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8/2/2019 Finland as a knowledge Economy - Carl J Dahlman - Jorma Routti -
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Gnodcomcp c
Eolzdbmjb B`lolk~Bdbkbo}p lg Pr``bpp com Dbpplop Dbcxobm
Bmn}bm h~
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8/2/2019 Finland as a knowledge Economy - Carl J Dahlman - Jorma Routti -
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8/2/2019 Finland as a knowledge Economy - Carl J Dahlman - Jorma Routti -
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Gnodcom cp c Eolzdbmjb B`lolk
Bdbkbo}p lg Pr``bpp com Dbpplop Dbcxobm
Bmn}bm h~
@cxd I/ McfdkcoIlxkc Xlr}}n
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8/2/2019 Finland as a knowledge Economy - Carl J Dahlman - Jorma Routti -
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8117 ]fb No}bxoc}nlocd Hcoe glx Xb`lop}xr }nlo com Mbwbdlqkbo} , ]fb Zlxdm
3636 F P}xbb}$ OZ
Zcpfnoj}lo$ M@ 81=00
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]fb gnomnojp$ no}bxqxb}c}nlop$ com `lo`drpnlop bvqxbppbm fbxb cxb }flpb lg }fb c
com ml ol} ob`bppcxnd~ xbgdb`} }fb wnbzp lg }fb Hlcxm lg Bvb`r}nwb Mnxb`}lxp lg }fb
Hcoe lx }fb jlwbxokbo}p }fb~ xbqxbpbo}/
]fb Zlxdm Hcoe `cool} jrcxco}bb }fb c``rxc`~ lg }fb mc}c no`drmbm no }fnp zlx
hlromcxnbp$ `ldlxp$ mbolknoc}nlop$ com l}fbx noglxkc}nlo pflzo lo co~ kcq no }fn
ml ol} nkqd~ lo }fb qcx} lg }fb Zlxdm Hcoe co~ irmjkbo} lg }fb dbjcd p}c}rp lg co~
lx }fb bomlxpbkbo} lx c``bq}co`b lg pr`f hlromcxnbp/
Xnjf}p com Qbxknppnlop
]fb kc}bxncd no }fnp zlxe np `lq~xnjf}bm/ Ol qcx} lg }fnp zlxe kc~ hb xbqxlmr`
}xcopkn}}bm no co~ glxk lx h~ co~ kbcop$ bdb`}xlon` lx kb`fcon`cd$ no`drmnoj qfl}
noj$ xb`lxmnoj$ lx no`drpnlo no co~ noglxkc}nlo p}lxcjb com xb}xnbwcd p~p}bk$ zn}flr
qxnlx zxn}}bo qbxknppnlo lg }fb Zlxdm Hcoe/ ]fb Zlxdm Hcoe bo`lrxcjbp mnppbkno
n}p zlxe com zndd olxkcdd~ jxco} qbxknppnlo qxlkq}d~/
8/2/2019 Finland as a knowledge Economy - Carl J Dahlman - Jorma Routti -
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3/ No}xlmr`}nlo 3
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3/3 ]fb eolzdbmjb b`lolk~ 3
3/8 ]fb `cpb lg Gnodcom 8
3/0 P}xr`}rxb lg }fb hlle 2
3/= @lo`bq}rcd gxckbzlxe 2
8/ Gnodcomp Eolzdbmjb B`lklo~ ]lmc~ >
Qbeec d+Co}}ndc
8/3 Glromc}nlop glx c eolzdbmjb+mxnwbo b`lolk~ >
8/8 B`lolkn` no`bo}nwb xbjnkb9 Pkcdd lqbo b`lolk~ 38
8/0 Fnjf qbxglxkbx no }b`fon`cd+mxnwbo noolwc}nlo 3=
8/= Bmr`c}nlo9 Srbp} glx bsrn}~ com srcdn}~ 32
8/2 Noglxkc}nlo nogxcp}xr`}rxb9 Gnodcom cp co N@]+mxnwbo eolzdbmjbb`lolk~ 37
0/ P}xr`}rxcd @fcojbp no }fb Gnoonpf B`lolk~9 Gxlk Cjxn`rd}rxb
}l Fnjf+]b`f 3:
Fbdn Elpen com Qbeec ^d+Co}}ndc
0/3 Gxlk c xbplrx`b+ com nowbp}kbo}+mxnwbo }l c eolzdbmjb+hcpbm
b`lolk~ 3:
0/8 N@] `drp}bx9 Gcp}bp} jxlznoj pb`}lx lg }fb b`lolk~ 83=/ @fcojbp no }fb B`lolkn com Nop}n}r}nlocd Xbjnkbp 82
Wnddb Ecn}ndc$ Fbdn Elpen$ Ilxkc Xlr}}n$ Qcrdc ]nnflobo$ com Qbeec ^d+Co}
=/3 Mbxbjrdc}nlo com dnhbxcdnyc}nlo 82
=/8 Pl`ncd nop}n}r}nlop com noolwc}nlop 03
8/2/2019 Finland as a knowledge Economy - Carl J Dahlman - Jorma Routti -
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nw @lo}bo}p
:/ @fcddbojbp }l }fb Gnoonpf Eolzdbmjb B`lolk~9 Zfc}p Cfbcm< 6:
Qbeec d+Co}}ndc
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:/0 ]b`foldljn`cd lowbxjbo`b >3
:/= @lkqb}noj p}comcxmp com }b`foldljnbp >8
:/2 Cjnoj np co rxjbo} `fcddbojb >0
:/7 Qldn`~ `fcddbojbp >=
:/: Wnpnlo glx }fb gr}rxb >2
6/ @lo`drpnlop com Dbpplop gxlk Gnodcomp Eolzdbmjb B`lolk~glx L}fbx B`lolknbp >>
@cxd Mcfdkco
6/3 No}xlmr`}nlo >>
6/8 Plkb pqb`ncd Gnoonpf `fcxc`}bxnp}n`p >>
6/0 Zfc} kc~ hb xbqdn`chdb 311
6/= Hxlcmbx dbpplop gxlk }fb Gnoonpf bvqbxnbo`b 312
6/2 Nkqdn`c}nlop glx mbwbdlqnoj `lro}xnbp 316
Cqqbomnv 3 333
Hlvbp
Hlv 3/3 Xb`bppnlo lg }fb bcxd~ 3>>1p 0
Hlv =/3 @lkkn}}bb glx }fb Gr}rxb 08
Hlv =/8 PN]XC9 Hrndmnoj hxnmjbp ckloj xbpbcx`f$ b`lolk~$ com qldn`~ 07
Hlv 2/3 P`nbo`b com ]b`foldlj~ Qldn`~ @lro`nd lg Gnodcom =0
Hlv 2/8 ]BEBP9 Oc}nlocd ]b`foldlj~ Cjbo`~ ==
Hlv 2/0 Xbjnlocd noolwc}nlo qldn`~$ no`drmnoj BR gxckbzlxe qldn`nbp =2
Hlv 2/= W]]9 Olx}fbxo Brxlqbp dcxjbp} cqqdnbm qld~}b`fon` xbpbcx`f lxjconyc}nlo
Hlv 2/2 Glrx qrhdn` qdc~bxp+qdrp+lob no mbwbdlqkbo} com `lkkbx`ncdnyc}nlo
lg noolwc}nlop =>
Hlv 2/7 bJlwbxokbo} 2=
Hlv 2/: C`cmbk~ lg Gnodcom 2>Hlv 2/6 bDbcxonoj 71
Hlv 7/3 @cpb lg Cfdp}xk com Cd}nk @lo}xld D}m/ 76
Hlv 7/8 Bkbxjbo`b lg Olenc :2
Hlv :/3 Qldn`~ non}nc}nwb }l qxlkl}b mnjn}cd `rd}rxcd `lo}bo} qxlwnpnlo >8
Hlv :/8 Gnodcomp @lkqb}bo`b$ Lqboobpp com Xbobzchndn}~ xbqlx} >2
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Gnjrxb 8/2 Orkhbx lg xbpbcx`fbxp 32
Gnjrxb 0/3 Bvqlx}p lg jllmp h~ nomrp}x~ pb`}lx$ 3>>18110 36
Gnjrxb 0/8 JMQ h~ pb`}lxp no 3>108110 3>Gnjrxb 0/0 JMQ qbx cqn}c no Gnodcom com LB@M Brxlqb 81
Gnjrxb 0/= Kcorgc`}rxnoj pfcxb no JMQ no pbdb`}bm `lro}xnbp 81
Gnjrxb 0/2 Gnoonpf kcorgc`}rxnoj qxlmr }nlo wldrkb h~ nomrp}x~ 8
Gnjrxb 0/7 Nkqlx}co`b lg }fb Gnoonpf N@] pb`}lx$ pbdb`}bm nomn c}lxp
Gnjrxb 0/: @lo}xnhr}nlo lg bdb`}xlon p com bdb }xl+}b`fon`cd nomrp}xnbp
@lxqlxc}nlo }l JMQ jxlz}f no Gnodcom 88
Gnjrxb 0/6 N@] pqb`ncdnyc}nlo h~ lro}x~$ 8113 80Gnjrxb =/3 Bvqlx}p cp c pfcxb lg JMQ 87
Gnjrxb =/8 P}l`ep lg nozcxm com lr}zcxm glxbnjo mnxb`} nowbp}kbo}
Gnjrxb 2/3 Gnoonpf noolwc}nlo p~p}bk =3
Gnjrxb 2/8 Xc}nl lg X'M bvqbomn}rxb }l JMQ =8
Gnjrxb 2/0 Pfcxb lg }l}cd X'M bvqbomn}rxb gnoco`bm h~ jlwbxokbo}
Gnjrxb 2/= Jlwbxokbo}+gnoco`bm X'M =7
Gnjrxb 2/2 Hrpnobpp+pb`}lx X'M gnoco`bm h~ jlwbxokbo} =:
Gnjrxb 2/7 Noolwc}nlo bownxlokbo} no Gnodcom9 Xbplrx`bp com gromnoGnjrxb 2/: Pfcxb lg nomrp}xncd PKBp qcx}n nqc}noj no X'M `llqbxc}nlo
Gnjrxb 2/6 Pfcxb lg gnxkp `lddchlxc}noj zn}f l}fbx gnxkp com ronwbxpn}
noolwc}nlo 21
Gnjrxb 2/> Qc}bo} cqqdn`c}nlop &qbx `cqn}c. 23
Gnjrxb 2/31 @lkqlpn}nlo lg qc}bo}p jxco}bm h~ }fb Brxlqbco Qc
3>>3811= 28
Gnjrxb 2/33 Gnodcomp bmr`c}nlo p~p}bk 2:
Gnjrxb 2/38 Pfcxb lg }bx}ncx~ jxcmrc}bp no bojnobbxnoj$ oc}rxcd p`nbo`
kc}n`p com p}c}np}n`p$ com `lkqr}noj 73
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xbdc}bm nomrp}xnbp 7:
Gnjrxb 7/8 Kcno jdlhcd glxbp}+nomrp}x~ lkqconbp :3
Gnjrxb 7/0 Klhndb qflob `fcxjbp no LB@M lro}xnbp no 3>>= com 8118
Gnjrxb 7/= Ob}zlxe kcq lg }fb B]V com ]DV }b`foldlj~ qxljxckp
Gnjrxb 7/2 N@] qbob}xc}nlo xc}bp no pbdb`}bm LB@M lro}xnbp 63Gnjrxb 7/7 Hxlcmhcom qbob}xc}nlop &}lq 81 oc}nlocd b`lolknbp$ Icorcx~ 3
Gnjrxb 7/: Mbwbdlqkbo} lg hxco`f lggn`b ob}zlxe com pbdg+pbxwn`b
hcoenoj$ 3>6=8110 6=
Gnjrxb 7/6 Bdb`}xlon` qc~kbo} }xcopc`}nlop no 8113 62
Gnjrxb :/3 Jxlz}f @lkqb}n}nwbobpp Nombv xcoenojp no }fb knm+
8/2/2019 Finland as a knowledge Economy - Carl J Dahlman - Jorma Routti -
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wn @lo}bo}p
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8/2/2019 Finland as a knowledge Economy - Carl J Dahlman - Jorma Routti -
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C`xlo~kp
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}r}enkrpdcn}lp.
B]V Bdb`}xlon`p glx }fb Noglxkc}nlo Pl`nb}~ &]BEBP Qxljxck
BR Brxlqbco Ronlo
GMN glxbnjo mnxb`} nowbp}kbo}
GBQL@N &mc}chcpb.
GNN Gnoonpf Nomrp}x~ Nowbp}kbo}GNOQXL Gnoonpf Oc}nlocd Cjbo`~ glx @lxqlxc}b No}bxoc}nlocdnyc
JC]] Jbobxcd Cjxbbkbo} lo ]cxnggp com ]xcmb
JMQ jxlpp mlkbp}n` qxlmr`}
JN]BN Jdlhcd No}bxoc}nlocd ]b`foldlj~+B`lolk~ Nombv
JBXM Jxlpp Bvqbomn}rxb lo Xbpbcx`f com Mbwbdlqkbo}
JPK Jdlhcd P~p}bk glx Klhndb @lkkron`c}nlo
FPB Fbdpnoen P}l`e Bv`fcojbN@] noglxkc}nlo com lkkron`c}nlop }b`foldlj~
NNCP No}bxoc}nlocd Nop}n}r}b lg Cmknonp}xc}nwb P`nbo`bp
NKM No}bxoc}nlocd Nop}n}r}b glx Kcocjbkbo} Mbwbdlqkbo}
NKG No}bxoc}nlocd Klob}cx~ Grom
NLP &qrhdnpfbx.
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OK] Olxmn` Klhndb ]bdbqflob
LMK lxnjnocd mbpnjo kcorgc`}rxbx
LB@M Lxjconpc}nlo glx B`lolkn` @l+lqbxc}nlo com MbwbdlqkboQNPC Qxljxck glx No}bxoc}nlocd P}rmbo} Cppbppkbo}
QQQ qrx`fcpnoj qlzbx qcxn}~
Q]L qrhdn` }bdbqflob lqbxc}lx
X'M xbpbcx`f com mbwbdlqkbo}
P'] p`nbo`b com }b`foldlj~
PN]XC Gnoonpf Oc}nlocd Grom glx Xbpbcx`f com Mbwbdlqkbo} &Pr
n}pbonp~~mbo irfdcxcfcp}l.
PKB pkcdd com kbmnrk+pnybm bo}bxqxnpb
PKP }bv} kbppcjnoj
P]CO P}xr`}rxcd Cocd~pnp mc}chcpb
P]Q@ P`nbo`b com ]b`foldlj~ Qldn`~ @lro`nd
]'B @bo}bxp Bkqdl~kbo} com B`lolkn` Mbwbdlqkbo} @bo}bxp &]B+ebp
]M+P@MKC ]nkb MnwnpnloP~o`fxlolrp @lmb Mnwnpnlo Krd}nqdb C``bp
]BEBP Oc}nlocd ]b`foldlj~ Cjbo`~ &]beoldljnco ebfn}}knpebpe
Gnodcom]DV ]bdb`lkkron`c}nlop@xbc}noj c Jdlhcd Wnddcjb &]BEBP Q
]] }b`foldlj~ }xcopgbx
RK]P Ronwbxpcd Klhndb ]bdb`lkkron`c}nlo P~p}bk
RO Ron}bm Oc}nlop
ROBP@L Ron}bm Oc}nlop Bmr`c}nlocd$ P nbo}ngn` com @rd}rxcd Lxjco
RPQ]L Ron}bm P}c}bp Qc}bo} com ]xcmb Lggn`b
W]] ]b`fon`cd Xbpbcx`f @bo}bx lg Gnodcom &Wcd}nlo }beonddnobo
}r}enkrpebperp.Z+@MKC Znmbhcom @lmb Mnwnpnlo Krd}nqdb C``bpp
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}xcopglxkc}nlo }lzcxm c eolzdbmjb+ com noolwc}nlo+mxnwbo b`lolk~
bkbxjbo`b lg }fb N@] nomrp}xnbp/ Gnocdd~$ }fb Gnoonpf }bdb`lkkron`c}nlop
fcp hbbo klxb `lkqb}n}nwb com dnhbxcdnyc}nlo fcp l``rxxbm bcxdnbx }fco l}fbx `lro}xnbp$ }fbxbh~ hbobgn}noj Gnoonpf N@] `lkqconbp/
Nomrp}xncd com noolwc}nlo qldn`nbp no Gnodcom fcwb `lo}xnhr}bm }l eol
hcpbm b`lolkn` c`}nwn}nbp hl}f mnxb`}d~ com nomnxb`}d~/ Pno`b }fb bcxd~ 3>
bkqfcpnp lg nomrp}xncd qldn`~ fcp hbbo lo qxlwnmnoj gxckbzlxe `lomn}nlop
qconbp com nomrp}xncd `drp}bxp }fxlrjf prqqlx}noj X'M com xbdc}bm noolwc}nw
}nbp c} }fb kn`xl dbwbd/ ]fnp bkqfcpnp np wnpnhdb$ gnxp} com glxbklp}$ no }fb xcqnm
X'M pfcxb lg JMQ/ No }bxkp lg X'M no}bopn}~$ Gnodcom xcoep ckloj }fb }lq `
Dnebznpb$ }fb xldbp lg wcxnlrp qrhdn` lxjconyc}nlop com l}fbx c`}lxp fc
nkqlx}co}/ ]fb Gnoonpf p~p}bk lg noolwc}nlo np `fcxc`}bxnybm h~ qrhdn`+qxnwc}b
pfnqp$ jllm qrhdn` jlwbxoco`b$ lopboprp+hrndmnoj$ com mbopb ob}zlxenoj cklo
onbp$ ronwbxpn}nbp$ com xbpbcx`f lxjconyc}nlop/ C jlcd+lxnbo}bm com bjcdn}cxnco
}nlocd p~p}bk fcp hbbo }fb glromc}nlo glx }fb X'M+lxnbo}bm p}xc}bj~ }fc}
fcp glddlzbm/ ]fb dcz lo `lkklo p`flldp zcp qcppbm no 3677$ com$ c gb
dc}bx$ c}}bomnoj `lkklo p`flld hb`ckb c hcpn` xnjf} com `lkklo mr}~ gl
lob cjbm : }l 38 ~bcxp/ ]lmc~$ =1 qbx`bo} lg bc`f cjb jxlrq `lkqdb}b }bx}ncbmr`c}nlo$ zfn`f np ckloj }fb fnjfbp} qbx`bo}cjbp no }fb zlxdm/
Olob}fbdbpp$ }fb kcilx nkqb}rp }l eolzdbmjb b`lolk~ mbwbdlqkbo}p fcp `
}fb c`}nlop lg lkqconbp/ Gnodcom fcp glddlzbm co c}~qn`cd qc}}bxo lg nomrp}xn
lqkbo}/ No `lkqcxnplo }l l}fbx `lro}xnbp$ n}p }xcopglxkc}nlo gxlk co bp
oc}rxcd+xbplrx`b+hcpbm b`lolk~ no}l lob }fc} xbdnbp fbcwnd~ lo fnjf }b`
com eolzdbmjb fcp hbbo roqxb`bmbo}bm com srn`e/ ]fnp xcqnmn}~ fcp h
dcxjbd~ }l }fb bp}chdnpfkbo} lg wcxnlrp dnoecjbp hb}zbbo pb`}lxp com no
}fxlrjflr} }fb Gnoonpf b`lolk~/ ]fb glxbp}+xbdc}bm nomrp}xnbp qxlwnmbm obbxnoj bdb`}xlon`p com N@] `lkqconbp no Gnodcom zn}f co nkqlx}co} bvqbx
flkb kcxeb}$ com }fbxbh~ `lo}xnhr}bm pnjongn`co}d~ }l eolzdbmjb b`lolk
lqkbo}p no Gnodcom/ No }rxo$ mbwbdlqkbo}p no }fb N@] pb`}lx co hb c}}xnhr}
bvnp}bo`b lg c m~ockn` com `lkqb}n}nwb lqbxc}lxp kcxeb}$ eolzdbmjb `lk
}cxn}nbp$ com `lddchlxc}nlocom }l Olenc cp }fb nomrp}xncd bojnob/ ]lmc~$
nomrp}xnbp `lop}n}r}b }fb }fnxm qnddcx lg }fb b`lolk~$ cdlojpnmb }fb glxbp}
com bojnobbxnoj nomrp}xnbp/
]fb gr}rxb
P}xloj qcp} qbxglxkco`b c``lxmnoj }l wcxnlrp no}bxoc}nlocd `lkqb}n}nwbob
nojp mlbp ol} jrcxco}bb gr}rxb pr``bpp/ ]fb gcp}+jxlz}f qfcpb lg }fb Gnoon
v Bvb`r}nwb Prkkcx~
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Dbpplop
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]fb gnxp} dbpplo np }fc} n} np qlppnhdb glx c lro}x~ }l kceb c mxckc}n` xb`lwbx~
lg JMQ com c} }fb pckb }nkb$ rombx}ceb c kcilx xbp}xr`}rxnoj$ cp Gnodcom mnm/
}co} `lxlddcx~ np }fc} c `xnpnp `co hb }rxobm no}l co lqqlx}ron}~/ Flzbwbx
fcqqbo$ }fbxb kc~ obbm }l hb `bx}cno qxb`lomn}nlop cp zbdd cp jxbc} gdbvnh
b`lolk~/
C pb`lom dbpplo np }fc} jdlhcdnyc}nlo np c mlrhdb+bmjbm pzlxm com c mbkcomn
}bx/ Gnodcom fcp hb`lkb }fb dbcmnoj N@] }b`foldlj~ hb`crpb n} fcp cmjdlhcd N@] nomrp}x~ com qxlmr`bm glx }fb jdlhcd kcxeb}/ Lo }fb l}fbx
dcom np cdpl p}xrjjdnoj zn}f }fb nkqc`} lg jdlhcdnyc}nlo$ zfn`f np qr}}no
lo n} }l nkqxlwb n}p }b`foldlj~ com bmr`c}nlo p~p}bkp }l p}c~ `lkqb}n}nw
mbkcomnoj jdlhcd bownxlokbo}/
]fb }fnxm dbpplo np }fb nkqlx}co`b lg gdbvnhndn}~ lx bdcp}n`n}~ lg }fb b`lolk
`fcojnoj lqqlx}ron}nbp$ com }fb nkqlx}co`b lg c xbpqlopnwb bmr`c}nlo pb`}lx
}fnp/ N} np qbxfcqp }fb bmr`c}nlocd p~p}bk }fc} fcp qdc~bm }fb klp} `xn}n`
dcom cdxbcm~ fcm c fnjf dbwbd lg bmr`c}nlocd c}}cnokbo}$ zfn`f gc`ndn}c}
bppcx~ xbp}xr`}rxnoj lg }fb b`lolk~/ No cmmn}nlo$ }fb bmr`c}nlocd p~p}bk
}l xbpqlom wbx~ srn`ed~ com gdbvnhd~ }l }fb obz lqqlx}ron}nbp/ Gr
no`xbcpnoj }fnp gdbvnhndn}~ np pbbo cp c eb~ qxnlxn}~ }l xbpqlom }l }fb `lo}no
dbojb lg }fb `lop}co} xbp}xr`}rxnoj }fc} xbprd}p gxlk jdlhcdnyc}nlo/
]fb Gnoonpf bvqbxnbo`b cdpl fcp pbwbxcd nkqdn`c}nlop glx mbwbdlqnoj `
]fb gnxp} nkqdn`c}nlo np }fb `lo}norbm nkqlx}co`b lg }fb hcpn` bdbkbo}p l
noj}lo @lopboprp/ ]fbpb bdbkbo}p cxb bppbo}ncd }l jnwb }fb b`lolknbp }f}fb~ obbm }l `lop}co}d~ xbmbqdl~ cppb}p }l }fbnx klp} qxlmr`}nwb rpbp/
]fb pb`lom nkqdn`c}nlo np }fb nkqbxc}nwb }l mbwbdlq wnpnlo com `lopbo
kb`fconpkp/ Xbglxkp nowldwb `fcojnoj }fb p}c}rp srl$ com mlnoj pl rp
ol} fcqqbo rodbpp }fbxb cxb kcilx bv}bxocd lx mlkbp}n` glx`bp qrpfnoj l
noj pr`f `fcojbp/
]fb }fnxm nkqdn`c}nlo np }fb nkqlx}co`b lg mbwbdlqnoj cqqxlqxnc}b eolzd
jnbp$ Gnodcom fcm }l no`xbcpb fnjfbx bmr`c}nlocd c}}cnokbo} no jbobxcd$
}ngn` com }b`fon`cd penddp no qcx}n`rdcx/ ]fbpb fcddbojbp nowldwbm ol} lod~X'M bvqbomn}rxb hr} cdpl gl`rpnoj lo jb}}noj }fb gxrn}p lg X'M no}l }
Gnodcomp p}xloj bkqfcpnp lo }fb p~p}bkn` cqqxlc`f }l noolwc}nlo bwldw
noj hxnmjnoj }fb bo}xbqxbobrxpfnq com gnoco`noj jcqp }l }rxo nowbo}nlo
kbx`ncd cqqdn`c}nlo/
]fbpb p}xc}bjnbp fcwb }l hb cmirp}bm }l }fb pqb`ngn`p lg bc`f `lro}x~ Glx }fb
Bvb`r}nwb Pr
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Klxblwbx$ cp co hb nogbxxbm gxlk }fb fcddbojbp }fc} Gnodcom np gc`noj cp
lg }fb xcqnm cmwco`bp no eolzdbmjb com }fb `lo}norlrp `fcddbojb lg jdlhc
}fb zlxdm np ol} p}comnoj p}ndd/ Zfc} zlxebm no }fb qcp} kc~ ol} zlxe no }fcom }fb qxbxbsrnpn}bp glx hbnoj pr``bppgrd pbbk }l hb xnpnoj bwbx fnjfbx com
noj bwbx klxb mbkcomnoj/ ]frp mbxnwbp }fb nkqlx}co`b lg dllenoj glxzcx
}l zfc} bv}bo} n} np qlppnhdb }l hb hb}}bx qxbqcxbm glx gr}rxb `fcddbojbp com
}ron}nbp/ Mbwbdlqnoj `lro}xnbp no qcx}n`rdcx obbm }l klon}lx }fnp cpqb`}
hb`crpb }fbxb kc~ hb nkqlx}co} obz cxbcp }fc} `co hb bvqdln}bm$ com n} znd
bppcx~ glx }fbk }l hb xbcm~ }l klwb srn`ed~ }l }ceb cmwco}cjb lg }fbk/
vnn Bvb`r}nwb Prkkcx~
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Glxbzlxm
Eolzdbmjb np grbdnoj b`lolkn` jxlz}f com pl`ncd mbwbdlqkbo} no bwbx~ xb
zlxdm/ ]fb glx`bp lg jdlhcdnyc}nlo pr`f cp knjxc}nlo$ }xcwbd$ }xcmb$ glxbnjo n
com `lkkron`c}nlop cxb pqbbmnoj }fb mnppbknoc}nlo com rpb lg noglxkc
hlromcxnbp/ Obz nmbcp com noolwc}nlo cxb pqxbcmnoj gcp}bx }fco bwbx/ E
hcpbm jxlz}f com mbwbdlqkbo} lggbx lqqlx}ron}nbp glx hl}f mbwbdlqbm co
noj b`lolknbp/ Cmwco`bkbo} no noglxkc}nlo com lkkron`c}nlo }b`foldl
fcp hbbo c ob`bppcx~ lomn}nlo glx }fbpb obz mbwbdlqkbo}p no }fb jdlhcd b
N@]p qxlwnmb }fb kbcop glx mbwbdlqnoj `lro}xnbp }l c``bdbxc}b }fbnx
bwbo dbcqgxlj no}l c klxb cmwco`bm qfcpb lg mbwbdlqkbo} com }l bochdb }f
}nlo no}l }fb jdlhcd b`lolk~/ Glx mbwbdlqbm `lro}xnbp }fb eolzdbmjb+hcpb
cddlzp grx}fbx pqb`ncdnyc}nlo$ nkqxlwbkbo}p no qxlmr`}nwn}~$ com }fb c`fn
prp}cnochdb jxlz}f9 eolzdbmjb `cqn}cd np }fb lod~ cppb} }fc} `co jxlz zn}com obz eolzdbmjb no`xbcpbp }fb bggn`nbo} rpb lg xbplrx`bp }fc} cxb no gnon}
]fb Gnoonpf bvqbxnbo`b no }fb 3>>1p np co bvckqdb lg flz eolz
hb`lkb }fb mxnwnoj glx`b no b`lolkn` }xcopglxkc}nlo com jxlz}f/ C
xb`bo}d~ cp }fb 3>:1p Gnodcom zcp xbd~noj kcnod~ lo xbplrx`b+no}bopnwb
n} np olz }fb klp} N@] pqb`ncdnybm b`lolk~ no }fb zlxdm/ ]fnp c`fnbwbkb
klxb xbkcxechdb lopnmbxnoj }fb mbbq xb`bppnlo n} bvqbxnbo`bm no }fb bcx
zn}f c kcilx hcoenoj `xnpnp }fc} dbm }l xcqnm zlxpbonoj lg qrhdn` gnoco
qdl~kbo}$ com }fb bv}bxocd hcdco`b/Xcqnm p}xr`}rxcd }xcopglxkc}nlo hbjnoonoj no }fb knm onob}nbp `lno
bsrcdd~ xcqnm nkqxlwbkbo}p no kc`xl hcdco`bp/ H~ }fb bom lg }fb mb`cmb }f
kc`xlb`lolkn` qbxglxkco`b zcp lob lg }fb p}xlojbp} no Brxlqb/ ]fb Gnoo
bo`b pflzp }fc} n} np qlppnhdb }l kceb pnjongn`co} p}xr`}rxcd `fcojbp no
pflx} }nkb/ N} cdpl pflzp }fc} dloj+}bxk mb`npnlop }fc} pfcqb xbpbcx`f com
cxb qlppnhdb$ com nombbm ob`bppcx~$ mrxnoj pflx} }bxk b`lolkn` `xnpnp$ pno`
wnmb jrnmbdnobp glx dlojbx+xro jxlz}f com fbdq xbc}b c prp}cnochdb lkqb]fb p}rm~ fcp hbbo c ilno} bgglx} h~ }fb Zlxdm Hcoe Nop}n}r}b$ }fb Gnoonp
lg ]xcmb com Nomrp}x~ com Knonp}x~ lg Glxbnjo Cggcnxp$ GnoqxlGnoonp
Cjbo`~ glx @lxqlxc}b No}bxoc}nlocdnyc}nlo$ com B]DC}fb Xbpbcx`f Nop}
Gnoonpf B`lolk~/
Cd}flrjf Gnodcom fcp kco~ `fcxc`}bxnp}n`p }fc} `cool} bcpnd~ hb xbq
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C`eolzdbmjkbo}p
]fnp hlle np }fb xbprd} lg c `lddchlxc}nlo ckloj pbwbxcd lxjconyc}nlop com
rcdp/ ]fb xbpbcx`f zcp `cxxnbm lr} h~ @cxd Mcfdkco lg }fb Eolzdbmjb glx M
kbo} Qxljxck c} }fb Zlxdm Hcoe Nop}n}r}b &ZHN.5 c pkcdd }bck fbcmbm h
^d+Co}}ndc c} }fb Xbpbcx`f Nop}n}r}b lg }fb Gnoonpf B`lolk~ &B]DC. no`drm
Ecn}ndc$ Fbdn Elpen$ Dnnpc Dbnildc$ Dcrxc Qcnic$ @fxnp}lqfbx Qcdkhbxj$ co
]nnflobo5 com Qxlgbpplx Ilxkc Xlr}}n lg @xbc}nwb Nomrp}xnbp Kcocjbkbo
Fbdpnoen/ N} zcp `lgnoco`bm h~ }fb Zlxdm Hcoe Nop}n}r}b$ Gnoonpf Knonp}x~
bnjo Cggcnxp$ com Knonp}x~ lg ]xcmb com Nomrp}x~/
]fb cr}flxp zlrdm dneb }l }fcoe Qbeec Freec &Knonp}x~ lg Glxbnjo Cggc
Icofrobo com Pbqql Dcnob &Gnoqxl.$ com Kc}}n Qnb}cxnobo &Knonp}x~ lg ]x
Nomrp}x~. glx }fbnx rpbgrd `lkkbo}p lo wcxnlrp mxcg}p/ Zb cxb cdpl jxc}bgrIcofrobo glx klhndnynoj gnoco`ncd xbplrx`bp com kcocjnoj }fb `lop
qxl`bpp$ com }l Ibco+Bxn` Crhbx} &ZHN. glx fnp wcdrchdb gbbmhc`e com cmwn`b
Onerdcnobo &B]DC. penddgrdd~ `lkqndbm }fb mc}c com kcocjbm }fb mc}chc
zbxb pl bppbo}ncd }l lrx cocd~pnp/
]fb hlle zcp mnp`rppbm c} c Zlxdm Hcoe Xbwnbz Pbknocx no Kc~ 8112
h~ Zlxdm Hcoe Wn`b Qxbpnmbo} Mcoo~ Dbnqynjbx/ @lkkbo}p h~ }fb mnp`rppc
xn}y Fldk+Onbdpbo$ Cdgxbm Zc}enop$ com Wcomcoc @fcomxc$ com h~ }fb pbk
}n`nqco}p cdpl fbdqbm nkqxlwb }fb gnocd qxlmr`}/Zb cxb cdpl jxc}bgrd }l Ilfo Mnmnbx &ZHN. glx kcocjnoj }fb qrhdnpfnoj
}l Mbxbe @fbo &ZHN. glx qxllgnoj com lxxb`}noj }fb gnocd kcorp`xnq}$ com
R}y &ZHN. glx pfbqfbxmnoj }fb hlle }l `lkqdb}nlo/ Cdn`nc Fb}yobxp bmn}no
}fb hlle klxb xbcmchdb/
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3No}xlmr`}nlo@cxd Mcfdkco$ Ilxkc Xlr}}n$ com Qbeec ^d+Co}}ndc
3/3 ]fb eolzdbmjb b`lolk~
Eolzdbmjb fcp hb`lkb }fb kcilx mxnwnoj glx`b lg b`lolkn` com pl`nc
kbo} cdd cxlrom }fb zlxdm/ @lrqdbm zn}f jdlhcdnyc}nlo com c``bdbxc}b
mnp}xnhr}nlo com }xcopgbx lg eolzdbmjb h~ noglxkc}nlo com }bdb`lkk
}b`foldljnbp$ }fnp mbwbdlqkbo} nkqc`}p cdd `lro}xnbp com xbjnlop$ qrh
}nlop$ }fb `lxqlxc}b zlxdm$ com }fb dnwbp com qxlpqb`}p lg nomnwnmrcdp/]fb eolzdbmjb b`lolk~ np hcpbm lo }fb jbobxc}nlo com cmlq}n
eolzdbmjb `xbc}bm h~ p`nbo}ngn` xbpbcx`f com }b`foldljn`cd cmwco`bp5 no
no bmr`c}nlo com xbpbcx`f5 cmlq}nlo lg hbp} qxc`}n`bp5 com lqboobpp }l
olkn`$ com `rd}rxcd noolwc}nlop/ Glx cmwco`bm nomrp}xncdnybm `lro}xnbp
dchlx com nogxcp}xr`}rxb `lp}p$ }fb eolzdbmjb b`lolk~ lggbxp `lkqb}n}
}cjbp no fnjf+}b`foldlj~ qxlmr`} kcorgc`}rxb com bggn`nbo} pbxwn`b pb`}l
rxcd+xbplrx`b+hcpbm b`lolknbp n} lggbxp nkqxlwbm }b`foldljnbp com fn
cmmbm qxlmr`}p zn}f `dlpbx `rp}lkbx dnoecjbp$ cp zbdd cp c qc}f glx pmbwbdlqkbo}/ Glx mbwbdlqnoj `lro}xnbp$ eolzdbmjb lggbxp qlppnhndn}nbp }
mbwbdlqkbo} qfcpbp$ dbcqgxlj }b`foldljnbp$ com klxb srn`ed~ no}bjxc
jdlhcd b`lolk~ h~ hb`lknoj klxb c}}xc`}nwb }l no}bxoc}nlocd nowbp}lxp/
Cp co bvckqdb lg eolzdbmjb b`lolk~ `lkqlobo}p$ zb `co kbo}nlo
mbwbdlqkbo} com cmlq}nlo lg noglxkc}nlo com `lkkron`c}nlo }b`foldl
pr`f cp znxbdbpp klhndb }bdb`lkkron`c}nlo/ N} }lle klxb }fco 311 ~bcxp }
gnvbm+dnob }bdbqflob p~p}bk no nomrp}xncdnybm `lro}xnbp/ No mxckc}n` `l
pflx} mb`cmbp$ }fb orkhbx lg klhndb }bdbqflobp zlxdmznmb xb`bo}d~ x
hnddnlo com olz bv`bbmp }fc} lg gnvbm+dnob `loob`}nlop/ H~qcppnoj }fb b`l
srcdn}~ lg dngb `lp}p lg mnjjnoj rq kb}xlqldn}co p}xbb}p }l nop}cdd }bdbqf
com kcxxnoj }fb `lro}x~pnmb zn}f }bdbqflob qldbp$ znxbdbpp }b`fold
hxlrjf} }l klp} `lro}xnbp mlkbp}n` com jdlhcd `loob`}nwn}~ cp zbdd cp
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`rd}~ no c``bppnoj jdlhcd kcxeb}p srn`ed~/ @lopbsrbo}d~$ }fb fnjf+}b`f no
cxb fcxc`}bxnybm h~ fnjf xbpbcx`f no}bopn}~ com lg}bo cdpl h~ fnjf cqn}cd n
]fbnx `lp} p}xr`}rxbp cxb mlknoc}bm h~ mbwbdlqkbo} bvqbopbp com kbgglx}p xc}fbx }fco h~ kcorgc`}rxnoj com kc}bxncd `lp}p/
]fb `lowbxpnlo lg eolzdbmjb no}l b`lolkn` com pl`ncd hbobgn}p xbsrnx
noolwc}nlo p~p}bkp$ no`drmnoj fnjfd~ srcdngnbm qbxploobd com bggn`nbo} }b`
}xcopgbx &]]. com wbo}rxb `cqn}cd/ Flzbwbx$ bsrcdd~ com qbxfcqp bwbo klx
}co} }fco }fb xbc}nlo lg obz fnjf }b`foldlj~ nomrp}xnbp np }l kcno}cno com
}fb qbxglxkco`b com `lkqb}n}nwbobpp lg }xcmn}nlocd nomrp}xnbp h~ qxlwnmn
c``bpp }l fnjf }b`foldlj~ com eolzdbmjb/
]fb obz eolzdbmjb bownxlokbo} lggbxp kco~ lqqlx}ron}nbp }l c`}nwb
Xcqnm jxlz}f dbcmnoj bwbo }l zlxdm kcxeb} mlknoco`b np qlppnhdb cp nddrp}
kco~ pr``bpp p}lxnbp cxlrom }fb zlxdm/ Lo }fb l}fbx fcom$ }fbpb pckb `fc
}n`p `co dbcm }l jxbc}bx qldcxnyc}nlo hb}zbbo znoobxp com dlpbxp/ No}bxoc}nlo
qb}n}nlo np p}xboj}fbonoj }fb mbkcom glx }fb klp} srcdngnbm qblqdb com glx
}nlocd nowbp}kbo}p/ Fbo`b$ }fb srbp}nlop lg pl`ncd no`drpnlo com cwlnmnoj }f
mnwnmb `cdd glx c}}bo}nlo/
3/8 ]fb @cpb lg Gnodcom
Gnodcom np c `lro}x~ }fc}$ no c xbdc}nwbd~ wbx~ pflx} qbxnlm$ fcp }xcopglxk
no}l c eolzdbmjb b`lolk~/ No xb`bo} ~bcxp$ n} fcp hbbo `lopnp}bo}d~ xcoebm
}fb }lq qbxglxkbxp no no}bxoc}nlocd `lkqb}n}nwbobpp xcoenojp/ Kbcprxbm h
nomn`c}lxp xbdc}bm }l }fb eolzdbmjb b`lolk~$ n} fcp hbbo xcoebm gnxp}/
]fnp c`fnbwbkbo} np srn}b xbkcxechdb bpqb`ncdd~ zfbo `lopnmbxnoj G
b`lolkn` pn}rc}nlo no }fb bcxd~ 3>>1p/ ]fb `lro}x~ zbo} }fxlrjf c pbwbxb bxb`bppnlo `fcxc`}bxnybm h~ c kcilx hcoenoj `xnpnp$ robkqdl~kbo} xc}bp }
gxlk 2 qbx`bo} }l lwbx 32 qbx`bo}$ com }fb c``rkrdc}nlo lg jlwbxokbo} mb
klmbp} dbwbdp }l lwbx 71 qbx`bo} lg JMQ }fc} zbxb cqqxlc`fnoj no}bxoc}nlo
noj dnkn}p &hlv 3/3.
]fbpb mnggn`rd}nbp zbxb `crpbm com bvc`bxhc}bm h~ co ro`lo}xlddbm mbxb
lg gnoco`ncd kcxeb}p com c xcqnm no`xbcpb no glxbnjo hlxxlznoj$ zfn`f db
lwbxfbc}bm mlkbp}n` b`lolk~/ Fnjf nogdc}nlo qrp
no}bxbp} xc}bp com lwbxhrxmbobm }fb qrhdn` pb`}lx
pkcddbx }cv xbwborbp com dcxjbx robkqdl~kbo} com
`lp}p/ Grx}fbxklxb$ }fb `lddcqpb lg }fb Plwnb} Ronlo
lr} 32 qbx`bo} lg Gnodcomp glxbnjo }xcmb zn}f }fc}
com }fb c}}xc`}nwb hcx}bx cxxcojbkbo}p/ ]fnp mxcp}n`
8 No}xlmr`}nlo
B`lolkn` `xnpnp
no }fb bcxd~
3>>1p zcp pbwbxb
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@cxd Mcfdkco$ Ilxkc Xlr}}n$ com Qbeec d
Hlv 3/3 Xb`bppnlo lg }fb bcxd~ 3>>1p
No }fb dcp} }zl mb`cmbp lg }fb }zbo}nb}f `bo}rx~$ Gnodcomp b`lolk~ bvqbxnbo`dbo} `fcojb/ N} rombxzbo} lwbxfbc}noj$ mbqxbppnlo$ xb`lwbx~$ com hllkgldco chxrq} b`lolkn` pdlzmlzo c} }fb lr}pb} lg }fb obz knddboonrk/ ]fnp qbobppbm gromckbo}cd `fcojbp no }fb xbjrdc}lx~ bownxlokbo}$ b`lolkn` qldn`~com nomrp}xncd p}xr`}rxb com lxjconyc}nlo &`fcq}bx =./
Gnodcomp hbjco }fb mbxbjrdc}nlo lg n}p gnoco`ncd kcxeb}p no }fb knm+3>61p$no c dng}noj lg `lop}xcno}p lo qxnwc}b glxbnjo hlxxlznoj com `lo}xldp lo mlkbbp} xc}bp/ Flzbwbx$ }fb gnvbm bv`fcojb xc}b qldn`~ zcp dbg} no}c`}/ ]fb `lopbsrnoj hllk com kcppnwb glxbnjo `cqn}cd nogdlz lwbxfbc}bm }fb b`lolk~/ Kr
bv`bppnwb prqqd~ lg gromp glrom n}p flkb no xbcd bp}c}b com l}fbx cppb}p co}fbnx qxn`bp }l roqxb`bmbo}bm dbwbdp/3
]fb hllk bombm chxrq}d~ no 3>>1/ Xbcd JMQ jxlz}f qdrkkb}bm gxlkplkb 2 qbx`bo} no 3>6> }l 1/0 qbx`bo} no 3>>1/ ]fb b`lolk~ lo}xc`}bm h~ co c7/2 qbx`bo} no 3>>3/ ]fb mlzo}rxo `lo}norbm no 3>>8 com 3>>0$ zfbo JMQ mcoorcd xc}bp lg 0/6 qbx`bo} com 3/8 qbx`bo}$ xbpqb`}nwbd~/ JMQ mb`xbcpbm no 3}l}cd h~ klxb }fco 31 qbx`bo}/ Gnodcomp mbqxbppnlo+}fb mbbqbp} bvqbxnbo`bLB@M `lro}x~ pno`b Zlxdm Zcx NNfcp hbbo mbp`xnhbm cp c p}lx~ lg hcm dr`qldn`nbp/8 ]fb hcm dr`e p}bkkbm gxlk glrx pfl`ep no no}bxoc}nlocd }xcmb9
3/ Co b`lolkn` mlzo}rxo no }fb LB@M b`lolknbp8/ ]fb chxrq} mb`dnob no Gnodcomp bvqlx}p glddlznoj }fb `lddcqpb lg lob n
}xcmnoj qcx}obxp$ }fb Plwnb} Ronlo0/ Fnjf no}bxbp} xc}bp no Brxlqb xbprd}noj gxlk Jbxkco rongn`c}nlo=/ Pdlznoj jxlz}f }fxlrjflr} Brxlqb/
]fb xbgbxbo`b }l hcm qldn`nbp xbdc}bp }l }fb knv lg qxl+`~`dn`cd gnp`cd qldn`nbp combv`fcojb xc}b qldn`~/ ]fb jlwbxokbo}p c}}bkq}p$ com bwbo}rcd gcndrxb no 3>>8$ }fb gnvbm `rxxbo`~ dbm }l xb`lxm+fnjf no}bxbp} xc}bp com c pfcxqd~ mbwcdrbm mlk
xbo`~/ C zcwb lg qbxplocd com `lkqco~ hcoexrq}`nbp xbprd}bm no c hcoenoj bwbo}rcdd~ `lp} }cvqc~bxp co bp}nkc}bm :/2 qbx`bo} lg JMQ/0 ]fb robkqdl~xbc`fbm 3: qbx`bo} no 3>>0$ }fc} np$ cdklp} 32 qbx`bo}cjb qlno}p fnjfbx }fco nombqxbppnlo dbwbd/
Gnodcomp b`lolk~ hbjco }l xb`lwbx no 3>>=/ ]fb pfl`e fcm `lo}xnhr}bm kbo}cd xbp}xr`}rxnoj lg mnggbxbo} bdbkbo}p lg }fb b`lolk~/ ]fb hrpnobpp pbvckqdb$ rombxzbo} c zcwb lg xblxjconyc}nlo cp roqxlmr`}nwb gnxkp dbg} }fcom klxb bggn`nbo} lobp p}bqqbm no}l }fb hxbc`f/=
]fb bkqdl~kbo} p}xr`}rxb cdpl `fcojbm$ cd}flrjf dbcwnoj }fb obz
robkqdl~kbo} xc}b c} c pnjongn`co}d~ fnjfbx dbwbd/2
Nombbm$ robkqdl~kbo}mlzo pdlzd~ no xb`bo} ~bcxp gxlk }fb fnjf lg 3: qbx`bo}$ hr} no 811= p}nddcdklp} > qbx`bo}/
Gnocdd~$ com klp} nkqlx}co}d~$ }fb p}xr`}rxb lg nomrp}xncd lr}qr} com`fcojbm$ cp }fb N@] nomrp}x~ bkbxjbm com ilnobm }fb }xcmn}nlocd glxbp} com kb}nomrp}xnbp }l hb`lkb lob lg Gnodcomp klp} nkqlx}co} pb`}lxp &gnjrxb 0/0.hb`ckb c kbkhbx lg }fb BR no 3>>2 com cmlq}bm }fb `lkklo Brxlqbco `rxxb
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mbwcdrc}nlop lg }fb `rxxbo`~ no xbpqlopb }l }fb `~`dn`cd oc}rxb lg }fb no}bx
qrdq com qcqbx kcxeb}p/ ]lmc~$ no }fb brxl xbjnkb$ }fnp np obn}fbx qlpp
mbpnxchdb$ hb`crpb lg }fb xbprd}noj nogdc}nlo com no`xbcpb no glxbnjo mbh}/]frp$ }fb mnwbxpngn`c}nlo lg bvqlx}p fcp hbbo kcomc}lx~ }l nkqxlwb }fb q
co`b lg }fb Gnoonpf b`lolk~/ ]fnp mnwbxpngn`c}nlo fcp hbbo mrb dcxjbd~ }l }f
jbo`b lg obz eolzdbmjb+hcpbm nomrp}xnbp com }fb cmlq}nlo lg eolzdbmjb b
`lo`bq}p }fxlrjflr} }fb zfldb pl`nb}~/ Xbpbcx`f com
kbo} &X'M. nowbp}kbo}p h~ jlwbxokbo} com qxnk
qxnwc}b pb`}lx fcwb klxb }fco mlrhdbm }l xbc`f dbwbdp
dbo} }l 0/2 qbx`bo} lg JMQ$ zfn`f np chlwb }fb BR cw
dbpp }fco 8 qbx`bo} com }fb LB@M cwbxcjb lg cqqxlv
8/2 qbx`bo}/ ]fnp no`xbcpb no X'M nowbp}kbo}p xbsrnxb
mbcd lg qldn}n`cd znpmlk com `lrxcjb mrxnoj }nkbp lg fnjf robkqdl~kbo}
bcpnbx qc}f zlrdm fcwb hbbo }l jbobxc}b nkkbmnc}b bkqdl~kbo} xc}fbx }f
rq dlojbx+}bxk p}xboj}fp/ ]fnp no`xbcpbm X'M fcp hbbo fbdqbm qcx}d~ h~
p}xc}bjnbp mbpnjobm glx wcxnlrp gnbdmp no pl`nb}~/ Cdpl fbdqgrd zcp `lopbopr
noj$ glx bvckqdb$ h~ lxjconynoj b`lolkn` qldn`~ qxljxckp c}}bombm h~ qx
cdd kbkhbxp lg }fb Gnoonpf Qcxdnckbo} com l}fbx mb`npnlo kcebxp gxlk }fcom qxnwc}b pb`}lxp$ kbmnc$ com dchlx kcxeb} lxjconyc}nlop/
]fb Gnoonpf noolwc}nlo p~p}bk cdpl fcp hbbo pr``bppgrd no `lowbx}noj }
nowbp}kbo}p com bmr`c}nlocd `cqc`n}~ no}l nomrp}xncd com bvqlx} p}xboj}fp
}b`foldlj~ pb`}lxp/ ]fb pfcxb lg fnjf }b`foldlj~ no }l}cd bvqlx}p fcp jxlz
qbx`bo} no }fb dc}b 3>61p }l cqqxlvnkc}bd~ 81 qbx`bo}$ xbprd}noj no c pnjongn`c
prxqdrp/ ]bdb`lkkron`c}nlo bvqlx}p }lmc~ cxb cdklp} cp fnjf cp }flpb lg }f
xbdc}bm nomrp}xnbp$ com }fb Gnoonpf Olenc @lxqlxc}nlo fcp jxlzo no}l
dbcmbx no klhndb `lkkron`c}nlop/ Fromxbmp lg l}fbx pkcddbx fnjf+}b`f`lkqconbp cdpl fcwb hbbo bp}chdnpfbm$ com kco~ fcwb hb`lkb zlxdm db
}fbnx on`fb kcxeb}p/ ]fb jxlz}f qbxglxkco`b cdpl fcp hbbo xbkcxechdb l
dlojbx xro/ Glddlznoj }fb Pb`lom Zlxdm Zcx$ Gnodcomp JMQ jxlz}f f
ckloj }fb gcp}bp} no Brxlqb/
]fb pr``bpp lg Gnodcom np xbkcxechdb ol} lod~ no dnjf} lg n}p bcxdnbx b`lolk
`rd}nbp/ N} np no}bxbp}noj }l pbb }fc} eolzdbmjb b`lolknbp `co hb pr``bppgrdd~ h
pkcdd com xc}fbx qbxnqfbxcd `lro}x~/ Gnodcom np c xbdc}nwbd~ dcxjb `lro}x~ `lw
cxbc pnkndcx }l }fc} lg }fb Ron}bm Enojmlk lx Icqco$ hb}zbbo dc}n}rmbp 71
Olx}f bv}bomnoj hb~lom }fb Cx`}n` @nx`db/ Cd}flrjf klxb }fco fcdg lg }fb q
}fb zlxdm dnwnoj }fnp gcx olx}f cxb Gnoonpf$ }fb }l}cd qlqrdc}nlo lg }fb `lro}x~
gnwb knddnlo/ Grx}fbxklxb$ }fb Gnoonpf dcojrcjb np pqlebo lod~ h~ Gnoop/ Zf
co cppb} glx c p}xloj oc}nlocd rd}rxb$ n} kcebp no}bxoc}nlocd lkkron`c}nlop
= No}xlmr`}nlo
X'M pqbomnoj
zcp no`xbcpbm }l
0/2" lg JMQ
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3/0 P}xr`}rxb lg }fb hlle
]fnp wldrkb np lxjconybm cp glddlzp/ No `fcq}bx 8 zb }ceb c dlle c} Gn
eolzdbmjb b`lolk~ }lmc~/ Zb jnwb plkb hcpn` gc`}p lo }fb b`lolk~ co
}fb klp} xb`bo} eolzdbmjb+hcpbm mbwbdlqkbo}p/
@fcq}bxp 0 com = cxb ocxxc}nwb mnp`rppnlop lg flz Gnodcom fcp hb`lk
bmjb b`lolk~/ Zb gnxp} }ceb co fnp}lxn`cd qbxpqb`}nwb com mbp`xnhb }fb
}xcopglxkc}nlo gxlk c gc`}lx+mxnwbo &nowbp}kbo}+mxnwbo.$ xbplrx`b+h
lk~ }l lob }fc} np qxnkcxnd~ eolzdbmjb hcpbm/ Pqb`ncd bkqfcpnp np jnwb
}rxcd `fcojbp pno`b }fb bcxd~ 3>>1p$ zfn`f fcwb glxkbm }fb hcpnp glx }
noolwc}nlo+mxnwbo p}cjb lg nomrp}xncd mbwbdlqkbo}/ Lob lg }fb hcpn` k`fcq}bx = np }fc} nop}n}r}nlop kc}}bx/ Zb mnp`rpp no qcx}n`rdcx }fb pnjo
pl`ncd nop}n}r}nlop/
No `fcq}bx 2 zb bvcknob qldn`nbp }lzcxm bofco`noj nowbp}kbo} no e
`xbc}nlo com mnggrpnlo$ }fc} np$ bmr`c}nlo com p`nbo`b com }b`foldlj~ q
`fcq}bx jnwbp qbxpqb`}nwb lo }fb kb`fconpkp lg nomrp}xncd }xcopglxkc}n
xldb com gro`}nlonoj lg qldn`~ lxjconyc}nlop com nop}xrkbo}p np mbp`xnhb
lg }fb `fcq}bx np }l bvqdcno flz Gnodcom fcp hb`lkb lob lg }fb zlxdm
eolzdbmjb+hcpbm b`lolknbp/@fcq}bx 7 dllep c} }fb eolzdbmjb b`lolk~ gxlk c pb`}lxcd qbxpq
xbwnbz }fb }zl klp} nkqlx}co} Gnoonpf nomrp}xncd pb`}lxp}fb glx
nomrp}x~ com noglxkc}nlo com `lkkron`c}nlo }b`foldljnbp pb`}lxno k
Hl}f cxb lg wn}cd nkqlx}co`b }l }fb b`lolk~$ com }fbxb cxb nkqlx}co
hb}zbbo }fb }zl$ bwbo }flrjf lob xbqxbpbo}p c }xcmn}nlocd oc}rxc
mbqbombo} nomrp}x~ com }fb l}fbx mbqbomp lo cdklp} qrxbd~ no}cojn
bmjb/ Grx}fbxklxb$ jdlhcdnyc}nlo com no}bxoc}nlocd `lopldnmc}nlo noqcqbx+kcenoj$ cp zbdd cp l}fbx }xcmn}nlocd nomrp}xnbp$ np dnebd~ }l p}xb
dnoecjbp cjcno no }fb gr}rxb/ Mrb }l }fb obbm }l no}bjxc}b }fb jbljxcqf
qbxpbm c`}nwn}nbp lg jdlhcd `lxqlxc}nlop$ }fbxb np c jxlznoj mbkcom glx
qxlmr`}p com pbxwn`bp/
Gnodcom `bx}cnod~ np co N@]+mxnwbo eolzdbmjb b`lolk~ }fc} fcp hbo
hbnoj co bcxd~ qxlmr`bx lg }fbpb }b`foldljnbp/ ]zl lg }fb jxbc}bp} `fcddb
n}p b`lolk~ }lmc~ cxb }fb obbm glx klxb bggn`nbo} com bv}bopnwb rpb lg
oldljnbp com }fb nkqc`} lg fbnjf}bobm lkqb}n}nlo gxlk obzd~ nomrp}xnc}xnbp/ @fcq}bx : cmmxbppbp }fbpb com l}fbx }lqn`cd `fcddbojbp no }fb `lo}bv
bmjb b`lolk~ mbwbdlqkbo}p no Gnodcom/ N} }cebp c dlle c} }fb `fcojbp no
N@] kcxeb} com mnp`rppbp no}bxocd gc`}lxp pr`f cp cjnoj lg }fb qlqrdc}n
obbm }l no`xbcpb qxlmr`}nwn}~ no pbxwn`bp qxlwnpnlo }l kcno}cno }fb zbdgcx
Gnocdd~ `fcq}bx 6 mnp`rppbp }fb dbpplop dbcxobm gxlk }fb Gnoonpf `cpb
@cxd Mcfdkco$ Ilxkc Xlr}}n$ com Qbeec d
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gxckbzlxe np cmcq}bm gxlk Qlx}bx &3>>1. com Fbxobponbkn com l}fbxp &3>
Knonp}x~ lg ]xcmb com Nomrp}x~ &3>>0./7
Zfndb mbp`xnhnoj }fb `fcxc`}bxnp}n` gbc}rxbp }~qn`cd lg mnggbxbo} mbwbd
p}cjbp lg }fb b`lolk~$ }fb gxckbzlxe cdpl jnwbp nopnjf}p no}l }fb mnggbxbo}qldn`nbp no }fb mnggbxbo} p}cjbp/ Lhwnlrpd~$ mnggbxbo} qldn`nbp cxb cqqxlqxnc}
gbxbo} qfcpbp/ ]fb }fxbb p}cjbp `cool} hb p}xn`}d~ pbqcxc}bm gxlk lob
Xc}fbx$ }fb~ lwbxdcq com bx}cno gbc}rxbp lg bc`f co hb nmbo}ngnbm }fxlrjfl
noj gxlk }fb non}ncd p}cjb lg bcxd~ nomrp}xncdnyc}nlo/
No }fbgc`}lx+ lx xbplrx`b+mxnwbo p}cjb lg co b`lolk~$ }fb `lkqb}n}nwb cmw
lg jxlznoj com no}bxoc}nlocdd~ pr``bppgrd nomrp}xnbp cxb hcpbm cdklp} pldbd
hcpn` gc`}lxp lg qxlmr`}nlo/ No Gnodcom$ }fnp gc`}lx+mxnwbo p}cjb p}cx}bm no
3611p com dcp}bm ro}nd }fb 3>01p/ ]fb gc`}lxp lg qxlmr`}nlo no`drmbm chromhbx xbplrx`bp$ plkb knobxcdp$ f~mxlqlzbx$ com zc}bxzc~p glx }xcopql
]fbxb zcp wbx~ dn}}db oc}nlocd qxlmr`}nlo lg nowbp}kbo} jllmp/ Gnxkp xbdnbm
oldljnbp mbwbdlqbm bdpbzfbxb5 qxnkcxnd~ nobvqbopnwb com znmbd~ cwcndch
oldljnbp zbxb rpbm/ ]fb }xcopgbx lg }b`foldlj~ gxlk l}fbx lro}xnbp zcp nk
h } d g gn f m mn } } } n}f m m n } }n
7 No}xlmr`}nlo
Gnjrxb 3/3 P}cjbp lg nomrp}xncd com b`lolkn` mbwbdlqkbo} no Gnodcom
Plrx`bp9 Cmcq}bm gxlk Qlx}bx 3>>1 com Fbxobponbkn com l}fbxp 3>>7/
Eo
lzdbmjb
Gnodcom gxlk knm 3611p}l bcxd~ 3>11p
Chromco} com `fbcqzllm xcz kc}bxncd
Xbplrx`b+mxnwbob`lolk~
Nkqlx}bm }b`foldlj~
P}comcxm qxlmr`}p
Gnodcom gxlk }fb bomlg ZZNN }l 3>61p
Chndn}~ com znddnojobpp
}l nowbp}
Nowbp}kbo}+mxnwbob`lolk~
Nkqlx}bm hr} rqjxcmbm}b`foldljnbp
Mnggbxbo}nc}bm qxlmr`}p
Gnodcom pno`b dc}b
Mlkbp}n` eolzdbjbobxc}nlo
Eolzdbmjb+mxnwb`lolk~
Nomnjbolrp noolwclzo X'M com}b`foldljnbp
Qxlmr`}p pqcoo`lkqdb}bd~ obz
kcxeb}p
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`lno`nmbm zn}f c p}xloj `lkkn}kbo} }l hrndm co b`lolkn` nogxcp}xr`}rx
}r}nlop$ pr`f cp bmr`c}nlocd com gnoco`ncd p~p}bkp/
No }fb nowbp}kbo}+mxnwbop}cjb$ oc}nlocd lkqb}n}nwb cmwco}cjb np fcxc}fb znddnojobpp com chndn}~ lg gnxkp }l bvqcom }fbnx lqbxc}nlop h~ nowbp}
pnwbd~ no klmbxo com bggn`nbo} qxlmr`}nlo }b`foldljnbp com gc`ndn}nbp/ ]fb
}l c`srnxb }fb hbp} }b`foldljnbp cwcndchdb/ Glxbnjo }b`foldljnbp cxb ol} lo
hr} cdpl nkqxlwbm glx }fb gnxkp lzo qrxqlpbp/ Fbo`b$ gnxkp cxb chdb }l
grx}fbx mbwbdlq noolwc}nlop kcmb bdpbzfbxb/ Flzbwbx$ gnxkp p}ndd `lkqb
c}nwbd~ p}comcxmnybm qxlmr`}p rpnoj bggn`nbo} kb}flmp lg qxlmr`}nlo/
No Gnodcom$ }fnp p}cjb }lle qdc`b gxlk }fb 3>21p }l }fb dc}b 3>61p/ N
chlwb cdd$ nowbp}noj no qcqbx+kcenoj kc`fnobx~$ bobxj~ }b`foldlj~$ comnoj nomrp}xnbp }l xbcq hbobgn}p gxlk b`lolknbp lg p`cdb com bobxj~ bg
p}xloj oc}nlocd `lopboprp zcp obbmbm }l gcwlx nowbp}kbo} lwbx `rxxbo}
}nlo com bv`bppnwbd~ jbobxlrp mnp}xnhr}nwb qldn`nbp/ Nomrp}x~ com b`lolk
zbxb jbcxbm }lzcxm bofco`noj nowbp}kbo} h~ `fcoobdnoj `cqn}cd }lzcxm
nomrp}xnbp$ qxlwnmnoj }cv no`bo}nwbp$ com rpnoj cjjxbppnwb bv`fcojb+xc}b
hllp} bvqlx}p/
No }fb eolzdbmjb+mxnwbo p}cjb$ }fbxb np rprcdd~ c znmbx xcojb lg no}b`lkqb}n}nwb nomrp}xnbp com gnxkp$ bwbo no pkcddbx b`lolknbp/ Flzbwbx$ c
qlx}nlo lg }fbpb nomrp}xnbp com nomrp}xncd drp}bxp mxcz }fbnx lkqb}n}nwb
}xcmn}nlocdd~ p}xloj pb`}lxp/ Kco~ noolwc}nwb gnxkp com nomrp}xnbp bkbx
}fc} fcwb p}xloj dnoecjbp }l }xcmn}nlocd lobp/ Gnxk bo}xnbp com bo}xbq
no`xbcpb mlkbp}n` xnwcdx~/ Noolwc}nlo np pqrxxbm h~ no`xbcpbm `lkqb}n
qxlmr`} kcxeb}/ Pbdg+`xbc}bm com plqfnp}n`c}bm gc`}lxp lg qxlmr`}nlo cxb
`lkqb}n}nwb cmwco}cjb/ Gnxkp lkqb}b no jdlhcd kcxeb}p zn}f mnggbxbo}nc
Gnodcomp klwb }l eolzdbmjb+mxnwbo jxlz}f zcp `dlpbd~ dnoebm }ljbo`b lg N@] no }fb dc}b 3>61p/ Flzbwbx$ no Gnodcom$ N@] fcm p}xloj dnoe
}xcmn}nlocd glxbp} com kb}cd nomrp}xnbp/ ]fb bdb`}xlon`p nomrp}x~ fcm
mbwbdlq no }fb 3>71p h~ prqqd~noj qxl`bpp `lo}xld$ gc`}lx~ cr}lkc}nlo$
kc}nlo }b`foldljnbp }l }fb eb~ bvqlx} nomrp}xnbp/ Co nkqlx}co} cpqb`} l
lg nomrp}xncdnyc}nlo cdpl zcp }fb lqbonoj rq lg }fb b`lolk~$ zfbo }fb n
cdnyc}nlo lg qxlmr`}nlo xbcdd~ }lle lgg/: ]fb xldb lg qldn`nbp `fcojbm mx
mrxnoj }fnp }nkb/ Noolwc}nlo com }b`foldlj~ qldn`nbp hb`ckb }fb gl`rp
nomrp}x~ com b`lolkn` qldn`nbp/ ]fb hcpn` qldn`~ lxnbo}c}nlo pfng}bm g
}nlocd kcxeb} no}bxwbo}nlop }lzcxm rqjxcmnoj com `xbc}noj plqfnp}n`c}
}nlo gc`}lxp com nkqxlwnoj }fb lwbxcdd hrpnobpp bownxlokbo}/
]fb ocxxc}nwb lg }fnp wldrkb glddlzp }fb p}cjbp gxckbzlxe irp
Flzbwbx$ zb p}cx} gxlk }fb eolzdbmjb+mxnwbo p}cjb h~ jnwnoj c pflx}
@cxd Mcfdkco$ Ilxkc Xlr}}n$ com Qbeec d
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8Gnodcomp Eolzdbmjb B`lolk~ ]lmc~Qbeec d+Co}}ndc
8/3 Glromc}nlop glx c eolzdbmjb+mxnwbo b`lolk~
Mrxnoj }fb gnxp} gbz ~bcxp lg }fb }zbo}~+gnxp} `bo}rx~$ Gnodcom fcp hb
orkhbx lob h~ pbwbxcd no}bxoc}nlocd lkqb}n}nwbobpp lkqcxnplop/3 Pno`
Zlxdm B`lolkn` Glxrk &ZBG. Jdlhcd @lkqb}n}nwbobpp Xbqlx} fcp qr} }
no gnxp} qdc`b }fxbb }nkbp/ ]fb b`lolk~p lkqb}n}nwbobpp np ol} hcpbm lo
no oc}rxcd xbplrx`bp$ dcxjb pnyb$ gcwlxchdb `dnkc}b$ lx chromco} prqqd~ l
}fb `lo}xcx~$ Gnodcom np c pkcdd b`lolk~$ dl`c}bm no }fb olx}fbxo Brxlqbbx~$ com np xn`f lod~ no glxbp} xbplrx`bp/ Jbljxcqfn`cdd~$ Gnodcom np cqq
}fb pnyb lg Jbxkco~ lx }fb Ron}bm P}c}bp p}c}b lg Obz Kbvn`l/ ^b}$ zn
knddnlo nofchn}co}p$ n} np pqcxpbd~ qlqrdc}bm/ ]fb `dnkc}b np `ldm$ hr} o
fcxpf cp knjf} hb bvqb`}bm no }fb pb`lom klp} olx}fbxd~ `lro}x~ no }fb z
@lkqb}n}nwbobpp nomn`bp qxbmn`} xbdc}nwbd~ qllxd~ }fb gr}rxb jxlz}
co`b lg b`lolknbp$ hr} }fb~ kc~ jnwb rpbgrd fnompnjf} lo }fb wcxnlrp g
fcwb `lo}xnhr}bm }l }fb `lkqb}n}nwb bmjb com zbdd+hbnoj lg oc}nlop/ Ro}fb klp} nkqlx}co} gc`}lxp no`drmb bmr`c}nlo$ }b`foldlj~$ zbdd+gro`}nlo
nop}n}r}nlop$ lqboobpp lg }fb b`lolk~$ com n}p no}bjxc}nlo zn}fno no}bxoc}
hdl`p/ Flzbwbx$ }lmc~$ cmmn}nlocd gc`}lxp lg jxlz}f qbxglxkco`b$ pr`f
xbcmnobpp$ xbpbcx`f com `xbc}nwn}~$ bsrcd lqqlx}ron}nbp glx cdd nomnwnmrcdp
xlokbo}cd prp}cnochndn}~$ cxb hb`lknoj bppbo}ncd cp zbdd$ cp np mnp`rppbm h
Co nkqlx}co} npprb np cdpl cmcq}chndn}~ }l$ com `lkklo c``bq}co`b
cp np }~qn`cd no pkcdd `lro}xnbp/0 No }fb 3>:1p$ }fb Gnoonpf b`lolk~ zcp
nybm h~ gc`}lx+mxnwbo com xbplrx`b+hcpbm gbc}rxbp/ No }zl pflx} mb`cmfcm jlob }fxlrjf c kcilx p}xr`}rxcd `fcojb com klwbm no}l c eolzdb
noglxkc}nlo pl`nb}~/ ]fb lro}x~ qxlmr`bm pr`f pr``bpp p}lxnbp cp Dnorv
zfn`f jxbz no}l jdlhcd jnco}p no dbpp }fco c mb`cmb/ No }fb 3>>1p$ Gnodcom
}fb ilrxob~ gxlk hbnoj lob lg }fb dbcp} N@]+pqb`ncdnybm `lro}xnbp }l hb`
n d } n dn m
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Flzbwbx$ }fb klxb }xcmn}nlocd nomrp}xnbpno`drmnoj qrdq com qcqbx c
obbxnojcdpl zbxb xbobzbm/ ]fbxb zcp c kcilx p}xr`}rxcd `fcojb c`xlpp co
nomrp}xnbp com$ cd}flrjf c jllm mbcd lg xb+bkqdl~kbo} }lle qdc`b$ }fb ro
kbo} xc}b xbkcnobm fnjf `lkqcxbm }l qxbwnlrp `xnpnp dbwbdp/ ]fb pl`ncd pcgbc Olxmn` zbdgcxb p}c}b }fc} fcm hbbo hrnd} lwbx }fb qlp}+Zlxdm+Zcx+NN mb`c
wbx~ fbdqgrd no mbcdnoj zn}f }fnp fnjfbx xc}b lg p}xr`}rxcd robkqdl~kbo}/
Bmr`c}nlocd c}}cnokbo} cdpl no`xbcpbm mrxnoj }fb 3>>1p/ Boxlddkbo}p no
pn}nbp com l}fbx fnjfbx bmr`c}nlo nop}n}r}nlop xlpb pnjongn`co}d~$ com }lmc~ G
~lrojbx jbobxc}nlop cxb ckloj }fb klp} fnjfd~ bmr`c}bm h~ co~ p}comcxm
pckb }nkb$ }fb `lro}x~ bvfnhn}bm bv}xclxmnocx~ m~ocknpk com fnjf pl`n
pnlo/ N} zcp ckloj }fb fnjf qbxglxkbxp no Zbp}bxo Brxlqb h~ cdklp} co~ b
com eolzdbmjb nomn`c}lx/]fb p}xr`}rxcd }xcopglxkc}nlop lg }fb 3>>1p no`dr
lod~ pb`}lxcd pfng}p no qxlmr`}nlo hr} cdpl `fcojbp n
}fnoenoj/ ]lmc~$ no c`eolzdbmjkbo} lg }fb rombxd~no
lg }fb xb`bppnlo$ Gnodcom qr}p jxbc}bx bkqfcpnp lo
31 Gnodcomp Eolzdbmjb B`lolk~ ]lmc~
Gl`rp np lo dlojbx+
}bxk qldn`nbp
]chdb 8/3 Hcpn` gc`}p lg Gnodcom
Gnodcom
Qlqrdc}nlo9 2$807$733 &811=.
Jlwbxokbo}cd }~qb9 Xbqrhdn`
@cqn}cd9 Fbdpnoen
JMQ qbx cqn}c9 -8>$111 &811=.
JMQ `lkqlpn}nlo h~ pb`}lx9 Cjxn`rd}rxb com glxbp}x~ =/0"$ nomrp}x~ 08/:"$
78/>" &811=.
Bkqdl~kbo} p}xr`}rxb h~ l``rqc}nlo9 Cjxn`rd}rxb com glxbp}x~ 6"$ nomrp}x~ 88"$ `lop
7"$ `lkkbx`b 3="$gnoco`b$ noprxco`b$ com hrp
pbxwn`bp 31"$ }xcopqlx} com `lkkron`c}nlop 6"
qrhdn` pbxwn`bp 08"
Robkqdl~kbo} xc}b9 >" &811=.
Nomrp}xnbp9 Bdb`}xlon`p &N@].$ bojnobbxnoj com kb}cd qxl
qrdq com qcqbx$ pfnqhrndmnoj
Fnjf+}b`f bvqlx}p cp c pfcxb lg
kcorgc`}rxnoj bvqlx}p9 8=" &811=.
]l}cd bvqbomn}rxb lo X'M
cp c pfcxb lg JMQ9 0/=" &811=.P`nbo`b com bojnobbxnoj boxldkbo}
xc}nl &}bx}ncx~+dbwbd p}rmbo}p.9 0>"
8/2/2019 Finland as a knowledge Economy - Carl J Dahlman - Jorma Routti -
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Qbeec d+
Gnjrxb 8/3 Hbo`fkcxenoj }fb Gnoonpf eolzdbmjb b`lolk~
Plrx`b9 Zlxdm Hcoe/ Eolzdbmjb Cppbppkbo} Kb}flmldlj~$ zzz/zlxdmhcoe/lxj,eOl}bp9 Eolzdbmjb b`lolk~ wcxnchdbp hbo`fkcxe qbxglxkco`b lg 386 `lro}xnbp/ Wcx
olxkcdnybm gxlk 1 &zlxp}. }l 31 &hbp}./
Klp} xb`bo}
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cqqdn`c}nlopjxco}bm h~
}fb RPQ]L
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3>>2
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38 Gn d m E d m B ] m
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xcoep Gnodcom c} }fb }lq zn}f l}fbx Olxmn` lro}xnbp com Olx}f Ckbxn`c/ Gn
cdpl prjjbp}p }fc} }fbxb np p}xloj qbxpnp}bo`bc} dbcp} lwbx }fb kbmnrk }
}fb jxlrq lg cmwco`bm eolzdbmjb b`lolknbp/ Flzbwbx$ }cenoj c dlojbx Gnodcom cdpl p}comp lr} cp co bvckqdb lg xcqnm p}xr`}rxcd `fcojbcom
dbcqgxljjnoj$ cp mnp`rppbm chlwb/
No }bxkp lg X'M no}bopn}~$ cp dc}b cp }fb dc}b 3>:1p$ Gnodcom zcp c} }fb dl
lg }fb LB@M `lro}xnbp/ ]lmc~$ Gnoonpf nowbp}kbo} no X'M c``lro}p glx 0/=
lg JMQ$ zfn`f np }fb pb`lom fnjfbp} xc}b no LB@M com }fb }fnxm fnjfbp} no }f
irp} cg}bx Pzbmbo com Npxcbd/= Pb`}lxcd pqb`ncdnyc}nlo np col}fbx nomn`c}lx xb
}fb fnjf xcoenoj no }fb eolzdbmjb b`lolk~ &EB. lkqcxnplo/2
Flzbwbx$ zfc} zb lhpbxwb }lmc~ cxb lr}`lkbp lg dlojbx+}bxk }xcopglqxl`bppbp/ Pqb`ncdnyc}nlo no fnjf+}b`f com X'M+no}bopnwb qxlmr`}nlo obb
qxb`bmbm h~ kcilx p}xr`}rxcd `fcojbp no b`lolkn` co
p}xr`}rxbp/ Xb`bo} xbpbcx`f pbbkp }l nomn`c}b `lo
}fc}$ zfbo qllx `lro}xnbp hb`lkb xn`fbx$ }fb~ pqb`
X'M$ pb`}lxcd qxlmr`}nlo com bkqdl~kbo} hb`lk
mnwbxpngnbm lx dbpp `lo`bo}xc}bm/ Lo }fb `lo}xcx~$ `
zn}f fnjf dbwbdp lg no`lkb cxb `fcxc`}bxnybm h~ `lo`bo}xc}bm pb`}lxcd pq
}nlo/7 Zfc} zb pbb no c `xlpp+pb`}nlo lg lro}xnbp }lmc~ cqqdnbp zbdd }l }fb m
kbo} lg Gnodcom lwbx }fb qcp} gbz mb`cmbp/ N} np pnjongn`co} }fc} c eolzdbm
lk~ np co bopbkhdb lg bdbkbo}p }fc} krp} hb no hcdco`b/ N} np ol} ob`bppcxnd~
lg }b`foldljn`cd nogxcp}xr`}rxb lx penddbm bojnobbxp }fc} xbp}xcnop b`lolkn`
N} knjf} bsrcdd~ zbdd hb }fb dc`e lg bo}xbqxbobrxp lx qxlqbx b`lolkn` no
com lqqlx}ron}nbp/ Wcxnlrp bdbkbo}p lg }fb eolzdbmjb+hcpbm b`lolknbp c
`rppbm h~ rpnoj }fb Zlxdm Hcoep ECK mc}chcpb/ Gnjrxb 8/0 `lkqcxbp }fb h
kbo}p lx qnddcxp lg }fb eolzdbmjb b`lolk~ c`xlpp lro}xnbp com xbjnlop/Gnjrxb 8/0 prqqlx}p }fb wnbz }fc} }fbxb krp} hb c hcdco`b ckloj }fb eb~ b
lg c eolzdbmjb b`lolk~9 cdd lro}xnbp xcoebm fnjf no }fb lwbxcdd nombv cdpl cxb
fnjf no cdd prhnomn`bp/ ]fnp gnomnoj xbgdb`}p }fb obbm glx hcdco`b no c hxlcm
c`}nwn}nbp }l grdd~ r}ndnyb lqqlx}ron}nbp glx eolzdbmjb+hcpbm mbwbdlqkbo} com
8/8 B`lolkn` no`bo}nwb xbjnkb9 Pkcdd lqbo b`lolk~
No Gnodcom$ pqb`ncdnyc}nlo lg qxlmr`}nlo$ }xcmb$ com X'M no klxb eolzdbmjb+njllmp com pbxwn`bp fcp `lno`nmbm zn}f }fb jxcmrcd lqbonoj lg }fb b`lolk~ co
rdc}nlo lg cqn}cd gdlzp/ Dng}noj }fb xbkcnonoj xbp}xn`}nlop lo cqn}cd gdlzp no }
`dbcxd~ qxlkl}bm nowbp}kbo} no jbobxcd com }fb nogdlz lg glxbnjo `cqn}cd no qc
No }fb 3>>1p$ Gnodcom cdpl pfng}bm n}p nomrp}xncd qldn`nbp gxlk prhpnmnbp }l
38 Gnodcomp Eolzdbmjb B`lolk~ ]lmc~
EB qnddcxp krp}
hb no hcdco`b
Qbeec ^d
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Qbeec d+
Gnjrxb 8/0 Eolzdbmjb b`lolk~ qnddcxp9 EB Nombv no pbdb`}bm lro}xnbp
xbjnlop
B`lolkn`no`bo}nwb Noglx
@lro}x~ EBN xbjnkb Noolwc}nlo Bmr`c}nlo nogxcp}
Pzbmbo >/8= 6/=> >/78 >/37 >
Gnodcom >/37 6/:0 >/72 >/83 >
Ron}bm P}c}bp 6/7> :/>: >/=8 6/86 >
Jbxkco~ 6/=: 6/31 6/66 :/66 >Icqco 6/8> :/=8 >/01 6/1> 6
Zbp}bxo Brxlqb 6/8= 6/32 6/38 6/1> 6
Gxco`b 6/36 :/76 6/=7 6/06 6
Elxbc :/2> 2/0> 6/33 :/67 >
@yb`f Xbqrhdn` : 10 7 87 : 12 : 1: :
1
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B`lolkn` no`bo}nwb xbjnkbNoolwc}nloBmr`c}nloNoglxkc}nlo nogxcp}xr`}rxb
3= Gnodcomp Eolzdbmjb B`lolk~ ]lmc~
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Npprbp xbdc}bm }l mbxbjrdc}nlo com `fcojbp no no`bo}nwb p}xr`}rxbp cxb mb
`fcq}bx =/
8/0 Fnjf qbxglxkbx no }b`fon`cd+mxnwbo noolwc}nlo
Glx bvckqdb$ cp kbcprxbm h~ qc}bo} nomn`c}lxp lx wcxnlrp noolwc}nlo p`lxb
Gnodcomp noolwc}nlo c`}nwn}~ fcp no`xbcpbm `lo}norlrpd~ pno`b }fb knm
C``lxmnoj }l }fb Brxlqbco @lkkron}~p 811= Noolwc}nlo Prxwb~$ Gnodcopb`lom ckloj BR `lro}xnbp no lwbxcdd noolwc}nwbobpp/> Qc}bo} nomn`c}
xlrjfd~ }fb pckb qn`}rxb &gnjrxb 8/=./ ]fb `lro}x~ mlbp zbdd no }b`fon`cd$ c
`ncdd~ no N@]+xbdc}bm noolwc}nlop$ hr} pbbkp rombxqbxglxk plkbzfc} no l
}nlocd noolwc}nlop com `lkkbx`ncdnyc}nlo/
3= Gnodcom p Eolzdbmjb B`lolk~ ]lmc~
Gnjrxb 8/= Orkhbx lg }xncmn` qc}bo} gckndnbp &qbx knddnlo nofchn}co}p glx ~bc
8111$ qc}bo}p gxlk 3>>18111.
Plrx b9 LB@M 8112/Ol}b9 ]xncmn` kbcop }fc} }fb pckb qc}bo} zcp jxco}bm no }fb RPQ]L &R/P/.$ BQL &Brx
com IQL &Icqco./
1
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m
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311
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nojd~ cxb pbbo cp pnkrd}coblrp$ xc}fbx }fco pbsrbo}ncd/ ]fb noolwc}nlo pqldn`nbp cxb mnp`rppbm grx}fbx no `fcq}bx 2$ com gxlk }fb qbxpqb`}nwb lg
xbdc}bm com N@] pb`}lxp no `fcq}bx 7/
]fb noolwc}nlo com bmr`c}nlo p~p}bkp cxb `dlpbd~ dnoebm/ Noolwc}nlo
`cpbp$ co lr}`lkb lg xbpbcx`f bgglx}p `cxxnbm lr} no qxnwc}b bo}bxqxnpbp/ F
np }fb qrhdn` pb`}lx }fc} np kcnod~ xbpqlopnhdb glx bmr`c}noj xbpbcx`fbx
knm+3>>1p$ }fb orkhbx lg xbpbcx`fbxp no hl}f }fb qxnwc}b com qrhdn` p
xnpbo gcp}bx }fco bwbx hbglxb no }fb `lro}x~p fnp}lx~ com xcoep gnxp} no
zfbo lkqcxbm }l }l}cd bkqdl~kbo} &gnjrxb 8/2./
8/= Bmr`c}nlo9 Srbp} glx bsrn}~ com srcdn}~
Bmr`c}nlo np }fb eb~ bdbkbo} lg c eolzdbmjb+hcpbm$ noolwc}nlo+mxnwbo b
Qbeec d
Gnjrxb 8/2 Orkhbx lg xbpbcx`fbxp
Plrx b9 LB@M 8112/Ol}b9 Xbgbxp }l 8113 lx }fb dc}bp} cwcndchdb ~bcx/ Pbb }fb lxnjnocd plrx`b glx cmmn}nloc
1
37
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31
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7
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37 Gnodcomp Eolzdbmjb B`lolk~ ]lmc~
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p`flldp com c`xlpp p}rmbo}p/ Grx}fbxklxb$ }fb dlz qbxglxknoj jxlrq no Gno
hb}}bx }fco }fb cwbxcjb lg cdd lg }fb =1+plkb lro}xnbp prxwb~bm/
No }fb Gnoonpf p~p}bk$ }fb dl`cd cr}flxn}nbp cxb dcxjbd~ xbpqlopnhdb glx lxjhcpn` bmr`c}nlo com p`flldnoj/ ]fb hcpn` qxno`nqdb np lob lg bsrcdn}~ cklo
jxlrqnojp$ hb}zbbo jbombxp$ com c`xlpp wcxnlrp qcx}p lg }fb `lro}x~/ ]fb
bmr`c}nlo p~p}bk com qldn`nbp cxb mnp`rppbm no mb}cnd no `fcq}bx 2/
8/2 Noglxkc}nlo nogxcp}xr`}rxb9 Gnodcom cp co N@]+mxnwboeolzdbmjb b`lolk~
]fb `lxb lg }fb Gnoonpf eolzdbmjb b`lolk~ np }fb Olenc+mxnwbo N@] `drphxlcmd~ rombxp}llm `drp}bxgxlk mnjn}cd `lo}bo} qxlwnpnlo com qc`enoj
zlxe nogxcp}xr`}rxb$ bsrnqkbo} kcorgc`}rxnoj com lqbxc}nlo$ }l bom+rpb
ocdp com qlx}cdpnp lkqxnpbm lg cqqxlvnkc}bd~ 7111 gnxkp$ no`drmnoj 011
prh`lo}xc`}lxp lg Olenc/
]fb JMQ pfcxb lg }fb N@] drp}bx fcp no`xbcpbm gxlk = qbx`bo} no 3>>1 }l k
31 qbx`bo} }lmc~/ Olencp pfcxb np c hn} dbpp }fco = qbx`bo}/ ]fb xldb lg }fb N@] `
bwbo klxb nkqlx}co} no p}xc}bjn` cxbcp pr`f cp X'M com }fb jdlhcdnyc}nlo lg h
N@]+xbdc}bm xbpbcx`f c``lro}p glx klxb }fco 21 qbx`bo} lg cdd nomrp}xncd X'M/
]fb pfcxb lg N@] qxlmr`}p no Gnodcomp }l}cd bvqlx}p np `dlpb }l 82 qbx`b
}l bv}bopnwb bvqlx}p lg }bdb`lk bsrnqkbo}$ Gnodcomp }xcmb prxqdrp no f
jllmp np ckloj }fb fnjfbp} no Brxlqb/ No cmmn}nlo$ }fbxb cxb pnjongn`co} pq
gxlk }fb N@] drp}bx }l l}fbx Gnoonpf bvqlx} pb`}lxp/
j ~ ~
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0P}xr`}rxcd @fcojbp no }fb Gnoonpf B`lolk~Gxlk Cjxn`rd}rxb }l Fnjf+]b`f
Fbdn Elpen com Qbeec ^d+Co}}ndc
0/3 Gxlk c xbplrx`b+ com nowbp}kbo}+mxnwbo }l c eolzdbmjb+hcpbm
Pr``bppgrd nkqdbkbo}c}nlo lg wcxnlrp qldn`nbpnomrp}xncd com noolwc}
}nlo$ cp zbdd cp c jbobxcd }xbom }lzcxm kcxeb} dnhbxcdnyc}nlo com mbxbjrd
`lo}xnhr}bm }l }fb mbwbdlqkbo} lg }fb Gnoonpf eolzdbmjb b`lolk~ lw
gbz mb`cmbp/ ]fb pbdb`}nlo com qbxglxkco`b lg }fbpb qldn`nbp cxb `dlpbdjbobxcd pl`nlb`lolkn` mbwbdlqkbo}p com }fb pqb`ngn` gbc}rxbp lg }fb nom
}nlo qxl`bpp no Gnodcom/ ]fbxbglxb$ zb gnxp} lr}dnob }fbpb fnp}lxn`cd mbw
com }fbo mnp`rpp bc`f hxlcm `c}bjlx~ lg qldn`nbp no mb}cnd/3
Gnodcom np wbx~ pnkndcx }l l}fbx Olxmn` `lro}xnbp zn}f xbpqb`} }l n}p
com pl`ncd p}xr`}rxb com nop}n}r}nlop/ ]fb Olxmn` zbdgcxb p}c}b klmbd b
bjcdn}cxnco qxno`nqdbp com np cppl`nc}bm zn}f c xbdc}nwbd~ bwbo no`lkb m
dlz `dcpp mnp}no`}nlop$ com p}xloj pl`ncd `lfbpnlo/ ]fb Gnoonpf pl`nb}~ np
flkljbolrp com$ mrb }l }fb b`lolk~p fnjf mbjxbb lg pqb`ncdnyc}nlo$
}l bv}bxocd pfl`ep/ ]fnp pl`nlb`lolkn` qlpn}nlonoj `cddp glx }fb qxbpbo`b
}fc} hrggbx }fb xnpep glx nomnwnmrcdp$ glx nop}co`b$ c pl`ncd pb`rxn}~ p~p}bk
lrp glxkcd com noglxkcd ob}zlxep/8
Gnodcomp qc}f gxlk co cjxn`rd}rxb+hcpbm pl`nb}~ }fxlrjf p}cjbp lg
nyc}nlo com }fbo }l c eolzdbmjb+mxnwbo b`lolk~ nowldwbm wcxnlrp pqb`n
H~ }fb bom lg }fb 3611p$ Gnodcom fcm jllm qxb`lomn}nlop glx }fb nomrp}x
}nlo com obz hrpnobpp c`}nwn}nbp/ ]fbpb qxb`lomn}nlop zbxb }fc} no}bxocdocd }xcmb fcm hbbo dnhbxcdnybm5 }fb bmr`c}nlocd com hcoenoj p~p}bkp
bp}chdnpfbm5 com }fb }xcopqlx}c}nlo nogxcp}xr`}rxb zcp jllm/ ]fb Gnoonp
klwbm lo}l c qc}f lg xcqnm jxlz}f cxlrom }fb knm+onob}bbo}f bo}rx~
dc}bx }fco }fb `lro}xnbp no }fb wcojrcxm lg }fb Nomrp}xncd Xbwldr}nlo/
Gn d m gn } } n m } n dn m h m } d
36 P}xr`}rxcd @fcojbp no }fb Gnoonpf B`lolk~9 Gxlk Cjxn`rd}rxb }l Fnjf+]b`f
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qxlmr`bxp p}cx}bm }l mbwbdlq }fbnx lzo qrdq com qcqbx com pczkndd }b`fo
zfn`f }rxobm lr} }l hb }zl eb~ bdbkbo}p no }fbnx jdlhcdd~ `lkqb}n}nwb glxbp
}x~ `drp}bx no prhpbsrbo} mb`cmbp/Gnodcomp glxbp}+xbdc}bm nomrp}x~ n}pbdg jcnobm com kcno}cnobm n}p no}bx
`lkqb}n}nwbobpp$ com c`}rcdd~ hb`ckb c jdlhcd }b`foldlj~ dbcmbx h~ `lo}n
nowbp}noj no obz }b`foldljnbp &`fcq}bx 7./ Obwbx}fbdbpp$ no }fb bcxd~ 3>
b`lolk~ bcxobm cqqxlvnkc}bd~ }zl+}fnxmp lg n}p bvqlx} xbwborbp gxlk zll
r`}p com qrdq com qcqbx/ No 3>>1$ irp} qxnlx }l }fb mbbq xb`bppnlo lg 3>>3
}fb qbxnlm lg kcilx nomrp}xncd }xcopglxkc}nlo }fc} glddlzbm$ zllm$ qrdq$ co
c``lro}bm glx cp kr`f cp =1 qbx`bo} lg Gnoonpf bvqlx}p &gnjrxb 0/3./
No }fb 3>61p$ Gnodcom mbwbdlqbm no}l c qlp}nomrp}xncd pbxwn`b pl`nb}~0/8.$ hr} c} }fb pckb }nkb n}p qxlmr`}nlo p}xr`}rxb hb`ckb roprp}cnochdb/ K
}fb jxlz}f no pbxwn`bp lr}qr} }lle qdc`b no }fb qcx}p lg }fb b`lolk~ }fc} z
prhib`} }l no}bxoc}nlocd `lkqb}n}nlo &}fb pfbd}bxbm olo}xcmchdb pb`}lx.$
fbcd}f pbxwn`bp$ no zfn`f `lp}p xlpb klxb srn`ed~ }fco zcxxco}bm h~ qxlm
]fb lqbo pb`}lx lg }fb b`lolk~ qxlwbm }l hb }ll pkcdd }l mlknoc}b
0 Mrxnoj }fnp xb`bppnlo$ JMQ gbdd h~ klxb }fco 31"$ com }fb robkqdl~kbo} xc}b xlp
1
311
>161
:1
71
21
=1
0181
31
3>71 3>:1 3>61
Qbx`bo}lg}l}cdbvqlx}p
3>>1 8110
Gnjrxb 0/3 Bvqlx}p lg jllmp h~ nomrp}x~ pb`}lx$ 3>>18110
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81 P}xr`}rxcd @fcojbp no }fb Gnoonpf B`lolk~9 Gxlk Cjxn`rd}rxb }l Fnjf+]b`f
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1
3>21
01$111
3>20
3>27
3>2>
3>78
3>72
3>76
3>:3
3>:=
3>::
3>61
3>60
3>67
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3> >
82$111
81$111
JMQq
bx`cqn}c
32$111
31$111
2$111
Gnodcom LB@M Brxlqb
Gnjrxb 0/0 JMQ qbx `cqn}c no Gnodcom com LB@M Brxlqb &3>>2 no}bxoc}nlomlddcxp.
Plrx`bp9 Xlrwnobo com ^d+Co}}ndc 81105 lxnjnocd plrx`bp9 zzz/plrx`bLB@M/lxj5 QboZlxdm }chdbp9 f}}q9,,m`3/`fcpp/r}lxlo}l/`c,qz},
=1
02
01
82
81
32
31
Qbx`bo}
Gnjrxb 0/= Kcorgc`}rxnoj pfcxb no JMQ no pbdb`}bm `lro}xnbp
Fbdn Elpen com Qbeec d+
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No}bxbp}nojd~$ rodneb klp} l}fbx LB@M `lro}xnbp mrxnoj }fb 3>>1p$ G
nowbp}kbo}p no }fb kcorgc`}rxnoj pb`}lx no`xbcpb xbdc}nwbd~ gcp}bx }fco n
n`b pb`}lx &gnjrxb 0/=./
0/8 N@] `drp}bx9 Gcp}bp} jxlznoj pb`}lx lg }fb b`lolk~
]fb xcqnm bkbxjbo`b lg }fb N@] pb`}lx cp }fb }fnxm qnddcx lg }fb Gnoonpf b
bwnmbo} no gnjrxbp 0/20/:/ P}cx}noj cxlrom }fb knm+3>>1p$ }fnp pb`}l
bv}xclxmnocx~ jxlz}f$ cd}flrjf }fb pbbmp glx }fnp mbwbdlqkbo} fcm
mb`cmbp bcxdnbx/ ]fb dnhbxcdnyc}nlo lg zlxdm }bdb`lkkron`c}nlop lqbx
}xcmb$ }ljb}fbx zn}f c obz klhndb `lkkron`c}nlop p}comcxm$ rodbcpfbm}ncd xbpnmnoj no }fb pb`}lx/
]fb bvqcopnlo lg }fb N@] pb`}lx$ hc`ebm h~ noolwc}nlo+lxnbo}bm qrh
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bvqbomn}rxb lo X'M no qxlqlx}nlo }l JMQ bv`bbmbm }fc} lg }fb Icq
Ron}bm P}c}bp5 com$ lg }fb LB@M `lro}xnbp$ lod~ Pzbmbo fcp c fnjfb
}bxkp lg N@]$ flzbwbx$ Gnodcom hb`ckb }fb klp} X'M+no}bopnwb `lro}x~
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bo}cjbqlno}p
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3/2
3/1
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8111
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01
81
31
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Gnjrxb 0/7 Nkqlx}co`b lg }fb Gnoonpf N@] pb`}lx$ pbdb`}bm nomn`c}lxp
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Olenc/ N} np nkqlx}co} }l xbcdnyb }fc} }fb prhp}co`b lg }fb N@] pb`}lx x
jxbc} bv}bo}$ no lob nomnwnmrcd gnxk$ Olenc/ Mbpqn}b }fb gc`} }fc} klp} G
gnxkp jxbz xcqnmd~ no }fb zceb lg }fb }bdb`lkkron`c}nlop hllk$ xbkcnobm$ h~ cdd p}comcxmp$ no n}p lzo `dcpp &pbb gnjrxb 0/:./ No 8110 }fb
c``lro}bm glx hcpn`cdd~ }zl+}fnxmp lg }fb }l}cd }rxolwbx lg N@] kcorgc`
pbxwn`bp dl`c}bm no Gnodcom/
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8= P}xr`}rxcd @fcojbp no }fb Gnoonpf B`lolk~9 Gxlk Cjxn`rd}rxb }l Fnjf+]b`f
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Olenc np h~ gcx }fb dcxjbp} `lkqco~ no Gnodcom$ com n} fcp c `lopnmbxchdb
lo }fb pkcdd b`lolk~/ No 8111$ }fc} np$ }fb fb~mc~ lg }fb N@] hllk$ n}p `lo}
}l }fb 7 qbx`bo} JMQ jxlz}f zcp lo }fb lxmbx lg 8 qbx`bo}cjb qlno}p/= C``l
B]DCp bp}nkc}bp$ no 8110 Olenc c``lro}bm glx 0/: qbx`bo} lg JMQ$ lob
bvqlx}p$ 3 qbx`bo} lg }l}cd bkqdl~kbo}$ com 02 qbx`bo} lg }l}cd oc}nlo
bvqbomn}rxb/
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zcp p}ndd hcpbm dcxjbd~ lo cjxn`rd}rxb }l }fb dbcmnoj fnjf+}b`foldlj~ qxl
}fb }zbo}~+gnxp} `bo}rx~/ ]fb p}xr`}rxcd `fcojbp }fc} }lle qdc`b no Gnoonp
}xnbp com }fb b`lolk~ cp c zfldb$ qcx}n`rdcxd~ mrxnoj }fb 3>>1p$ fcwb hbb
}nlocdd~ xcqnm no no}bxoc}nlocd `lkqcxnplo &pbb gnjrxb 0/6./ ]fb obv} `fcq}bxhn} klxb dnjf} lo }fnp pqb`ncd qfcpb lg }fb `lro}x~p b`lolkn` mbwbdlqkbo}
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=@fcojbp no }fb B`lolkn` comNop}n}r}nlocd Xbjnkbp
Wnddb Ecn}ndc$ Fbdn Elpen$ Ilxkc Xlr}}n$ Qcrdc ]nnflobo$
com Qbeec ^d+Co}}ndc
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]fb }xcopglxkc}nlo lg }fb Gnoonpf b`lolk~ }fxlrjf }fb wcxnlrp p}cjbp l
cdnyc}nlo cdpl fcp hbbo gc`ndn}c}bm h~ wcxnlrp gcwlxchdb `fcojbp no }fb
gxckbzlxe com no kcxeb} p}xr`}rxbp/ ]fb kcilx `fcojbp cxb no}bxdnoebmcdd~ prqqlx}nwb$ com xbdc}b }l kcxeb} dnhbxcdnyc}nlo com no}bxoc}nlocdnyc}
obpp/ Dnhbxcdnyc}nlo lg }xcmb com gnoco`ncd kcxeb}p fcp fcm c }xbkbomlrp
nomrp}xncd com kcxeb} mbwbdlqkbo}p$ com dlzbx `cqn}cd `lop}xcno}p
qdc~bm co nkqlx}co} xldb no }fb bkbxjbo`b lg obz kcxeb}p/ Mbxbjrdc
}bdb`lkkron`c}nlop kcxeb}$ zfn`f fcp hbobgn}bm }fb Gnoonpf b`lolk
zc~p$ zcp nkqdbkbo}bm bcxdnbx }fco no klp} l}fbx `lro}xnbp/
]xcmb dnhbxcdnyc}nlo com xnpb lg }fb eolzdbmjb b`lolk~ no }fb qlp}zcx b
Gnodcom xb}cnobm n}p p~p}bk lg kcxeb} b`lolk~ mrxnoj com cg}bx }fb Pb`
Zcx/ No cmmn}nlo }l xb`lwbxnoj gxlk }fb zcx$ }fb `lro}x~ zcp hrxmbobm h
jc}nlo }l qc~ pnybchdb zcx xbqcxc}nlop }l }fb Plwnb} Ronlo/ Zfndb }fnp z
`bbmnoj$ Gnodcom ilnobm }fb Zlxdm Hcoe$ zfn`f jxco}bm dlcop }fc} z
rpbm }l xbhrndm qxlmr`}nlo com nogxcp}xr`}rxb cg}bx }fb zcx$ com }fb NK
3>=6/ Gnodcom cdpl ilnobm JC]]$ }fb qxbmb`bpplx }l }fb Zlxdm ]xcmb Lxno 3>21/
Cp bdpbzfbxb no Brxlqb$ }fbxb zcp c pflx}cjb lg fcxm rxxbo`~ cg}bx }f
glxbnjo }xcmb xbkcnobm xbjrdc}bm ro}nd }fb bom lg }fb 3>21p no Gnodcom/ ]
nyc}nlo lg }xcmb }fc} }fbo }lle qdc`b mlbp ol} pbbk }l fcwb `lno`nmbm
f n }f } } g } Cd } :1 } g } } }fn
87 @fcojbp no }fb B`lolkn com Nop}n}r}nlocd Xbjnkbp
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]fb bvqlx}p+}l+JMQ xc}nl xlpb hc`e chlwb 81 qbx`bo} lod~ cg}bx 3>7:$ z
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cdklp} bsrnwcdbo} }l grdd kbkhbxpfnq/ Rd}nkc}bd~$ Gnodcom mnm ol} ilno BG
grdd kbkhbx ro}nd 3>67 mrb }l glxbnjo+qldn`~ com glxbnjo+}xcmb `lop}xcno
}xcmb xbdc}nlop zn}f }fb Plwnb} Ronlo$ }l zfn`f Gnodcom jxco}bm }fb pckb q
}ncd }xcmb }xbc}kbo} }fc} n} qxlwnmbm }l n}p BG]C }xcmnoj qcx}obxp/ ]xcmb
Plwnb} Ronlo zcp hcpbm lo hndc}bxcd dbcxnoj com cwbxcjbm cqqxlvnkc}bd~ l
lg Gnoonpf glxbnjo }xcmb gxlk 3>21>1/ Gnoonpf+Plwnb} }xcmb cjxbbkbo}p zbx
gnwb+~bcx qbxnlmp zn}f }fb qxno`nqdb }fc} bvqlx}p com nkqlx}p pflrdm klx
hcdco`b bc`f l}fbx/No 3>:0 Gnodcom `lo`drmbm c gxbb+}xcmb cjxbbkbo} lo nomrp}xncd qxlmr
}fb BB@$ zfn`f h~ }fbo cdxbcm~ fcm onob kbkhbx `lro}xnbp/ ]fnp }nkb$ }fb
}xcopn}nlo qbxnlmp dcp}bm ro}nd 3>6= glx plkb Gnoonpf bvqlx}p com 3>62 gl
Mrxnoj }fnp qbxnlm$ }fb pfcxb lg kc`fnobx~ com bsrnqkbo} cp zbdd cp lg `
qxlmr`}p no Gnoonpf bvqlx}p no`xbcpbm$ zfndb }fb pfcxb lg qcqbx com zllm
rbm }l mb`dnob/
]fbpb mbwbdlqkbo}p xbgdb`}bm c klwb }lzcxm qxlmr`noj jllmp zn}f
wcdrb+cmmbm com jllmp }fc} mnm ol} mnxb`}d~ lxxbpqlom }l }fb lro}x~p }xcxbplrx`b+hcpbm `lkqcxc}nwb cmwco}cjb/ Hb}zbbo 3>:1 com 3>>1$ bvqlx}
BB@+BG]C xbjnlo xbkcnobm xbdc}nwbd~ p}chdb c} 38 qbx`bo}30 qbx`bo} xb
JMQ mbpqn}b gxbbx }xcmb/ Lob bvqdcoc}nlo np }fc} }fb klp} nkqlx}co} }xcmn
obxp$ }fc} np$ Pzbmbo com }fb Ron}bm Enojmlk$ zbxb ldm BG]C `lro}xnbp zn}
}xcmb cdxbcm~ fcm hbbo dnhbxcdnybm bcxdnbx/
Zfbo Gnodcom cqqdnbm glx kbkhbxpfnq no }fb Brxlqbco Ronlo no Kcx
}fb `lro}x~ zcp no }fb knmp} lg n}p zlxp} qbc`b}nkb xb`bppnlo lg }fb }zbo}n}rx~/ @bo}xcd jlwbxokbo} mbh} com robkqdl~kbo} plcxbm$ com }fbxb z
`bo}
21
=2=1
02
01
82
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qxbpprxb }l mbwcdrb }fb Gnoonpf `rxxbo`~/ Bwbo}rcdd~$ mbwcdrc}nlo mnm q
pcx~$ com }fb bv}bxocd wcdrb lg }fb `rxxbo`~ qdrkkb}bm/
No 3>>= Gnodcom ilnobm }fb Brxlqbco B`lolkn` Cxbc com }fbxbh~ }f
ocd kcxeb} }ljb}fbx zn}f Crp}xnc$ Olxzc~$ com Pzbmbo/ Zfbo BR k
bo}bxbm no}l glx`b }fb obv} ~bcx$ }fb b`lolk~ zcp cdxbcm~ xb`lwbxno
mbqxbppnlo$ }fcoep qxnkcxnd~ }l xnpnoj bvqlx}p com gcp} jxlz}f no }fb
nomrp}x~$ kcnod~ }bdb`lkkron`c}nlo bsrnqkbo}/ C} }fnp }nkb$ bvqlx}p &c
JMQ.}l }fb BR32 `lro}xnbp irkqbm com bv`bbmbm }fb dbwbd lg }fb 3>:1p
h~ 2 qbx`bo}cjb qlno}p/
Pno`b }xcmb cdxbcm~ fcm hbbo dnhbxcdnybm no }fb BR+BG]Cxbjnlo h~ }fb 3
BR kbkhbxpfnq mnm ol} hxnoj co~ dcxjb `fcojbp no }fnp xbpqb`}/ Flzbwb}fb no}bxocd kcxeb} com kbkhbxpfnq no }fb `rp}lkp ronlo prqqlx}bm `lk
nowbp}kbo}/ Pno`b Gnodcom np jbljxcqfn`cdd~ xbkl}b gxlk }fb kcilx Brxlqb
kbkhbxpfnq fcp no`xbcpbm czcxbobpp lg }fb Gnoonpf b`lolk~ com Gnoonpf
Pr``bpp no kco~ pb`}lxp$ qcx}n`rdcxd~ bdb`}xlon`p$ cdpl fcp fcm c qlpn}nwb n
B`lolkn` com Klob}cx~ Ronlo fcp kcmb no}bxbp} xc}bp com bv`fcojb xc}b
hdb zn}fno Brxlqb/ No }fb dloj xro$ Gnodcom zndd boil~ dlzbx no}bxbp} xc}bp
kbkhbx }fco n} l}fbxznpb zlrdm$ qxlwnmnoj b`lolkn` qldn`nbp no }fb BK
prp}cnochdb com klob}cx~ qldn`~ np `xbmnhdb$ ckloj l}fbx }fnojp/No cmmn}nlo$ }fb no}bxoc}nlocdnyc}nlo lg Gnoonpf gnxkp jc}fbxbm klkb
noj }fb 3>>1p cp cdd xbp}xn`}nlop lo glxbnjo lzobxpfnq lg Gnoonpf gnxkp
cg}bx 3>>8/ Dng}noj }fb xbp}xn`}nlop xbprd}bm no co nogdrv lg glxbnjo `cqn
Fbdpnoen P}l`e Bv`fcojb com }fbxbglxb cdpl }l jxbc}bx glxbnjo lzobxpf
`lkqconbp$ zn}f Olenc }fb klp} pnjongn`co} p~khld lg }fb `fcojb/
Glx lwbx 311 ~bcxp$ Gnoonpf bvqlx}p zbxb hcpbm lo zllm$ qcqbx$ com
}nlo 0/3./ ]fb xnpb no bvqlx}p lg bdb`}xlon` bsrnqkbo}$ bpqb`ncdd~ lg }bdb`l}nlo bsrnqkbo}$ `ckb c} c }nkb zfbo gxbb }xcmb cdxbcm~ xrdbm no }fb
xbjnlo/3 N} pbbkp }fc} }fnp xnpb no bvqlx}p knjf} fcwb fcqqbobm mrb klxb
pr``bpp no kbb}noj }fb gcp} jxlz}f no mbkcom glx klhndb qflobp zn}f
qxlmr`}p }fc} fcwb pldm zbdd }fco zn}f }xcmb dnhbxcdnyc}nlo qbx pb/
Lo }fb l}fbx fcom$ }fb dnhbxcdnyc}nlo lg }fb Olxmn` }bdb`lk kcxeb
nop}xrkbo}cd no }fb bcxd~ mbwbdlqkbo} lg Gnoonpf bvqbx}npb no klhndb q
Olxmn` OK] =21 klhndb qflob ob}zlxe zcp qr} no}l lqbxc}nlo no Gnodc
l}fbx Olxmn` `lro}xnbp no 3>6368/ No }fnp pbopb$ dnhbxcdnyc}nlo cdpl zcp no p}xboj}fbonoj }fb xldb lg klhndb qflobp no Gnoonpf bvqlx}p/
Dnhbxcdnynoj com mbbqbonoj }fb Gnoonpf gnoco`ncd p~p}bk
] mn}n dd }f Gn n f gn n d } f h d }n fn g m m h
86 @fcojbp no }fb B`lolkn com Nop}n}r}nlocd Xbjnkbp
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]fb `fcojb zcp qcx}n`rdcxd~ xcqnm c} }fb bom lg }fb 3>>1p/ Mrxnoj }flp
}fb Gnoonpf gnoco`ncd p~p}bk pfng}bm gxlk xbdc}nlopfnq+hcpbm mbh} gnoco`b }
p~p}bk no zfn`f }fb p}l`e kcxeb} jcnobm no nkqlx}co`b/ ]fb pfng} zcp mr
jxlz}f lg }fb p}l`e kcxeb} com wbo}rxb `cqn}cd com }fb mb`dnob no gnoco`nc
}nlop `lxqlxc}b dbomnoj &xbdc}nwb }l }fb pnyb lg b`l
F~~}nobo$ Erlpc$ com ]cecdl &8110. pnojdb lr} plkb
lg }fnp `fcojb$ no`drmnoj }fb hcoenoj `xnpnp lg }fb bcx
com }fb `fcojbp no }fb dbjcd qxl}b`}nlo lg `xbmn}lxp co
fldmbxp &F~~}nobo com Qcicxnobo 8110./
Zfc} fcwb hbbo }fb lopbsrbo`bp lg }fb p}xr`}rxcd }xcopglxkc}nlo lg }fb
gnoco`ncd p~p}bk61p$ }fb lwbxcdd klh
lg Gnoonpf flrpbfldmp pcwnojp fcp nkqxlwbm/ Klhndnyc}nlo fcp nkqxlwbm
hb`crpb }fb xcojb lg pcwnojp pbxwn`bp }fc} }fb Gnoonpf gnoco`ncd p~p}b
wnmbp }l flrpbfldmp fcp hxlcmbobm jxbc}d~/ Cp co bvckqdb$ }fb xcoj
cwcndchdb pcwnojp nop}xrkbo}p fcp no`xbcpbm$ nkqd~noj }fc} flrpbfld
fldm hb}}bx+mnwbxpngnbm qlx}gldnlp lg }fbnx gnoco`ncd zbcd}f }fco hbglx
}fbxklxb$ }fcoep }l }fb nkqxlwbm bggn`nbo`~ lg hcoep mrxnoj }fb dc}bcp zbdd cp co no`xbcpb no }fb orkhbx lg cwcndchdb `xbmn} nop}xrkbo}p c
olohcoe `xbmn} nop}n}r}nlop$ flrpbfldmp }lmc~ cxb hb}}bx chdb }l pkl
}fbnx `loprkq}nlo no}bx}bkqlxcdd~ }fco }fb~ zbxb no }fb bcxd~ 3>61p
dnebd~ }fc} }fbpb enomp lg nkqxlwbkbo}p fcwb bofco`bm }fb glxkc}nl
dloj+}bxk `cqn}cd cwcndchdb }l Gnoonpf gnxkp/
8/ ]fb p}xr`}rxcd }xcopglxkc}nlo bofco`bm }fb bggn`nbo`~ lg xbplrx`b cddl`c}nlo
lqbxc}nlo lg Gnoonpf hcoep np `rxxbo}d~ dbpp `loob`}bm }l }fb kcno}bo
qlzbx p}xr`}rxbp no }fb Gnoonpf b`lolk~$ hb`crpb }fb ldm qlzbx pqfcwb mnpcqqbcxbm &F~~}nobo$ Erlpc$ com ]cecdl 8110./ Nomn`c}nlop l
`fcojbp cxb }fc} }fb mbqlpn} hcoep xldb cp }fb mnxb`} lzobxp lg Gnoon
gnxkp fcp mb`xbcpbm com }fc} }fb orkhbx lg wcxnlrp enomp lg olohco
`ncd nop}n}r}nlop fcp no`xbcpbm/ ]fb xldb lg xbdc}nlopfnq+hcpbm mbh} fc
mb`xbcpbm$ com }fb nkqlx}co`b lg }fb Gnoonpf p}l`e kcxeb} cp no`xbcp
cmmn}nlo com no}bjxcd }l }fb xb`bo} gnoco`ncd mbwbdlqkbo} no Gnodcom
bdpbzfbxb no Brxlqb fcp hbbo }fb jxlz}f lg }fb kcxeb} glx xnpe `cqn}
gnxkp &}fb wbo}rxb `cqn}cd kcxeb}./ Glx }fbpb }fxbb xbcplop$ }fb Gnoon
gnoco`ncd p~p}bk np olz hb}}bx qlpn}nlobm }l cddl`c}b xbplrx`bp }l noo
nmbcp com qxlib`}p/
0/ ]fb chndn}~ lg }fb Gnoonpf gnoco`ncd kcxeb}p }l bvbx} `lxqlxc}b `lo}xld fcp nkq
mrxnoj }fb qcp} 81 ~bcxp pqb`ngn`cdd~ mrxnoj }fb 3>>1p Hl}f }fb no}bjx
]fb gnoco`ncd
p~p}bk kc}}bxp
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Nozcxm com lr}zcxm `cqn}cd gdlzp
Xbkcnonoj xbp}xn`}nlop lo `cqn}cd klwbkbo}p com glxbnjo lzobxpfnq
gxlk }fb hbjnoonoj lg 3>>0/ ]fb xbklwcd lg }fbpb xbp}xn`}nlop fcp no`xqlx}gldnl com glxbnjo mnxb`} nowbp}kbo} &GMN./ Glxbnjo lzobxpfnq lg Gno
cdpl fcp jxlzo/ ]lmc~$ lwbx lob+}fnxm lg }fb }lq 211 `lkqconbp no Gnodc
pnmncxnbp lg glxbnjo `lxqlxc}nlop/ ]fb orkhbx lg glxbnjo gnoco`ncd nop}n}r
c}noj no Gnodcom cdpl fcp no`xbcpbm/ Cdd lg }fbpb `fcojbp$ cp zbdd cp }fb
c``bpp lg Gnoonpf gnxkp }l no}bxoc}nlocd cqn}cd kcxeb}p$ lo}xnhr}bm }l }f
gnoco`ncd mbwbdlqkbo} }fc} `lno`nmbm zn}f Gnodcomp }xcopglxkc}nlo }
bmjb b`lolk~/ ]fb nkqlx}co`b lg }fnp xb`bo} gnoco`ncd mbbqbonoj `coo
bkqfcpnybm$ glx n} fcp bofco`bm hl}f }fb c``rkrdc}nlo lg `cqn}cd com}b`foldljn`cd noolwc}nlo/
@fxloldljn`cdd~$ }fb dnhbxcdnyc}nlo qxl`bpp l``rxxnoj no }fb Gnoonp
kcxeb} zcp hllp}bm h~ }fb xbklwcd lg }fb xbkcnonoj xbp}xn`}nlop lo `x
`cqn}cd gdlzp hbjnoonoj no }fb dc}b 3>61p$ com lo glxbnjo lzobxpfnq gno
bcxd~ 3>>1p/ Dnhbxcdnyc}nlo bpqb`ncdd~ nogdrbo`bm qxnwc}b+pb`}lx glxbnjo h
Flzbwbx$ cp }fb Gnoonpf `rxxbo`~ mbqxb`nc}bm no }fb bcxd~ 3>>1p$ }fb `lp
hlxxlznoj no xbcpbm `lopnmbxchd~$ com }fb wldrkb mb`xbcpbm/ C} }fb pckqrhdn` pb`}lx p}cx}bm }l gnoco`b qrhdn` mbgn`n}p qcx}d~ h~ npprnoj glxb
Dc}bx$ cp }fb `rxxbo`~ xb`lwbxbm com Gnodcom ilnobm }fb Brxlqbco Klob}
&BKP.$ }fb qrhdn` pb`}lxp hlxxlznoj p}xc}bj~ qxlwbm srn}b pr``bppgrd/
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qcx} lg glxbnjo nowbp}kbo} no Gnoonpf pb`rxn}nbp zcp no hlomp/ Glxbnjo
no Gnoonpf pfcxbp hbjco }l no`xbcpb no 3>>0cg}bx cdd }fb xbp}xn`}nlop lo gl
bxpfnq fcm hbbo chldnpfbm/ ]fb no`xbcpb no prhpbsrbo} ~bcxp zcp srn}b
`lno`nmbm zn}f }fb p}cx} lg }fb }b`foldlj~ hllk/ Ol mlrh}$ glxbnjo nowhl}f hlomp com pfcxbp fcm c kcilx xldb no gnoco`noj }fb jxlz}f lg obz
no}bopnwb hrpnobpp$ no`drmnoj Olenc/ Glxbnjo `cqn}cd gdlzbm no}l }fb Fbd
Bv`fcojb &FPB. cp }fb b`lolk~ xcqnmd~ xb`lwbxbm gxlk }fb xb`bppnlo c
}lzcxm }b`foldlj~+mxnwbo jxlz}f/ ]fb orkhbx lg non}ncd qrhdn` lggbxn
no`xbcpbm no }fb dc}b 3>>1p$ com c orkhbx lg obz N@] `lkqconbp zbxb dn
FPB/ ]fnp mbwbdlqkbo} fcd}bm zfbo }fb jdlhcd p}l`e kcxeb} hrhhdb hr
hr} }fb pfcxb lg glxbnjo lzobxpfnq xbkcnobm xbdc}nwbd~ fnjf/ No 811= n} z
nkc}bd~ 21 qbx`bo} cp kbcprxbm h~ kcxeb} wcdrb$ kcenoj }fb Fbdp
Bv`fcojb p}ndd lob lg }fb klp} no}bxoc}nlocdnybm kcxeb}p h~ }fnp kbcpr
nowbp}lxp cxb kcnod~ nop}n}r}nlocd$ pr`f cp kr}rcd com qbopnlo gromp/ Gl
bxpfnq np fnjf no klp} lg }fb dcxjbx com no}bxoc}nlocdd~ lqbxc}noj `lk
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]fbxb np$ flzbwbx$ dn}}db$ ng co~$ xbdnchdb noglxkc}nlo lo }fb `lopbsrbo`bp
mlkbp}n` b`lolk~ lg }fbpb }~qbp lg kbxjbxp com c`srnpn}nlop/ Plkb lg }f
`lo}norb }fbnx xcqnm bvqcopnlo c} flkb com lh}cno obz kcxeb}noj `fco
plkb `cpbp$ }fb eolzdbmjb np rpbm no glxbnjo dl`c}nlop/
Gnjrxb =/8 nddrp}xc}bp }fb mbwbdlqkbo} lg lr}zcxm com nozcxm GMN/ Hl}f
com lr}zcxm p}l`ep fcwb jxlzo gcp} pno`b }fb dc}b3>61p/ Jxlz}f c``bdbxc}b
dc}b 3>>1p$ zfbo }b`foldlj~ hllkbm com }fb qc`b lg jdlhcdnyc}nlo no}bopng
mbwbdlqkbo} xbpbkhdbp }fc} lg kco~ l}fbx pkcddbx `lro}xnbp$ bv`bq} }fc}
gdlzp p}cx}bm }l bvqcom no Gnodcom xbdc}nwbd~ dc}b/ ]fbxb np cdpl c `dbcx nk
hb}zbbo lr}zcxm com nozcxm p}l`ep$ zn}f }fb glxkbx cdklp} }zl }nkbp dcx
}fb dc}}bx/Lob bvqdcoc}nlo glx }fb nkhcdco`b np }fc} Gnoonpf gnxkp fcwb nowbp}bm
kcnod~ no kcorgc`}rxnoj zfndb glxbnjo `lkqconbp fcwb nowbp}bm no Gnod
kcxnd~ no }fb }xcmb com pbxwn`bp pb`}lxp/ ]fb cwbxcjb pnyb lg lr}zcxm G
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gnvbm+dnob }bdbqflob pbxwn`b qxlwnpnlo &dl`cd$ dloj+mnp}co`b$
com no}bxoc}nlocd `cddp. zbxb dnhbxcdnybm h~ 3>>=$ zfbxbcp }fb
Brxlqbco Ronlop mbcmdnob }l dnhbxcdnyb }fbpb kcxeb} pbj+
kbo}p zcp 3>>6/
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n`~ np hcpbm lo qxl+`lkqb}n}nwb qldn`nbp$ dnjf}+fcombm xbjrdc+
}nlo$ com }b`foldlj~+obr}xcd `lkqb}n}nlo/ ]fb kcxeb} np
prhib`} }l jbobxcd `lkqb}n}nlo com `loprkbx qxl}b`}nlo
dbjnpdc}nlo/ ]fb }bdb`lkkron`c}nlop cr}flxn}nbp qrxprb c knon+
krk no}bxgbxbo`b qldn`~$ no}bxwbonoj kcnod~ no `cpbp lg noprggn`nbo} `lkq
cqqxlc`f `co hb mbp`xnhbm cp dbpp no}bxwbo}nlonp} }fco no kco~ l}fbx L}xnbp/ Gnodcom fcp boglx`bm plkb kcomc}lx~ BR xbsrnxbkbo}p xc}fbx xbd
}fb~ cxb `lopnmbxbm }l hb jlnoj cjcnop} }fb dnhbxcd gro`}nlonoj lg kcxeb}p/
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}l mnxb`}d~ qxlwnmb nogxcp}xr`}rxb }l boprxb }b`foldlj~ obr}xcdn}~ com gxb
noj lg }fb kcxeb}/ No dnob zn}f n}p dnhbxcd qldn`~ qxno`nqdbp$ Gnodcom jxc
jbobxc}nlo klhndb ob}zlxe dn`bopbp `lkqb}n}nwbd~ hr} gxbb lg `fcxjb$ hb
}fb gbz `lro}xnbp }l mc}b }l prqqlx} gxbb mnp}xnhr}nlo lg obz }b`foldlj~Cp lr}dnobm no }fnp pb`}nlo$ mrxnoj }fb 3>>1p Gnodcom rombx}lle c kci
lg }fb hcxxnbxp lg }xcmb com `cqn}cd klwbkbo}p/ ]xcmb dnhbxcdnyc}nlo lg
qxlmr`}p fcm hbjro mb`cmbp bcxdnbx zn}f }fb BG]C com BB@/ Flzbwbx
hbxpfnq hxlrjf} Gnodcom c``bpp }l }fb no}bxocd BR kcxeb}$ com }fb dnhbx
`cqn}cd kcxeb}p nkqxlwbm c``bpp }l glxbnjo `cqn}cd com xnpe `cqn}cd$
plrx`bp lg gnoco`noj glx noolwc}nwb p}cx}+rq `lkqconbp/ Cd}ljb}fbx$ }fbp
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gxlk qxbwnlrp mb`cmbp/ N} cdpl pbbkp }fc} Gnodcomp p}xloj qfcpb lg dnh
`lno`nmbm zn}f n}p gcp} mbwbdlqkbo} }lzcxm c eolzdbmjb+hcpbm b`lolk
=/8 Pl`ncd nop}n}r}nlop com noolwc}nlop
Wcxnlrp qrhdn`d~ grombm nop}n}r}nlop fcwb non}nc}bm com bvb`r}bm qxli
noj }fb mbwbdlqkbo} lg }fb Gnoonpf eolzdbmjb b`lolk~/ ]fbxb cxb pl
}nlop }fc} Gnodcom fcp hbbo klxb c`}nwb }fco$ glx nop}co`b$ }fb l}fbx BRno `cxx~noj lr} qxlib`}p prqqlx}noj }fb cmlq}nlo com noolwc}nwb rpb l
oldljnbp/ C} }fb hbjnoonoj lg 8113$ klxb }fco 31 qbx`bo} lg c }l}cd lg 3
kc}nlo pl`nb}~ qxlib`}p no BR `lro}xnbp }fc} zbxb xbqlx}bm }l }fb Brxl
wb~ glx Noglxkc}nlo Pl`nb}~ Qxlib`}p com C`}nlop &BPNP. mc}chcpb zbxb r
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]fb glddlznoj pb`}nlo mnp`rppbp pqb`ncd gbc}rxbp lg `bx}cno Gnoonpf pl`nc
}nlop$ qcx}n`rdcxd~ }fb xldb lg jllm qrhdn` jlwbxoco`b$ }fc} fcwb `lo}xnhr}b
`xbc}nlo com mbwbdlqkbo} lg }fb eolzdbmjb+hcpbm pl`nb}~/
Qldn}n`p9 Glx lx cjcnop} obz }fnojp>8 c dcxjb kcilxn}~ lg Qcxdnckbo} kbkhbxp c``bq}bm co non}nc}nwb }fc} `cddbmjlwbxokbo} }l prhkn} c xbqlx} }l Qcxdnckbo} lo Gnodcomp dloj+}bxk qxlpqb`lq}nlop/ No 3>>0 Qcxdnckbo} bp}chdnpfbm c }bkqlxcx~ @lkkn}}bb glx }fb Gr}rxb qcxb xbpqlopbp }l }fb qldn`nbp lr}dnobm no }fb jlwbxokbo}p xbqlx}/ No 8111$ no `}nlo zn}f Gnodcomp `lop}n}r}nlocd xbglxk$ Qcxdnckbo} mb`nmbm }l kceb }fb @lkglx }fb Gr}rxb c qbxkcobo} `lkkn}}bb/
N}p }cpep no`drmb9
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Npprnoj p}c}bkbo}p }l l}fbx `lkkn}}bbp lo kc}}bxp xbdc}bm }l }fb gr}rxb ze m m
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Jllm qrhdn` jlwbxoco`b
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Jllm jlwbxoco`b qdc~p co nowcdrchdb xldb no }fb Gnoonpf pl`n+
b}~$ qcx}n`rdcxd~ no n}p eolzdbmjb b`lolk~/ Nop}n}r}nlop$ hl}f
cmknonp}xc}nwb com qldn}n`cd$ ml kc}}bx/ ]fnp pb`}nlo qxbpbo}p
nddrknoc}noj bvckqdbp gxlk }fb cmknonp}xc}nwb com qldn}n`cd
pnmbp lg }fb Gnoonpf p}lx~/
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oco`b2 com np eolzo cp lg lob }fb zlxdmp dbcp} `lxxrq} pl`nb}nbp/7 No `lobpp prxwb~p$ c jllm qrhdn` nogxcp}xr`}rxb com co bggn`nbo}d~ gro`}nlono
}xc}nlo fcwb hbbo wcdrbm wbx~ fnjfd~$ zn}f Gnodcom c`fnbwnoj }lq qlpn}nl
xcoenojp cp zbdd/ Zfc} cxb }fb xbcplop glx }fnp jllm qlpn}nlo< C mnp`rp
xbcplop com `crpbp lg jllm jlwbxoco`b dbcmp nobwn}chd~ }l co bvcknoc
qldn}n`cd p~p}bk$ hb`crpb qrhdn` cmknonp}xc}nlo np pl `dlpbd~ `loob`}bm
qldn}n`cd `rd}rxb com qldn}n`cd nop}n}r}nlop mb}bxknob }fb dbwbd lg `lxxrq}n
]cenoj no}l `lopnmbxc}nlo prxwb~p lo gxbbmlk$ qldn}n`cd xnjf}p$ com nhxlcmbop }fb qn`}rxb lg `lxxrq}nlo/ Bwbx~ ~bcx }fb Gxbbmlk Flrpb xc}bp }
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kbo}p rombx}cebo coorcdd~ pno`b 8113 nomn`c}b }fc} c `dbcx `lxxbdc}nlo bv
jdlhcdnyc}nlo$ gxbbmlk$ com jllm jlwbxoco`b zn}flr} `lxxrq}nlo/ Klxb
`lro}xnbp fcwb klxb `nwnd dnhbx}nbp$ qldn}n`cd xnjf}p$ com bsrcdn}~$ zfndb dbpp
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`co }bdd zn}f `bx}cno}~ lod~ plkb}fnoj chlr} `lxxrq}nlo c} }fb nomnwn
@xnkb$ qxnkcxnd~ hxnhbx~$ np co c`} hb}zbbo qbxplop/ Flzbwbx$ bpqb`ncdd~
pnmbxnoj Gnodcom cp c `dbco pl`nb}~ lo }fb lob fcom com cp c zbdgcxb pl`
l}fbx fcom$ n} np wcdrchdb }l mnp`rpp }fb qlppnhndn}~ lg kcenoj knp}cebp c
}r}nlocd dbwbd/6 ]fnp mnp`rppnlo dbcmp rp }l nowbp}njc}b plkb p}xr`}rxbp lg
`lopboprp klmbd$ }fb }xnqcx}n}b no`lkbp objl}nc}nlo p~p}bk &}fb ronl
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dcom np co bjcdn}cxnco pl`nb}~/ Gnodcom zcp }fb gnxp} lro}x~ no }fb zlxdm }l c``
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qxbpprxbp lo }fb qcx}nbp com }frp ql}bo}ncdd~ }fb dnebdnfllm lg `lxxrq}nlo/
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fcom$ qxc`}n`cd com gdbvnhdb/ Nkqlx}co}d~$ }fb Prqxbkb @lrx}}fb fnjfb
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