Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water...

Exploring the Oceans

Chapter 13

Oceans of the Earth• 71% of Earth’s surface is water• 98% of water on Earth is ocean water

What/where is the rest of Earth’s water?

• Oceans are gradually changing shape due to plate tectonics

Which ocean is growing larger?

Composition of Ocean Water• The salinity of ocean water is 3.5% (for every

100mL of water 3.5 grams is salt)

• Salt = dissolved elements in water, sodium and chlorine, most abundant-but there are many other salts, among them Mg, K, S, and Ca

What do Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl) combine to form?

Ocean Water Ions

Composition of Ocean WaterSources of Salt:1. Minerals in ocean crust2. Erosion of land minerals carried to oceans by

rivers

• Minerals are continually added to water by above

Why aren’t oceans getting saltier?Or are they? Lets talk about this.

The Answer

Composition of Ocean WaterHow salts are removed:1. By winds2. Sea spray = waves breaking on shore3. Used by organism for shells and for nutrients4. Become part of new ocean crust

Ocean Temperature and Pressure• Oceans surface warmed by the sun• Suns rays only go so deep, which leads to a

top, fairly uniform layer = surface zone

• Beneath surface zone is thermocline = layer in which water temp. decreases rapidly with depth

• Below thermocline is deep zone: temps decrease slowly

Ocean Temperature and Pressure• Pressure increases with depth, more water

present to push down, and in all directions

• Pressure affects freezing temp. along with salt in the water causing deep ocean water to actually be below freezing as a liquid

Effects of salt on freezing point

Ocean Chemistry

DepthSurface zone

Transition zone

Deep zone

3.8 kmAverage ocean depth

The Ocean FloorMeasuring the Water’s Depth• Done w/an echo sounder by bouncing sound

waves off the bottom and measuring how long it takes waves to come back

• This creates a side view or profile of the ocean floor

The Ocean FloorFeatures of Ocean Floor:

Continental Shelf = broad flat extensions of continent submerged by water

Continental Slope = steep slope that marks the end of continental shelf, extends down to ocean floor

Continental Rise: sand and mud washed down the continental slope forming small hill of deposits

Abyssal Hills: hills on the ocean floor

Abyssal Plains: flat surfaces of the ocean floor

Seamount: extend at least 900 meters off ocean floor, usually either exticnt or forming volcanoes

Guyots: seamounts that have had their tops eroded flat

Mid Ocean Ridges: form where two ocean plates are splitting apart, magma erupts creating new ocean crust

Trenches: form when an ocean plate sinks under a different plate

The Ocean Floor

Continental shelf SeamountVolcanic island

Continental slope

Continental shelf

Continental slope

Abyssal plain Mid-ocean ridge Trench

Ocean Zones

High-tide line

Low-tide line

Continental shelf

Continentalslope

Deep zone

Surface zone

Open-ocean zoneNeritic zoneIntertidal

The Ocean Floor

Ocean floorfeatures include

Seamounts andtrenches

Abyssal plains

Mid-ocean ridges

Sea-Floor Spreading

Mantle

Oceanic crust

Mid-ocean ridge

Sea-Floor Spreading

Mantle

Oceanic crust

Mid-ocean ridge

Sea-Floor Spreading

Mantle

Oceanic crust

Sea-floor spreading

Mid-ocean ridge

Sea-Floor Spreading

Mantle

Oceanic crust

Sea-floor spreading

Mid-ocean ridge

Newly formedoceanic crust

Sea-Floor Spreading

Mantle

Oceanic crust

Sea-floor spreading

Mid-ocean ridge

Old oceanic crust

Sea-Floor Spreading

Mantle

Oceanic crust

Sea-floor spreading

Mid-ocean ridge

Old oceanic crust

Continentalcrust

Sea-Floor Spreading

Mantle

Oceanic crust

Sea-floor spreading

Mid-ocean ridge

Old oceanic crust

Continentalcrust

Old oceaniccrust melts

Plate Tectonics

Sea-Floor Spreading

Mid-ocean ridge

Molten material

Oceanic crust

Deep-ocean trenches

eruptsthrough

subductedthroughforms

Sea-Floor Spreading

Mid-ocean ridge

Molten material

Oceanic crust

Deep-ocean trenches

eruptsthrough

Sea-Floor Spreading

Mid-ocean ridge

Molten material

Oceanic crust

Deep-ocean trenches

eruptsthrough

Sea-Floor Spreading

Mid-ocean ridge

Molten material

Oceanic crust

Deep-ocean trenches

eruptsthrough

Ocean ResourcesSeawater can be used as a resource for drinking

and irrigation if the salt is removed = desalting

One method of desalting = distillation

Distillation = water is evaporated to vapor leaving the salts behind, the water then condenses and this fresh water is then collected

Exploring the Oceans Chapter 13. Oceans of the Earth 71% of Earth’s surface is water 98% of water...

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