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FUNDOSCOPY FUNDOSCOPY ININ PIH PIHRETINA RETINA
Mirror to the cardiovascular system of the Mirror to the cardiovascular system of the bodybody
FUNDOSCOPYFUNDOSCOPYVisualization of hypertensive changesVisualization of hypertensive changes
PIHPIHRetinal changes run parallel with the severity Retinal changes run parallel with the severity of hypertension hence that of pre-eclampsia.of hypertension hence that of pre-eclampsia.
SYSTEMIC HYPERTENSIONSYSTEMIC HYPERTENSION
VASOSPASMVASOSPASM
VASOSCLEROSISVASOSCLEROSIS
RETINOPATHYRETINOPATHY
NORMAL FUNDUSNORMAL FUNDUS
Uniform CaliberUniform Caliber
Smooth sinuous Smooth sinuous coursecourse
Brach at obtuse Brach at obtuse angleangle
VASOSPASMVASOSPASM
NARROWINGNARROWING
STRAIGHTENINGSTRAIGHTENING
ACUTE ANGLEDACUTE ANGLED
BRANCHINGBRANCHING
A-V RATIO 1:3A-V RATIO 1:3
VASOSCLEROSISVASOSCLEROSIS
SALU’S SIGNSALU’S SIGNDeflection in the course of the vein at Deflection in the course of the vein at
the Arterio-venous crossingthe Arterio-venous crossing
VASOSCLEROSISVASOSCLEROSIS
GUNN’S SIGNGUNN’S SIGNConcealment of the veinConcealment of the vein
beneath the artery beneath the artery
at the Arterio-venous crossingat the Arterio-venous crossing
RETINOPATHYRETINOPATHY
SOFT EXUDATESSOFT EXUDATESRETINAL HEMORRHAGESRETINAL HEMORRHAGES
RETINAL EDEMARETINAL EDEMAHARD EXUDATESHARD EXUDATES
RETINAL DETACHMENTRETINAL DETACHMENT
RETINOPATHYRETINOPATHY
Occulsion of precapillry arterioleOcculsion of precapillry arterioleCapillary nonperfusionCapillary nonperfusionLocalised axoplasmic stasisLocalised axoplasmic stasisCompact yellowish white fluffy lesionsCompact yellowish white fluffy lesionsCotton wool spotsCotton wool spots
SOFT EXUDATES
RETINOPATHYRETINOPATHY
Fibrinoid necrosis in the vessel wallFibrinoid necrosis in the vessel wall
Located in the Nerve fibre layer of retinaLocated in the Nerve fibre layer of retina
Bright red flamed shaped hemorrhageBright red flamed shaped hemorrhage
FLAME SHAPEDHAEMORRGHAGES
RETINOPATHYRETINOPATHY
Increased capillary PermeabilityIncreased capillary Permeability
Retinal edemaRetinal edema
Precipitation of lipidsPrecipitation of lipids
Discrete dense yellow lesions Discrete dense yellow lesions
Macular starMacular star
HARD EXUDATES
MACULAR STAR
RETINAL DETACHMENTRETINAL DETACHMENT
Accumulation of Serous fluid between
Retinal pigment epithelium and
Neurosensory retina
LOCALISED RETINAL DETACHMENT
KEITH-WAGENER-BARKERKEITH-WAGENER-BARKER19391939
FEATURESFEATURES K-W-R K-W-R GRADINGGRADING
SURVIVALSURVIVAL
Narrowing of the retinal arteriesNarrowing of the retinal arteries II EXCELLENTEXCELLENT
A-V CHANGESA-V CHANGESSALU’S SIGN AND GUNN’S SIGNSALU’S SIGN AND GUNN’S SIGN
IIII GOODGOOD
RETINOPATHYRETINOPATHYSOFT EXUDATESSOFT EXUDATES
FLAME HAEMORRHAGESFLAME HAEMORRHAGES
HARD EXUDATESHARD EXUDATES
RETINAL EDEMA/RETINALRETINAL EDEMA/RETINALDetachmentDetachment
IIIIII POORPOOR
DISC EDEMADISC EDEMA IVIV VERY POORVERY POOR
AMERICAN AMERICAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCEITYOPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCEITY
K-W-RK-W-R
GRADINGGRADINGAOAAOA
GRADINGGRADINGFEATURESFEATURES
OO Normal fundusNormal fundus
II I I
IIII
Focal NarrowingFocal Narrowing
Diffuse generalised narrowingDiffuse generalised narrowing
IIII
IIIIII IIIIII RETINOPATHYRETINOPATHYSOFT EXUDATES/FLAME HAEMORRHAGESSOFT EXUDATES/FLAME HAEMORRHAGES
RETINAL EDEMA/RETINAL DETACHMENTRETINAL EDEMA/RETINAL DETACHMENT
IVIV IVIV DISC EDEMADISC EDEMA
IMPLICATIONIMPLICATION
FEATURESFEATURES PREGNANCYPREGNANCYNORMAL FUNDUSNORMAL FUNDUS
CONTINUECONTINUEFOCAL NARROWINGFOCAL NARROWING
DIFFUSE NARROWINGDIFFUSE NARROWING
RETINOPATHYRETINOPATHYSOFT EXUDATESSOFT EXUDATES
FLAME HAEMORRHAGESFLAME HAEMORRHAGES
HARD EXUDATESHARD EXUDATES
RETINAL EDEMA/RDRETINAL EDEMA/RD
TERMINATETERMINATE
DISC EDEMADISC EDEMA
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