suppression and plantation.
Man power 46
Nearest railway station Sholaka Railway Station is about 40 km in NE
direction.
Nearest State Highway/ National highway
SH-22 Road is about 5 Km in South direction.
Nearest airport Indra Gandhi International Airport is about 83 km in
North direction.
Seismic zone Zone IV as per Vulnerability Atlas of India – 2nd
Edition, BMTPC
1.2 Proposed Planning
Mining method - Open cast, Mechanized Opencast
Estimated Project Cost - Rs. 20 Lakhs
Production - Masonry Stone 64608.8 TPA ( Average) 1.3 Conclusion
The production of mineral will be benefited to the State in the form of Royalty.
Apart from this, the project will generate direct and indirect employment
opportunities to the tune of about 46 persons from the nearby villages. Also,
the mine management will conduct medical camps at regular interval in the
nearby villages and will help the nearby villages by providing infrastructure
like school furniture, water tankers, etc.
2. INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT/BACKGROUND INFORMATION
2.1 Identification of Project and Project Proponent
Nangal Masonary Stone Mining Project (M.L. No- 04/07 is situated near village
Nangal, Tehsil Pahari, District Bharatpur, State Rajasthan over an area of 1.00
ha.
The mining lease was granted in favour of Shri Manish Kumar S/o Shri
Raghunath Battra, R/o- Village- Ujina, Tehsil- Nooh, District Mewat Nooh
(Haryana), vide order no. 5187-5194 on dated 09/12/2010 & was registered
on dated 18/10/2011 for 20 years.
The proposed rate of production is 64608.8 TPA (Average) of Masonry Stone.
The estimated project cost is Rs. 20 lakhs. The expected life of mine is 11
years. The life of mine may change depending upon the prospecting results,
rate of production and the extent of mechanization done by the lessee in
future.
2.2 Brief Information about the Project
The project has been proposed for mining of 64608.8 TPA ( Average) of Masonry
Stone by opencast semi mechanized method. The mine lease area is 1.0 ha.
The expected life of the mine is 11 years. Water requirement for the proposed
project for drinking use, dust suppression and other use will be 3.07 KLD
which will be taken from nearby villages & water reservoir.
2.3 Need for the Project and Its Importance to the Country or Region
The mining project falls in the village- Nangal Tehsil Pahari and Bharatpur
District of Rajasthan, and the area is devoid of industrial growth. The earning
sources of the region are limited. Most of the people are dependent on
agriculture. Mineral wealth of the state Rajasthan provides the employment
opportunity to the people of the state as well as region also. Mining is one of
the major core sector industries which play a crucial role in the process of
country economic development. The mineral Masonry Stone finds extensive use
in the construction and infrastructural works.
The basic objective of the project is the effective utilization of material in the
country or region. Masonry Stone is the world's most commonly used material
used in making of road, railway track construction etc. Masonry Stone will help
in the economic growth of the country or region.
Masonry is commonly used for the construction of walls of buildings, retaining
walls and buildings. Brick and concrete block are the most common types of
masonry which is used in industrialized nations and may be either weight-
bearing or a veneer. Concrete blocks, especially those with hollow cores, offer
various possibilities in masonry construction. They generally provide great
compressive strength, and are best suited to structures with light transverse
loading when the cores remain unfilled. Filling some or all of the cores with
concrete or concrete with steel reinforcement (typically rebar) offers much
greater tensile and lateral strength to structures.
Advantages:
The use of material such as bricks and stones can increase the thermal
mass of a building and can protect the building from fire.
Most types of masonry typically will not require painting and so it can
provide a structure with reduced life-cycle costs.
Masonry is non-combustible product.
Masonry walls are more resistant to projectiles, such as debris from
hurricanes or tornadoes.
Masonry structures built in compression preferably with lime mortar can
have a useful life of more than 500 years as compared to 30 to 100 for
structures of steel or reinforced concrete.
2.4 Demands-Supply Gap
There is large demand of masonry stone for road, railway track, building
construction etc
2.5 Imports vs. Indigenous Production
Development needs will be met only through indigenous produced Masonry
stone against the high cost of imported material.
2.6 Export Possibility
Project Proponent would like to sale out the mineral in domestic market only.
2.7 Domestic/ Export Markets
Project Proponent would like to sale out in domestic market as per
requirement.
No export is proposed.
2.8 Employment Generation
About 46 persons will be employed along with Mine Manager, Mining Mate,
Store Keeper and Chowkidar.
3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
3.1 Type of Project Including Interlinked and Interdependent Projects,
If Any.
The mine is over an area of 1.0 hectares. The proposed production is 64608.8
TPA ( Average). This is an independent mining project and there are no
interlinked projects involved.
The project falls under Category “A” Project or activity 1(a) as per EIA
Notifications 2006, 2009, 2011 and 2013 & 2014. An interstate boundary of
Haryana & Rajasthan lies within 1 km of the study area.
3.2 Location
The mining lease area is located near village Nangal, Tehsil Pahadi, District
Bharatpur and State Rajasthan. Sholaka Railway Station is about 40 km in NE
directionand Indra Gandhi International Airport is about 83 km in North
direction. The study of mining lease area falls in Toposheet numbers 54 E-1.
The pillar co-ordinates of the mining lease area are:
Lattitude- N27048'6.12"
Longitude- E77003'4.75"
Fig 1: Location Map of Proposed Project Site Showing on Google Image 3.3 Details of Alternate Sites
Mining is site specific so no alternative site is proposed.
3.4.1 Size or magnitude of operation
The mining lease has been granted over an area of 1.00 ha. The proposed
production is 64608.8 TPA ( Average) The average number of working days in
the year would be 300.
3.5 Physiogrpahy
The area falls in G.T. sheet No. 54 E/1. The height RL is 279 to 299m with respect to
Bench mark 299m near pillar D. Area mainly consists of Masonary Stone. General
drainage pattern is southeast of the lease area.
Vegetation: the mining lease area is free from any type of vegetation only few
bushes are present nearby mining lease area.
3.5.1 Regional Geology:
The area covers part of Alwar and Bharatpur district of Rajasthan and Gurgaon
district of Haryana. Topographically the area is characterized by NNE SSW
trending hill ranges in the west, flat top domal hill in the east, rugged hilly
terrain with narrow intervening valley in the south-west, and flat topography in
the central part. The average relief of the area 100 m above msl. The maximum
elevation, 372m above msl, is located in the Northwest. The area is drained
southern parts by the Ruparel or Barah River flowing toward east. In other
parts the drainage is controlled by ephemeral nallas (carrying run-off water of
the monsoon) which invariably lose their tracts in the plains. The drainage
pattern is mainly trellis or fault trellis although dendritic pattern are also
present. The climatic is semi-arid to sub-humid the average annual rainfall is
60 to 65 cm. the temperature reaches up to 46 degree c in summer and drops
down to 2 degree c in winter.
Era/Period Geological
Cycle
Group Formation Litho logy
Quaternary Holocene Present day
flood plain
Undifferentiated
Aeolian and fluvial
Middle to
late
Pleistocene
Ambala
Alluvium
(Older fluvial
surface)
Polycyclic
sequence of
brownish oxidized
silt, clay with
Kankar & grey
brown micaceous
sand (T2 Surface)
Palaeo-Meso
Proterozoic
Delhi Super
Group
Ajabgarh
Group
Arauli
Formation
Carbonaceous
Phyllite Shale,
Slate intercalated
with quartzite
Bhokol a. Interbeded
Formation quartzite and
phylite
b. Quartzite
c. Phyllite
Alwar group a. Massive
quartzite
b. Inter layred
feldspathic
ferruginous
orthoquartizite
The litho logical units exposed in the area belong to the Alwar & Ajabgarh
group of the Delhi Super group of plaleo to Mc so Proterozic and Quaternary
geomorphic surfaces.
Three phases of deformation suffered by the Delhi super group of rocks could
be recognized in the area. The first phase (F1) is represented by tight, isoclinals
to near upright folds having 30 degree to 60 degree NNE plunge. The second
phase F2 has resulted in open anticlines & synclines plunging 30 degree to 45
degree tears WNW of ESE. The third phase (F3) is represented by broad open
wraps roughly along E-W Axis. The interferences of f1 & f2 have produced
domal structure in the east.
Source: Mine plan
Local Geology
AGE LITHOLOGY
RECENT SOIL WITH
KANKAR
DEHLI SUPER
GROUP
AJABGARH GROUP BHOKAL
FORMATION
MASONARY STONE
(QUARTZITE)
Source: Mine plan
Soil cover/Alluvium- The soil/alluvium almost a small part of the lease area
(except the isolated hillock of masonary stone deposit). it is derived locally and
occupies the low laying areas and can be used for cultivation purposes. The
thickness of soil cover varies from 05m to 1.0m.
Source: Mine plan
3.6 Project description with process details
3.6.1 Method of Mining
The proposed method of mining will be opencast Mechanized mining. The
mining will be started from existing pit. The masonary stone is laying on the
sub surface therefore open cast mining has been obvious choice.
Bench parameter shall be
1. Height 3-6 m
2. Width more than 3-6 m
The 6 m benches shall be prepared in four slice height 1.5m (Maximum boom
length of excavator).
The mining will be done with the help of tools such as drills, jacks-hammer,
compressors, hand shovel, picks, excavator etc.
Drilling:
Drilling will be done with the help of Jack-hammer. In this mine the diameter
of hole will be 32 mm dia hole or 110 mm hole dia of wagon drill m/c. The
lease shall mine by slice method of each 1.5m with jack hammer drilling.
Lessee may use deep blasting after getting DGMs permission.
Blasting:
The Blasting shall be done by the authorized contractors on contractual Basis.
These contractors have their own safety explosive container as well as
Explosive License.
The hole will be blasted by using detonating cord, Special Gellatin, Ordinary
Plain, Safety Fuse
Loading and Transportation:
Loading of Masonry will be done with the help of excavators to the dumper for
its transportation to the plant.
Extent of mechanization
Machine No. Make HP/Capacity
Jack hammers 4 Atlas copco 32 mm
Compressor 1 Local 62.5Hp
D.G Set 1 Local 15 KVA
Poklean 1 Hitachi 148 Hp
Dumper 3 Ashok Leyland 75 Hp
Water tanker 1 Ford 5000 litre
Production details
The Proposed Production of Stone in the proposed five year:
year ROM excavated in
MT
Saleable Masonary stone
in MT (all Grades & size)
Waste of Volume
in MT
First year 42763 40625 2138
Second year 47643 45261 2382
Third year 57900 55005 2895
Fourth year 76780 72941 3839
Fifth year 114961 109212 5749
Total 340047 323044 17003
Total masonry stone will be excavated during five year is 323044 tonnes. The
proposed production is 64608.8 TPA ( Average). This is an independent mining
project and there are no interlinked projects involved.
3.7 Raw Material Required Along With Estimated Quantity, Likely Source,
Marketing Area of Final Product/S, Mode of Transport of Raw Material and
Finished Product
No raw material will be required for production of Masonary Stone.
Loading of Masonary will be done with the help of excavators at face and at
stock yard as well. Masonry stone will be loaded in dumper with the help of
excavator.
3.8 Resource Optimization/ Recycling and Reuse
Only water will be used as resource optimization /recycling at mine site.
3.9 Availability of Water Its Source, Energy/ Power Requirement and
Source
3.9.1 Water Requirement
Water for domestic, dust suppression and plantation is required to be 3.07
KLD. Drinking water will be provided by water tanker. Water for dust
suppression and plantation will be collected from nearby villages & nearby
water reservoir.
3.9.2 Power
The operation will be done only in day time hence there is no power
requirement for the project at site. The electricity facility is not available at
mining lease area. Only diesel equipment will be used.
3.10 Quantity of wastes to be generated (Liquid and solid) and Scheme for
their Management/Disposal
3.10.1 Nature of Waste
The waste/overburden/intercalated waste in the area is only intermixed soil.
The waste rock produced shall be loaded by excavator and dumped by dumper
for its transportation to the reject dump yard & when required for making road,
the waste material shall be used.
it is also proposed to stack the top soil of the area where development of green
belt is proposed. A retaining wall also is erected to protect washout of the top
soil layer of 0.5m thickness shall be spread over the backfilled area for a
forestation.
Year Volume of waste
in M3
Taking Swell Factor
30% in M3
Total m3
swell Vol.
First year 855 257 1112
Second year 953 286 1239
Third year 1158 347 1505
Fourth year 1536 461 1997
Fifth year 2300 690 2990
Total 6802 2041 8843
3.10.2 Liquid Effluent
Not applicable
4. SITE ANALYSIS
4.1 Connectivity
The mining lease area is located near village Nangal, Tehsil Pahadi, District
Bharatpur and State Rajasthan. Sholaka Railway Station is about 40 km in NE
direction and Indra Gandhi International Airport is about 83 km in North
direction. The study of mining lease area falls in Toposheet numbers 54 E-1.
4.2 Landform, Land use and Land ownership
4.2.1 Landform
The area falls in G.T. sheet No. 54 E/1. The height RL is 279 to 299m with respect to
Bench mark 299m near pillar D. Area mainly consists of Masonary Stone. General
drainage pattern is southeast of the lease area.
The mining lease area is free from any type of vegetation only few bushes are
present nearby mining lease area.
4.2.2 Land use
The applied lease area is a Govt. Waste Land. The area does not fall in forest
land. There is no village or human settlement in the lease area. There is no
public road passing through the area.
4.2.3 Land Ownership
The proposed lease area is Govt. Waste land.
4.3 Topography
The area falls in G.T. sheet No. 54 E/1. The height RL is 279 to 299m with
respect to Bench mark 299m near pillar D. Area mainly consists of Masonary
Stone. General drainage pattern is southeast of the lease area.
Vegetation: the mining lease area is free from any type of vegetation only few
bushes are present nearby mining lease area.
4.4 Land Use Pattern
The applied lease area is a Govt. waste Land. The area does not fall in forest
land. There is no village or human settlement in the lease area. There is no
public road passing through the area. The Conceptual land use pattern is
indicated in the following table:
S.No Land use pattern
(ha)
At the end of
mine life (ha)
1 Are under
excavation
--
2 Pits and quarries 0.7255 (will be
converted in to
water reservoir)
3 Mineral/stackyard --
3 OB/Dump --
4 Infrastructure --
5 Road/cart/track --
6 Water reservoir --
7 Unused area 0.2745
Total 1.00
4.5 Existing Infrastructure
There is no existing infrastructure facility is available in the area but in the
first five years as per the approved mining plan for effective and proper working
of the mine, it has been proposed to construct and provide site services like
office, first aid, rest shelter; urinals etc. as per the statutory requirements.
4.6 Soil Classification
The soils of the Bharatpur district are greyiesh brown and yellowish brown
with wide variation in texture from sandy loam to clay loam. The soils at some
places are affected by salinity/ alkalinity. The soils of Bharatpur, Bayana and
Deeg subdivision is fertile. In NE part of the district the soils are compact and
have low permeability, which causes water to stagnate on upper surface during
rainy season.
(Source: - District Groundwater Brochure, 2009, Central Ground Water Board, Bharatpur,
Rajasthan).
4.7 Climate Data from Secondary Sources
Average annual rainfall (1977-06) of the district is 612.4mm. However normal
rainfall for the period 1901 to 1970 is 675.1mm. This indicates that the rainfall
has decreased over the years. The maximum average rainfall is 509.0mm at
Kama and minimum average rainfall is 353.0 mm at Deeg in 2007-08. The
climate of the district is being dry becomes extremely hot during summer and
extremely cold during winter. The cold season is from December to February
and is followed by summer from March to June. From mid of September to end
of November constitute post monsoon season. The district experiences either
mild or normal drought once in two years. Severe type of drought has been
recorded in 1979. Most severe type of drought has occurred only in Nadbai
subdivision in 1979 and Deeg subdivision in 1986.
(Source: - District Groundwater Brochure, 2009, Central Ground Water Board, Bharatpur,
Rajasthan).
4.8 Social Infrastructure available:
The nearest village is Nangal, health (dispensary) & educational facilities
are also available there.
Medical facilities, Primary Health Centers are there in the area, imparting
services, for advance medical facilities. In each village one health worker
has been appointed by the Govt. to provide primary health facilities.
There are tube wells in the nearby area. The water is also supplied
through tankers in few villages. During summer, scarcity of water has
been noticed.
Communication services like post office and telephones are available in
the nearby village. Some of the villagers are also having mobile phones.
Cities are connected with electricity facilities. But the mine site is not
presentably connected with electric facility.
5 PLANNING BRIEF
5.1 Planning Concept
The proposed method of mining will be opencast Mechanized mining. The
mining will be started from existing pit. The masonary stone is laying on the
sub surface therefore open cast mining has been obvious choice.
Bench parameters shall be prepared in four slice height 1.5m
Bench parameter shall be
1. Height 3-6 m
2. Width more than 3-6 m
5.2 Land use Planning
At the end of the life of mine entire area will be will be converted in to water
reservoir.
5.3 Assessment of Infrastructure demand (Physical & Social)
On the basis of the preliminary site visit, the infrastructure demand in the
village was assessed on the basis of need and priority.
Physical Infrastructure
The road facility is already available which shall be used and maintained.
Other infrastructure facilities required such as transport etc. for mine labors is
available by way of jeep, two wheelers etc. Medical facility is available in the
nearby village Nangal.
Social Infrastructure
An occupational health unit will be organized and the proposed measures will
be adopted:
1. Periodical Medical Checkup program for all the workers and first-aid box
with necessary equipment will be provided.
2. Training for workers regarding occupational hazards and
3. Safety equipment i.e. dusts mask, safety shoes, gloves etc.
5.4 Amenities/Facilities
In the next five years as per the approved mining plan, it has been proposed to
construct and provide Site services like office, first aid, rest shelter, urinals and
maintenance workshops etc. as per the statutory requirements.
Budget allocated for facilities provided to labors at site
S. No Description Capital
Cost Recurring
Cost
1. Drinking water facility -- 15000
2. Shelter 35000 --
3. Health facility 20000
Sub total 35000 30000
Total 70000 65000
6. PROPOSED INFRASTRUCTURE
6.1Industrial Area (Processing Area)
No infrastructure is proposed.
6.2 Residential Area (Non Processing Area)
As local workers from nearby areas will be engaged for the mining activity, no
residential area/ housing are proposed.
6.3 Green Belt
The area falls in semi arid zone & there is shortage of water so large scale
plantation is not possible. However it is proposed to develop greenbelt on 33%
of mine lease area as entire mine area will be converted in to water reservoir at
conceptual stage, green belt will be developed in surrounding area. The
following plant species will be proffered for plantation considering mine area
falling in semi arid zone. It is proposed to plant 20 trees per year.
Babool Vilayati babool
Khejari Amaltas
Year wise plantation scheme
s. no Year Target of
Plantation
Assumed
survival
Replenishment of
causalities
Total
1 1st 20 16 - 16
2 2nd 20 16 4 20
3 3rd 20 16 4 20
4 4th 20 16 4 20
5 5th 20 16 4 20
Place for Plantation
1. At own private land
2. Nearby state Highway
3. At the dump
4. Nearby area of the School
5. At the govt. waste land provided by the govt.
Post plantation care
1. Protection from grazing: Protection from grazing will be done by
erecting suitable boundary in the plantation area.
2. Watering during dry spill: Though these trees will require very less
water however in the first year from March to July the watering will be
done daily September to February trice a week.
3. Manuring: Manuring will be done while plantation work is taken up.
6.4 Social Infrastructure
The applicant shall spend a part of the profit for the development of the area
i.e. in the treatment of poor, schools, temples and other social work.
Budget for ESR
Sl
No.
Activity 1st Year 2nd Year 3rd Year 4th Year 5th Year
1 Provide drinking water facility in
surrounding villages and schools by
hand pump
15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000
2 Health camp
and free medicine
10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000
3 Washroom for girl
15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000
4 Educational Support poor specially girls
10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000
Total 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000
6.5 Drinking Water Management
The required water for drinking and domestic purpose is required to be 1.93
KLD. Drinking water will be taken from nearby villages.
6.6 Sewerage System
Domestic waste water will be treated into septic tank followed by soak pit.
6.7 Industrial Waste Management: Not applicable
6.8 Solid Waste management Entire waste generated will be used in backfilling.
6.9 Power Requirement & Supply/Source
The operation will be done only in day time hence there is no power
requirement for the project at site. The electricity is not available at mining
lease area. Only diesel equipment will be used.
6.10 Environment Management Plan
Budget allocated for EMP
S. No
Measures
Capital
cost (in Rs.)
Recurring cost (in Rs.)
1 Pollution Control i) Dust Suppression
ii) Parapet wall & ground dump
75000 50000
2
Pollution Monitoring
i) Air pollution ii) Water pollution
75000 50000
3 Green Belt -- 50000
Total 1,50,000 1,50,000
7. REHABILITATION AND RESETTLEMENT (R&R) PLAN
As no personnel are expected to be migrated due to mining in the lease area
and the adjoining region is also having a good mineral potential, the
rehabilitation of the employees is not going to be a problem. The workers and
other staff can get job in the neighboring areas after the end of life of mine.
R&R not applicable as the proposed land is govt. waste land.
8 PROJECT SCHEDULE & COST ESTIMATES
8.1 Likely Date of Start of Construction and Likely Date of Completion
No construction activities are proposed. The mining activity will commence only
after receiving environmental clearance and other statutory clearance.
8.2 Estimated Project Cost Along With Analysis In Terms of Economic
Viability of the Project Estimated project cost is Rs. 20 Lakhs. The lessee has all the mining
equipments required for the scientific mining. The mine will be Eco-Friendly.
Economically the ore is mineable as compared to overburden thickness.
9.0 ANALYSIS OF PROPOSAL (FINAL RECOMMENDATIONS)
The proposed mine will bring about economic benefits to the state in the form
of Royalty of mineral and to the local people by getting direct and secondary
employment opportunities. The material is in high demand at the local market
for real estate industry. Masonry is commonly used for the construction of
walls of buildings, retaining walls and buildings. Brick and concrete block are
the most common types of masonry which is used in industrialized nations and
may be either weight-bearing or a veneer. Concrete blocks, especially those
with hollow cores, offer various possibilities in masonry construction. They
generally provide great compressive strength, and are best suited structures
with light transverse loading when the cores remain unfilled. Filling some or all
of the cores with concrete or concrete with steel reinforcement (typically rebar)
offers much greater tensile and lateral strength to structures.
Advantages:
The use of material such as bricks and stones can increase the thermal
mass of a building and can protect the building from fire.
Most types of masonry will not require painting and so it can provide a
structure with reduced life-cycle costs.
Masonry is non-combustible product.
Masonry walls are more resistant to projectiles, such as debris from
hurricanes or tornadoes.
Masonry structures built in compression preferably with lime mortar can
have a useful life of more than 500 years as compared to 30 to 100 for
structures of steel or reinforced concrete.
This project operation will provide livelihood to the poorest section of the
society/economically backward population in the area. It provides employment
to the people residing in vicinity directly or indirectly. The mine management
will also help nearby villages by providing aid to school, conducting medical
and social awareness camps, helping in formation of self-help groups, etc.
Recommended