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FORCE – STRENGTH – POWER – ENDURANCE
force < Latin fortis strong
strength < Old and Middle English strang strong
power < Latin potere, posse to be able, to have power
(or from potis meaning powerful)
FORCE (F)
(German: Kraft; Croatian: sila)
amF or t
vmF
STRENGTH (also: muscular strength,
muscular force)
(German: Kraft; Croatian: jakost)
“ability of a muscle or muscle group to exert
force against a resistance” (Anshel, M.H., Freedson, P., Hamill, J., Haywood, K., Horvat, M.,
& Plowman, Sh.A. (1991). Dictionary of the sport and exercise
science. Champaign: Human Kinetics Books.)
- usually measured as one maximal
effort
- general strength – typical examples of
exercises applied to develop this type
of strength are body weight exercises
and traditional weight lifting
- transitional strength - examples of
exercises applied to develop this type
of strength are medicine ball exercises
and plyometrics exercises
- specific strength
That which changes or tends to change the
state of rest or motion in matter.
There are three manifestations of strength:
1 maximal strength
2 power
3 endurance
1 MAXIMAL/MAXIMUM STRENGTH
the capacity to exert the greatest force in a
single maximum voluntary contraction
2 POWER (German: Schnellkraft; Croatian: snaga)
Power refers to the ability to exert maximal
force in the shortest possible time.
In physics power (P) can be calculated:
work divided by time, t
WP
(= it can be enhanced by decreasing
the time necessary for the execution
of an activity or a task)
the product of force and velocity,
vFP
(= the greater the force, the bigger
the power output)
>> strength + speed = power
Beyer, E. (1987). Wörterbuch der
Sportwissenschaft: Deutsch, Englisch,
Französisch. (p. 347) Schorndorf: Verlag
Karl Hofmann. “(…) Strength refers to the capacity of the
musculature:
- to contract against a resistance without any
change in position of insertion and origin
(isometric contraction),
- to overcome a resistance (one own’s body,
implement) through shortening of the muscle
(concentric contraction),
- to work against a resistance while yielding.
The muscle stretches (eccentric contraction).
The way in which strength manifests itself
( maximal strength, power, muscular
endurance) depends on a multitude of factors
(…).”
vertical jump
horizontal jump
20m sprint
Ng, N. (2016). Differences between muscular strength and power. http://www.livestrong.com/article/507621-differences-between-muscular-strength-and-power/
“The terms "strength" and "power" are sometimes used interchangeably when
exercise and athletic performance are discussed. Although both variables have
similarities, there are distinctions that you should recognize when you talk about
someone who is strong vs. powerful.”
“Strength is the ability of your nervous and muscular systems to produce enough
internal force in your connective tissues and muscles to move an external force,
such as weight or your body against gravity. Unlike power, strength requires
no quick movements to produce force, and it does not take time as a factor
for work. For example, a strong person may take three to five seconds to stand
up during a heavy barbell squat, but a powerful person can stand back up in one
second.”
“Power is producing the greatest amount of force in the shortest possible time.
With the exception of powerlifting, most power exercises are performed
repetitively over a period of time to improve speed, quick reflexes and stamina,
such as vertical jumps, lateral hops and kettlebell swings.”
lateral hops kettlebell swings
3 ENDURANCE (muscular endurance)
(German: Ausdauer; Croatian: izdržljivost)
ability of the muscle to continue to perform
without fatigue (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1996, from
Wilmore & Costill, 1994)
The time limit of a person's ability to
maintain either an isometric force or a power
level involving combinations of concentric
and/or eccentric muscle actions.
Old term in Croatian: repetitivna snaga
The terms force, strength, power and endurance and the concepts they designate are frequently a cause of a significant amount of misunderstanding. Physics operates with terms force and power. Kinesiology, which in one of its areas is based on physics, operates with the same concepts, however, under sometimes different terms. The basic function of skeletal muscle is to produce muscular force (Marković, 2008), and from this functional point of view skeletal muscle is capable of producing maximal force, it is capable of producing force quickly, and finally it is capable of producing force throughout a longer period of time (Marković, 2008). Thus kinesiology uses the term of strength, i.e. the name for a particular type of force – this type being muscular force. One of the three manifestations of strength/muscular force is maximal strength.
Physicists regard force as a physical magnitude (F) that is the product of mass (m) and acceleration (a). Since acceleration is the quotient of velocity and time, then force can
also be given as the product of mass and velocity in the unit of time, that is, t
vmF
.
The term force was derived from the Latin adjective fortis meaning strong. Strength, i.e. muscular force, is in terms of physics identical to the concept of force, and this is the reason for using the word of English origin and of the same meaning (of being strong, having muscular strength) as the Latin predecessor of the word force, namely, the adjective fortis, meaning strong and powerful.
In the scientific and technical literature written in the English language, strength is defined as the “ability of a muscle or muscle group to exert force against a resistance” (Anshel, Freedson, Hamill, Haywood, Horvat, & Plowman, 1991) and it is “usually measured as one maximal effort” (Anshel, Freedson, Hamill, Haywood, Horvat, & Plowman, 1991).
Strength is usually classified into maximum strength, elastic strength and strength endurance. The capacity to exert the greatest force in a single maximum voluntary contraction is referred to as maximum strength. Within the context of maximum strength we also talk about strength in terms of its absolute and relative values. The former is regarded as the maximum force an athlete can express regardless of body weight, whereas the latter takes into account body weight. Elastic strength refers to the capacity of the neuromuscular system to overcome resistance with a high speed of contraction. Strength endurance implies the capacity to maintain strength expression through fatigue.
Power is in physics understood ast
WP , or vFP . When power is calculated as the
product of force and velocity, this means that the greater the force, the bigger the power output. Power, the second manifestation of strength, implies the notion of explosiveness (> explosive power), and finally endurance (either of static or dynamic character) which implies the capacity of performing work for an extended period of time. Within the concept of physical fitness training in exercise and sport the term power is also referred to as explosiveness. The concept of explosiveness implies that the speed of movement is either controlled or extreme. The term power was derived from the Latin term potere, i.e. posse, meaning to be able, have power, or the adjective potis, meaning powerful. Within the context of sport and exercise two types of endurance are distinguished – these are cardiorespiratory endurance and muscular endurance. Endurance refers to the
“ability of bearing the given load during the longest possible period of time“ (Daintith & Nelson, 1989). Muscular endurance is considered to be a complex manifestation of strength and is characteristic for the ability to withstand fatigue during either static or dynamic work against high resistance. Within the athletic context stamina refers to “the ability to maintain a high performance level in spite of having incurred a large oxygen debt“ (Beyer, 1987). To repeat, power represents the ability to reach the highest possible force impact in the shortest possible time (Beyer, 1987) and thus implies the attribute of explosiveness. On the other hand, endurance refers to the “ability of bearing the given load during the longest possible period of time“ (Pavlovič & Erčulj, 1994) without decreasing the performance efficiency. Muscular endurance is estimated by measuring the magnitude of the applied force (in relation to maximal strength; e.g. 30-70%) and the endurance performance (number of possible repetitions or maximal stopping time) (Beyer, 1987).
References:
Anshel, M.H. (Ed.), Freedson, P., Hamill, J., Haywood, K., Horvat, M., & Plowman, S.A. (1991). Dictionary of the sport and exercise sciences. Champaign: Human Kinetics.
Beyer, E. (ur.) (1987). Wörterbuch der Sportwissenschaft. Deutsch, Englisch, Französisch. Dictionary of sport science. German. English. French. Dictionnaire des sciences du sport. Allemand. Anglais. Français. Schorndorf: Verlag Karl Hormann.
Daintith, J., & Nelson, R.D. (ur.) (1989). The Penguin dictionary of mathematics. Middlesex: Penguin Books.
Hollmann, W., & Hettinger, TH. (1980). Sportmedizin – Arbeits- und Trainingsgrundlagen. Stuttgart: F K Schattauer Verlag.
Marković, G. (2008). Jakost i snaga u sportu: definicija, determinante, mehanizmi prilagodbe i trening. U I.Jukić, D. MIlanović i C. Gregov (ur.) 6th annual international conference Kondicijska priprema sportaša – Trening snage. Zagreb: Kineziološki fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Udruga kondicijskih trenera Hrvatske.
Pavlovič, M., & Erčulj, F. (1994). Košarkarski slovar Ljubljana: Univerza v Ljubljani Fakulteta za šport.
VOCABULARY
acceleration ubrzanje
amount količina
apply glagol primijeniti
athletic sportski
barbell dvoručni uteg
bear, bore, borne/born glagol podnijeti, podnositi; držati; nositi
capable sposoban
concept pojam, koncept
connective tissue vezivno tkivo
decrease glagol smanjiti
derive glagol izvoditi, proizlaziti
designate glagol označavati
distinction razlika
distinguish glagol razlikovati
effort napor; rad
endurance izdržljivost
enhance glagol povećati
estimate glagol procijeniti
execution izvedba, realizacija
exert glagol ispoljiti
express glagol ispoljiti; iskazati
expression ispoljavanje; iskazivanje
force sila
horizontal jump skok u dalj s mjesta, vodoravni skok
impact učinak; udar, sraz; utjecaj
implement predmet; sprava
imply glagol podrazumijevati
incur glagol nastati; ući u; povući za sobom
insertion hvatište
interchangeably naizmjenično
kettlebell girja
lateral hop poskok u stranu
load opterećenje
maintain glagol održati
multitude mnoštvo
notion pojam, koncept
origin podrijetlo; (of a muscle) polazište
overcome, overcame, overcome savladati
physical magnitude fizikalna veličina
power snaga
powerful snažan
predecessor predak; prethodnik
produce glagol proizvesti
product umnožak; proizvod
quickness brzina reakcije
regardless of bez obzira na
repetitively ponavljajući
resistance otpor
significant značajan
squat čučanj
stamina izdržljivost
strength endurance jakosna izdržljivost, izdržljivost u jakosti
strength (also: muscular strength, muscular force) jakost
swing zamah
throughout tijekom
unit jedinica
vertical jump skok u vis s mjesta, okomiti skok
voluntary voljni
weight težina
withstand, withstood, withstood glagol oduprijeti se
yield popuštati, popustiti; proizvesti
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