FORT RILEY MIDDLE SCHOOL

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FORT RILEY MIDDLE SCHOOL

PayAttention

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BOW – front of a vessel

Bow

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STERN – rear (back) of a vessel

Stern

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PORT – left side of a vessel

Port

port and left both have 4 letters

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STARBOARD – right side of a vessel

Starboard

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STARBOARD – right side of PWC

Starboard

Port

PORT – left side of PWC

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STERN – rear (back) of PWC

Stern Bow

BOW – front of PWC

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SWAMP – to fill with water

CAPSIZE – to turn on the side or turn completely over

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FLOAT PLAN - A written plan of an outing left with a relative, friend, or local marina to provide a description of the vessel, list of persons on board, the detailed route, and

expected return time

• Before going out on a boat or PWC it is always a good idea to tell someone where you are going – relative– friend – local marina

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FLOAT PLAN SHORTER DAYTIME OUTINGS on the water

• Contact responsible person before you go out:– Tell where you will be boating– Tell when you plan to return

• Give contact the phone number for local authorities in case you fail to return when expected

• A date and time to contact the authorities if you fail to return

• Contact responsible person again:– When you return or– If you decide to extend your time out on the water

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FLOAT PLANEXTENDED OUTINGS on the water – part 1

• Vessel description: – registration number – length– make– horsepower– engine type

• Description and license plate of tow vehicle and trailer.

• Names, numbers and addresses of passengers, and a contact in case of emergency.

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FLOAT PLANEXTENDED OUTINGS on the water – part 2

• Trip plan: – where going– detailed route– planned departure time– expected return time– location of stopping points, dates,

and times.• Phone number for local authorities in

case you fail to return when expected.

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VEHICLE MAINTENANCE - storage

• Store vessels in a dry area out of the sun. • If you must store the vessel for a long

period of time, place the trailer on blocks to preserve the tires.

• Keep the vessel covered, leaving an opening to circulate air.

• Hang canoes upside down.

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CASTING OFFbefore

• Make sure everyone on board is seated and wearing a life jacket.

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PRACTICE GOOD SEAMANSHIP

• It is the responsibility of every boat or PWC operator to take all necessary action to avoid a collision, taking into account – the weather– vessel traffic– limits of other vessels

• Such action should be taken in ample time to avoid a collision and at a safe distance from other vessels.

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NAVIGATION SPECIALS

• Every operator is responsible for avoiding a collision.

• In complying with the navigation rules, operators must consider – all dangers of navigation– risk of collisions– any special conditions, including the

limitations of the vessels involved • These considerations may make a

departure from the navigation rules necessary to avoid immediate danger.

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RENDERING ASSISTANCE

• The navigation rules also require operators to stop and render assistance to a vessel in distress unless doing so would endanger their own vessel or passengers.

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NAVIGATION LIGHTS

• Navigation lights help you and other boaters determine which is the give-way vessel when encountering each other at night.

• These lights must be displayed from sunset to sunrise and during periods of restricted visibility, such as fog.

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POWER-DRIVEN VESSEL ENCOUNTERING OTHER VESSELS AT NIGHT

• When you see only a white light a white light, you are overtaking another vessel or it is anchored.

• It is the stand-on vessel, whether underway or anchored.

• You must go around it on either side.

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LOW-HEAD DAM – part 1

• The low-head dam is the most dangerous type of dam and has been named the "drowning machine”.

• They may not be easily spotted because the top of a low-head dam can be several feet below the water's surface.

• Because of their small size and drop, low-head dams do not appear to be dangerous.

• Water going over a low-head dam creates a strong recirculating current or backroller (sometimes referred to as the "boil") at the base of the dam.

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• Even on small rivers, the force of the backroller can – trap your vessel against the face of

the dam and – pull you under the water

even while wearing your personal flotation device (life jacket).

• Be aware that on large rivers or during high water the backroller or boil may be located more than 100 feet downstream of the dam.

• Avoid low-head dams.

LOW-HEAD DAM – part 2

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LOW-HEAD DAM DIAGRAM

• Low-head dams pose a serious danger to vessel operators.

• Surface currents below low-head dams can suck vessels toward the face of the dam.

• Currents above the low-head dams can sweep vessels over the dam.

• The recirculating currents (boil) and turbulent waters below at the base of the dam can swamp vessels and drown boaters.

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OPERATER’S AGE REQUIREMENTS

• The minimum age for operating a vessel in Kansas is 12.

• No one under the age of 12 may operate a motorboat or personal watercraft on Kansas public waters unless accompanied by and under the direct supervision of a parent or person over the age of 17.

• It is illegal for the owner or person in possession of a vessel to allow a person who does not meet the age and boater safety education requirements to operate the vessel.

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• It is illegal to:– Operate a vessel at greater than “no

wake speed” in any posted no wake zone or within 200 feet of any

• boat ramp• boat dock• boat storage• concessionaire’s facilities• moored vessel

IMPROPER SPEED OR DISTANCE – part 2

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– Operate a vessel within 200 feet of any marked swimming area

– Cause personal injury, damage or unnecessary inconvenience from the wake of your vessel

IMPROPER SPEED OR DISTANCE – part 3

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PERSONAL FLOTATION DEVICES (PFDs)AGE REQUIREMENTS

• Persons 12 years of age or younger must wear a USCG–approved Type I, II, or III PFD while on board or being towed by a vessel. – A life belt or ring will not satisfy the

requirement.• Inflatable PFDs are not recommended for

nonswimmers or anyone under the age of 16.

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PERSONAL FLOTATION DEVICES (PFDs)CONDITION AND SIZE – part 1

• All PFDs must be in good and serviceable condition and readily accessible.

• Regularly check for rips and tears. In particular, straps and hardware should be checked before leaving the dock.

• PFDs with rips, tears, or other damage Will NOT meet U.S. Coast Guard approval - and you may be fined.

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• The PFDs must be of the proper size for the intended wearer.

• Sizing for PFDs is based on body weight and chest size.

PERSONAL FLOTATION DEVICES (PFDs)CONDITION AND SIZE – part 2

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NAVIGATION LIGHTS – UNPOWERED VESSELSLESS THAN 23.0 FEET LONG WHEN UNDERWAY

• If not practical, have on hand at least one lantern or flashlight shining a white light as shown in Figure 3.

• To prevent a collision, vessel operators should never leave shore without a flashlight. Even if you plan to return before dark, unforeseen developments might delay your return past nightfall.

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STOP THE SPREAD OF NUISANCE SPECIES

• Introducing non-native species into Kansas waters can upset the balance of the ecosystem, hurting the environment.

• Aquatic nuisance species such as zebra mussels most often spread between waterways by hitching a ride on vessels and trailers.

• When transplanted into new waters, these organisms proliferate, displacing native species and damaging the water resource.

These zebra mussels were

found in El Dorado Lake

in August, 2003.

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PREVENT SPREADING AQUATIC NUISANCE SPECIES – part 1

• Inspect your vessel and trailer, removing any visible plants and animals you see before leaving the waterbody.

• Drain your engine, live well, and bilge on land before leaving the waterbody.

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AN OPERATOR INVOLVED IN A BOATING ACCIDENT MUST

– Immediately stop his or her vessel at the scene of the accident and …

– Assist anyone injured or in danger from the accident, unless doing so would seriously endanger his or her own vessel or passengers and …

– Provide, in writing, his or her name, address, and vessel identification to anyone injured and to the owner of any property damaged by the accident.

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• The best way to minimize the risk of dehydration is to drink plenty of water– before you go out – while on the water

• A good rule of thumb while you are boating in warm weather is to drink some water every 15-20 minutes.

INCREASED RISK DUE TO DEHYDRATION – part 3

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• Most accidents are preventable.

• They are cause by human error.

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ACCIDENT PYRAMID – part 1

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• You also might be surprised to learn that:– Typically, victims drown even though

there are enough life jackets on the boat.

– Remember, you probably won't have time to put on your life jacket during an emergency.

• Get in the habit of wearing it.

PROFILE OF A TYPICAL U.S. BOATING FATALITY

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• Research has proven that one-third of the amount of alcohol that it takes to make a person legally intoxicated on land can make a boater equally intoxicated on the water.

MINIMIZE RISK OF BOATING ACCIDENTAVOID ALCOHOL

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• If he or she is unable to get to the dock, you should:– REACH– THROW– ROW– GO

RESCUE TECHNIQUE

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RESCUE TECHNIQUE – REACH

• Extend a fishing rod, branch, oar, pole, boathook, shirt, towel, or other object that can be used to REACH out to the victim and pull him or her to safety.

• If nothing is available and the victim is within arm's reach, the rescuer should – lie flat– grab the victim's hand or wrist– then pull him or her to safety

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RESCUE TECHNIQUE – THROW

• If the victim is too far away to reach and a boat isn't handy, THROW the victim a PFD or anything else that will float.

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RESCUE TECHNIQUE – ROW

• If a non-powered boat is convenient, ROW to the victim and then use an oar or paddle to guide the victim to the stern.

• Let the victim remain in the water while holding to the stern as you paddle to shore.

• If the victim is too weak to hold on, hold him or her until more help arrives.

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RESCUE TECHNIQUE – ROW

• If using a powerboat, – stop the engine and glide to the

victim from the downwind side. – help the victim into the boat, avoiding

sharp objects.

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RESCUE TECHNIQUE – GO

• Swimmers without lifesaving training should not swim to a victim.

• Never place yourself in the same danger. • Instead, GO for help. • If you must swim to a victim, take along

anything that floats to keep between you and the victim.

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MINIMIZE RISK OF DROWNINGSWEAR PFDs (Life Jackets) – part 1

• Approximately 70% of all boating fatalities are drownings, and most of those fatalities could have been avoided.

• Ninety percent of drowning victims are not wearing a life jacket – drownings are rare when boaters are wearing an appropriate PFD.

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• PFDs must be readily accessible. • Better yet, each person should wear a PFD

because PFDs are difficult to put on once you are in the water.

MINIMIZE RISK OF DROWNINGSWEAR PFDs (Life Jackets) – part 3

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CAPSIZING, SWAMPING OR FALLING OVERBOARDIF IT HAPPENS – part 1

• If you should capsize or swamp your boat, or if you have fallen overboard and can't get back in, stay with the boat if possible.

• Your swamped boat is easier to see and will signal that you are in trouble.

• Signal for help using other devices available – visual distress signals– horn– mirror

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• If you made the mistake of not wearing a life jacket, find one and put it on. – If you can't put it on, hold onto it. – Have your passengers do the same.

• Take a head count.

CAPSIZING, SWAMPING OR FALLING OVERBOARDIF IT HAPPENS – part 2

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• Reach, throw, row, or go, if needed.• If your boat remains afloat,

– try to reboard or climb onto it in– get as much of your body out of the

cold water as possible. • Treading water will cause you to lose body

heat faster, – try to use the boat for support.

CAPSIZING, SWAMPING OR FALLING OVERBOARDIF IT HAPPENS – part 3

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• Don't panic.• If you aren't wearing a life

jacket, – look for one floating in

the water or – other floating items

• coolers• oars or paddles• decoys• etc.

to help you stay afloat.

IF YOUR BOAT SINKS OR FLOATS AWAY – part 1

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IF YOUR BOAT SINKS OR FLOATS AWAY – part 2

• Do your best• to help your passengers find something

to help them float and stay together.• If you have nothing to support you, you

may have to tread water or simply float. • In cold water, float rather than tread to

reduce hypothermia.• Remember – Swimming to shore

should be considered only as a last resort.

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– If you must move, maintain three points of contact.

• keep both hands and one foot or • both feet and one hand

in contact with the boat at all times.– Evenly distribute and balance the weight

of persons and gear within the boat, • keeping most of the weight low.

– It is extremely important not to overload a small boat.

AVOID FALLING OVERBOARD – part 3

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IF A FIRE ERUPTS ON YOUR BOAT – Part 3

• Aim the fire extinguisher at the base of the flames, and sweep back and forth (remember P.A.S.S.).

• Never use water on a gasoline, oil, grease, or electrical fire.

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COLD WATER IMMERSIONSTAGE 1: INITIAL – “COLD SHOCK”

• Occurs in the first 3-5 minutes of immersion in cold water.

• Sudden immersion into cold water can cause immediate, involuntary gasping; hyperventilation; panic; and vertigo—all of which can result in water inhalation and drowning.

• Immersion in cold water also can cause sudden changes in blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rhythm, which also can result in death.

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COLD WATER IMMERSIONSTAGE 2: SHORT-TERM – “SWIM FAILURE”

• Occurs 3-30 minutes following immersion in cold water.

• The muscles and nerves in the arms and legs cool quickly.

• Manual dexterity, hand grip strength, and speed of movement all can drop by 60% - 80%.

• Even normally strong persons can lose the strength necessary to pull themselves out of the water or even to keep their head above water.

• Death occurs by drowning.

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COLD WATER IMMERSIONSTAGE 3: LONG-TERM IMMERSION – HYPOTHERMIA

• Sets in after 30 minutes, at a rate depending on water temperature, clothing, body type, and your behavior in the water.

• Cold water robs the body of heat 25 times faster than cold air.

• Hypothermia occurs when your body loses heat faster than it produces it, cooling the organs in the core of your body.

• Hypothermia is the greatest danger, which eventually leads to loss of consciousness and death, with or without drowning.

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SYMPTOMS OF HYPOTHERIALISTED IN ORDER OF SEVERITY

1. Shivering slurred speech, blurred vision

2. Bluish lips and fingernails

3. Loss of feeling in extremities

4. Cold, bluish skin

5. Confusion

6. Dizziness

7. Rigidity in extremities

8. Unconsciousness

9. Coma

10. Death

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COLD WATER IMMERSIONSTAGE 4: POST-IMMERSION – COLLAPSE

• Occurs during or after rescue. • Once rescued, after you have been

immersed in cold water, you are still in danger from collapse of arterial blood pressure leading to cardiac arrest.

• Also, inhaled water can damage your lungs, and heart problems can develop as cold blood from your arms and legs is released into the core of your body.

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SURVIVING COLD WATER IMMERSION

• Your chance of surviving a cold water immersion depends on – having sufficient flotation to keep your

head above water, – controlling your breathing, – having timely rescue by yourself or

others, and – retaining heat.

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• Focus on locating and getting everyone out of the water quickly before you lose full use of your hands, arms, and legs. – Try to reboard your boat, even if it is

swamped or capsized, or anything else that is floating.

– Get as much of your body out of the water as possible.

– Even though you may feel colder out of the water, the rate of heat loss will be slower than if immersed in water.

COLD WATER IMMERSION TIPS

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TREATMENT FOR COLD WATER VICTIMS

• Get the victim out of the water as soon as possible. – Remove the victim from the water gently

and in a horizontal position.• Prevent further heat loss.• Treat the hypothermia victim gently and to

your level of training. • Be prepared to provide basic life support.• Seek medical help immediately.26

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PADDLESPORT – CANOES, KAYAKS, AND RAFTSpart 1

• Paddling down a river or across a lake or bay can be an enjoyable and safe activity.

• According to statistics, paddlers in small crafts such as canoes, kayaks, and rafts are more than twice as likely to drown as individuals operating other types of vessels.

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INCREASE SAFETY AND FUN WITH PADDLING INSTRUCTION

• Paddling a small craft is a skill best learned through hands-on training. Formal paddling instruction teaches you how to:

– Balance and stabilize your craft

– Paddle efficiently– Exit and enter your craft

on the water– Perform rescue and

recovery

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PADDLER PREPARES – part 1

• Always wear a life jacket (PFD), and know how to swim in a river current.

• Never paddle alone. • Bring along at least one other boater. • When canoeing, two canoes with two

canoeists each are recommended. – Three crafts with two paddlers each are

even better.

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• Maintain a low center of gravity and three points of contact. – Keep your weight balanced over the

center of the craft.– Standing up or moving around in a

small craft can cause it to capsize—a leading cause of fatalities among paddlers.

– Leaning a shoulder over the edge of the craft also can destabilize it enough to capsize.

PADDLER PREPARES – part 3

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• Stay alert at all times and be aware of your surroundings, including nearby powerboats.

• Be prepared to react when dangerous situations arise.

• Practice reboarding your craft in the water with the help of a companion.

• Dress properly for the weather and type of boating.

• Check your craft for leaks.

PADDLER PREPARES – part 4

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• Map a general route and timetable when embarking on a long trip.

• Arrange for your vehicles to be shuttled to the takeout.

• Know the weather conditions before you head out.

• While paddling, watch the weather and stay close to shore.

• Head for shore if the waves increase.

PADDLER PREPARES – part 5

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RIVER HAZARDSLOW-HEAD DAMS

• These structures are difficult to see and can trap paddlers.

• Consult a map of the river before your trip and know where dams are located.

• Always carry your craft around them.

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RIVER HAZARDSRAPIDS

• When approaching rapids, go ashore well upstream and check them out before continuing.

• If you see dangerous conditions, carry your craft around them.

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RIVER HAZARDSSTRAINERS

• These river obstructions allow water to flow through but block vessels and could throw you overboard and damage or trap your craft.

• Strainers may include – overhanging branches– logjams– flooded islands

• Strainers are also notorious for causing death by drowning.

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• Float on the upstream side of your craft. – You can be crushed on the downstream

side if you run into an obstruction.• Do not attempt to stand or walk in swift-

moving water. – The current could pull you under if your

foot becomes trapped between submerged rocks.

IF YOU CAPSIZE – part 1

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• Float on your back with your feet and arms extended. – Float with your feet pointed

downstream to act as a buffer against rocks.

– Don't fight the current. – Use the current to backstroke your way

to shore.• If the water is cold, take all necessary

precautions to avoid hypothermia.

IF YOU CAPSIZE – part 2

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PARTS OF A PADDLE

GRIP

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PARTS OF A PADDLE

SHAFT

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PARTS OF A PADDLE

THROAT

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PARTS OF A PADDLE

BLADE

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PARTS OF A PADDLE

TIP

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PARTS OF A CANOE

THWART

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PARTS OF A CANOE

GUNWALE

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PARTS OF A CANOE

YOKE

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PARTS OF A CANOE

KEEL

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