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Freshwater Wetland Types
Shallow Open Water
Hydrology
• Generally have water depths of less than 6.6 feet (2 meters)
• Ponds, river oxbows, shallow bay of a lake
Dominant Plant Species
• Submergent, floating and floating-leaved aquatic vegetation including pondweeds, water-lilies, water milfoil, coontail, and duckweeds characterize this wetland type.
Marshes
Hydrology
• Deep marsh plant communities have standing water depths of between 6 inches and 3 or more feet during the growing season
• Shallow marsh plant communities have soils that are saturated to inundated by standing water up to 6 inches in depth, throughout most of the growing season
Dominant Plant Species
• Deep marsh: major dominance by cattails, hardstem bulrush, pickerelweed, giant bur-reed, Phragmites, wild rice, pondweeds and/or water-lilies.
• Shallow marsh: herbaceous emergent vegetation such as cattails, bulrushes, arrowheads, and lake sedges characterize this community.
Inland Fresh Meadows
Sedge Meadows
Hydrology
• Sedge meadows can be supported by groundwater and surface water runoff
Dominant Plant Species
• Sedge meadows are dominated by the sedges (Cyperaceae) growing on saturated soils (Carex dominates)
• Also present are Eleocharis (spike-rushes), Scirpus (bulrushes), …
hummock sedge (Carex stricta), Chippewa County, Wisconsin.
Wet Meadows
Hydrology
• Usually supported by groundwater and surface water runoff
Dominant Plant Species
• hummock sedge (Carex stricta) • lake sedge (Carex lacustris)• Canada bluejoint grass (Calamagrostis
canadensis) • woolgrass (Scirpus cyperinus) • marsh milkweed (Asclepias incarnata) • arrow-leaved tearthumb (Polygonum sagittatum)• water pepper (Polygonum hydropiper)
Wet Prairie
Hydrology
• High groundwater table and, to a lesser extent, surface runoff
Dominant Plant Species
• open, herbaceous plant communities dominated by native grass and grass-like species; at least half of the vegetative cover is made up of true grasses
• similar to fresh (wet) meadows, but are dominated by native grasses and forbs associated with prairies such as prairie cord-grass, big bluestem, gayfeather, New England aster, culver's root, prairie dock and sawtooth sunflower
Calcareous Fens
Hydrology
• Upwelling, calcareous groundwater discharge
• Small, calcareous streams frequently originate in the fen complex due to the groundwater discharge
Dominant Plant Species
• sterile sedge (Carex sterilis)
• beaked spike-rush (Eleocharis rostellata)
• fen beak-rush (Rhynchospora capillacea)
• whorled nut-rush (Scleria verticillata)
• common valerian (Valeriana edulis) twig-rush (Cladium mariscoides)
• white lady-slipper (Cypripedium candidum)
Bogs
Open Bogs
Hydrology
• Ground water sourced with peaty soils saturated to the surface
Dominant Plant Species
• sphagnum mosses (Sphagnum spp.)• bog sedge (Carex oligosperma) • tawny cottongrass (Eriophorum virginicum)• three-way sedge (Dulichium arundinaceum)• leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata)• bog rosemary (Andromeda glaucophylla)• bog buckbean (Menyanthes trifoliata) • poison sumac (Toxicodendron vernix) • broad-leaved cattail (Typha latifolia)
Pitcher plant
Coniferous Bogs
Hardwood Swamps
Hydrology
• Groundwater discharge (seepages).
Dominant Plant Species
• black ash (Fraxinus nigra), red maple (Acer rubrum), formerly American Elm
• groundlayer dominated by – lake sedge (Carex lacustris), – ostrich fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris) and – marsh marigold (Caltha palustris)– wood reedgrass (Cinna latifolia) – jewelweed (Impatiens capensis)– jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum) – giant goldenrod (Solidago gigantea)
Floodplain Forests
Hydrology
• Seasonal flood pulses
• Inundated during spring flood events and heavy summer rainfall events
Dominant Plant Species
• silver maple (Acer saccharinum) • wood nettle (Laportea canadensis) • honewort (Cryptotaenia canadensis) • green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica),• eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides), • riverbank grape (Vitis riparia), • jewelweed (Impatiens capensis),• stinging nettle (Urtica dioica),
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