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Gas Turbine Inlet Air Cooling System
Presented by
Bob Omidvar
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45GT Inlet Temp (deg C)
Heat rate kJkWh Power output MW Exhaust flow th Exhaust temperature degC
Heavy Duty GT - Effects of Ambient Temp
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
GT Inlet Temp (deg C)
Exhaust temperature C Heat rate kJkWh Power output MW Exhaust flow th
Aero-Derivative GT - Effects of Ambient Temp
Gas Turbine Performance Design BasisWhat Does ISO Condition Mean
Dry bulb 15degC
Relative humidity 60
Wet bulb temperature 72degC
Atmospheric pressure 1 bar (sea level)
Most of the gas turbine installations are not in ISO standard locations they are in the real world
Ambient Air and Gas Turbine Performance
1 Air density is inversely related to the dry bulb temperature
2 Gas turbine output depends on mass flow and not the volume of air
3 Ambient temperature affects the following points drastically
Air flow
Output
Heat rate
Exhaust temperature
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Water Tank
CombustionAir
WettedMedia
Schematic of Evaporative Air Coolingshown with Optional Water Treatment
Exhaust GasBlow down
WaterTreatment
MakeUp
AirFilter
Evaporative CoolerApplications Areas where RH and wet bulb temperature is rather low
Advantage Lowest capital cost
Lowest OampM cost
Can operate on raw water
Quick delivery and installation time
Operates as an air washer and cleans the inlet air
Disadvantage Limitation on capacity
improvement
Highly influenced by the site wet bulb
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
DemineralisedWater Tank
CombustionAir
FogSpray
System
Schematic of Fog Inlet Air Cooling SystemUtilizing Demineralised Water
DemineralisedWater Treatment
Plant
RawWater
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
Fog Systems
Demineralised Water Quality For Fog System Inlet Air Cooling
Total dissolved solids
pH
Na + K
5 PPM maximum
6-8
01 PPM maximum
Silica (SiO2)
Chlorides
Sulphate
01 PPM maximum
05 PPM maximum
05 PPM maximum
0123456789
10
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
Gas Turbine Output MW
th
Fogging System Demin Water ConsumptionInlet air 36degC DB 25degC WB
Chilled air temp 255degC DB 25degC WB 96RH
Fogging SystemApplications Areas where RH and wet bulb temperature is rather low
Advantage Low capital cost
Low OampM cost
Can increase gas turbine performance better than evaporative cooling
Quick delivery and installation time
Disadvantage Limitation on capacity
improvement
Highly influenced by the site wet bulb
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
AmmoniaLiquid Line
MechanicalRefrigeration
Machine
CombustionAir
AmmoniaSuction Line
Schematic of a Direct SystemUsing an Ammonia Refrigeration Machine
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Direct Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Disadvantage High initial capital cost
High OampM cost
Longer delivery and installation time
Expertise is needed to operate and maintain the plant
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Schematic of an Indirect SystemUsing a Mechanical Chiller
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Indirect Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Long delivery and installation
time Expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
Requires extra chilled water cooling circuit
Higher parasitic load than direct type
Higher energy input compared to direct type chiller
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled
water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical ChillerIce Maker
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Ice StorageChilled Water Storage System Schematic
Ice Storage Tank
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
ChilledWater
StorageTank
MechChiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Chilled Water StorageSystem Schematic
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration SystemWith Ice Storage
Applications Areas where RH is rather highplus a wide variation in electricity tariff between peak and non peak hours
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Can utilise low night time tariff to produce and store ice for peak hours operation
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time Higher expertise is needed
to operate and maintain the plant
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Chi
ller E
lect
rical
Loa
d M
WChiller Electrical Load MW
36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Absorption Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Absorption Chiller Inlet Air CoolingSystem Schematic
Heat RecoverySteam Generator
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
LP S
team
Ret
urn
Con
dens
ate
6degC
12degC
Chilled Water
Tower Water In
Tower Water Out
Heat Medium Out
Heat Medium In Steam or Hot Water
tc 45degC
95degC
70degC
to 4degC
Condenser
Generator
Pressure approx60 Torr60 mm Hg80 mbar8 kPa
Pressure approx62 Torr62 mm Hg82 mbar083 kPa
ta 35degC
Evaporator
Absorber
50degC
70degC
27degC
325degC
37degC
Refrigerant (Water)Steam or Hot WaterDiluted Solution (LiBr)Concentrated Solution (LiBr)Tower WaterChilled Water
Flow Diagram
Picture courtesy of York International
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Stea
m C
onsu
mpt
ion
th
Single StageTwo Stage
Absorption Chiller Steam Consumption36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Single Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
Two Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load Requires less steam per unit
of refrigeration than single stage chiller
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
0
5
10
15
20
25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265
Gas Turbine Output MW
Con
dens
ate
Form
atio
n th
Condensate Formation on the Chilled Water Coil thBased on 36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Inlet Air
Temperature
Performance EvaluationOf Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Base Condition 35degC Dry bulb 25degC Dry bulb Real world condition 447 Relative humidity
Increase in power output
Gas turbine output before inlet air cooling
Gas turbine output with mechanical refrigeration system and inlet air
temperature of 10degC
Gas turbine with evaporative cooler running at 85 RH
Gas turbine with fog system running at 100 RH
010823 MW (net)
Percent Change
1531248 MW (net including chiller electrical load)
61148 MW (net)
76911665 MW (net)
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45GT Inlet Temp (deg C)
Heat rate kJkWh Power output MW Exhaust flow th Exhaust temperature degC
Heavy Duty GT - Effects of Ambient Temp
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
GT Inlet Temp (deg C)
Exhaust temperature C Heat rate kJkWh Power output MW Exhaust flow th
Aero-Derivative GT - Effects of Ambient Temp
Gas Turbine Performance Design BasisWhat Does ISO Condition Mean
Dry bulb 15degC
Relative humidity 60
Wet bulb temperature 72degC
Atmospheric pressure 1 bar (sea level)
Most of the gas turbine installations are not in ISO standard locations they are in the real world
Ambient Air and Gas Turbine Performance
1 Air density is inversely related to the dry bulb temperature
2 Gas turbine output depends on mass flow and not the volume of air
3 Ambient temperature affects the following points drastically
Air flow
Output
Heat rate
Exhaust temperature
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Water Tank
CombustionAir
WettedMedia
Schematic of Evaporative Air Coolingshown with Optional Water Treatment
Exhaust GasBlow down
WaterTreatment
MakeUp
AirFilter
Evaporative CoolerApplications Areas where RH and wet bulb temperature is rather low
Advantage Lowest capital cost
Lowest OampM cost
Can operate on raw water
Quick delivery and installation time
Operates as an air washer and cleans the inlet air
Disadvantage Limitation on capacity
improvement
Highly influenced by the site wet bulb
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
DemineralisedWater Tank
CombustionAir
FogSpray
System
Schematic of Fog Inlet Air Cooling SystemUtilizing Demineralised Water
DemineralisedWater Treatment
Plant
RawWater
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
Fog Systems
Demineralised Water Quality For Fog System Inlet Air Cooling
Total dissolved solids
pH
Na + K
5 PPM maximum
6-8
01 PPM maximum
Silica (SiO2)
Chlorides
Sulphate
01 PPM maximum
05 PPM maximum
05 PPM maximum
0123456789
10
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
Gas Turbine Output MW
th
Fogging System Demin Water ConsumptionInlet air 36degC DB 25degC WB
Chilled air temp 255degC DB 25degC WB 96RH
Fogging SystemApplications Areas where RH and wet bulb temperature is rather low
Advantage Low capital cost
Low OampM cost
Can increase gas turbine performance better than evaporative cooling
Quick delivery and installation time
Disadvantage Limitation on capacity
improvement
Highly influenced by the site wet bulb
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
AmmoniaLiquid Line
MechanicalRefrigeration
Machine
CombustionAir
AmmoniaSuction Line
Schematic of a Direct SystemUsing an Ammonia Refrigeration Machine
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Direct Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Disadvantage High initial capital cost
High OampM cost
Longer delivery and installation time
Expertise is needed to operate and maintain the plant
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Schematic of an Indirect SystemUsing a Mechanical Chiller
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Indirect Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Long delivery and installation
time Expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
Requires extra chilled water cooling circuit
Higher parasitic load than direct type
Higher energy input compared to direct type chiller
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled
water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical ChillerIce Maker
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Ice StorageChilled Water Storage System Schematic
Ice Storage Tank
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
ChilledWater
StorageTank
MechChiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Chilled Water StorageSystem Schematic
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration SystemWith Ice Storage
Applications Areas where RH is rather highplus a wide variation in electricity tariff between peak and non peak hours
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Can utilise low night time tariff to produce and store ice for peak hours operation
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time Higher expertise is needed
to operate and maintain the plant
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Chi
ller E
lect
rical
Loa
d M
WChiller Electrical Load MW
36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Absorption Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Absorption Chiller Inlet Air CoolingSystem Schematic
Heat RecoverySteam Generator
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
LP S
team
Ret
urn
Con
dens
ate
6degC
12degC
Chilled Water
Tower Water In
Tower Water Out
Heat Medium Out
Heat Medium In Steam or Hot Water
tc 45degC
95degC
70degC
to 4degC
Condenser
Generator
Pressure approx60 Torr60 mm Hg80 mbar8 kPa
Pressure approx62 Torr62 mm Hg82 mbar083 kPa
ta 35degC
Evaporator
Absorber
50degC
70degC
27degC
325degC
37degC
Refrigerant (Water)Steam or Hot WaterDiluted Solution (LiBr)Concentrated Solution (LiBr)Tower WaterChilled Water
Flow Diagram
Picture courtesy of York International
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Stea
m C
onsu
mpt
ion
th
Single StageTwo Stage
Absorption Chiller Steam Consumption36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Single Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
Two Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load Requires less steam per unit
of refrigeration than single stage chiller
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
0
5
10
15
20
25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265
Gas Turbine Output MW
Con
dens
ate
Form
atio
n th
Condensate Formation on the Chilled Water Coil thBased on 36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Inlet Air
Temperature
Performance EvaluationOf Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Base Condition 35degC Dry bulb 25degC Dry bulb Real world condition 447 Relative humidity
Increase in power output
Gas turbine output before inlet air cooling
Gas turbine output with mechanical refrigeration system and inlet air
temperature of 10degC
Gas turbine with evaporative cooler running at 85 RH
Gas turbine with fog system running at 100 RH
010823 MW (net)
Percent Change
1531248 MW (net including chiller electrical load)
61148 MW (net)
76911665 MW (net)
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
GT Inlet Temp (deg C)
Exhaust temperature C Heat rate kJkWh Power output MW Exhaust flow th
Aero-Derivative GT - Effects of Ambient Temp
Gas Turbine Performance Design BasisWhat Does ISO Condition Mean
Dry bulb 15degC
Relative humidity 60
Wet bulb temperature 72degC
Atmospheric pressure 1 bar (sea level)
Most of the gas turbine installations are not in ISO standard locations they are in the real world
Ambient Air and Gas Turbine Performance
1 Air density is inversely related to the dry bulb temperature
2 Gas turbine output depends on mass flow and not the volume of air
3 Ambient temperature affects the following points drastically
Air flow
Output
Heat rate
Exhaust temperature
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Water Tank
CombustionAir
WettedMedia
Schematic of Evaporative Air Coolingshown with Optional Water Treatment
Exhaust GasBlow down
WaterTreatment
MakeUp
AirFilter
Evaporative CoolerApplications Areas where RH and wet bulb temperature is rather low
Advantage Lowest capital cost
Lowest OampM cost
Can operate on raw water
Quick delivery and installation time
Operates as an air washer and cleans the inlet air
Disadvantage Limitation on capacity
improvement
Highly influenced by the site wet bulb
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
DemineralisedWater Tank
CombustionAir
FogSpray
System
Schematic of Fog Inlet Air Cooling SystemUtilizing Demineralised Water
DemineralisedWater Treatment
Plant
RawWater
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
Fog Systems
Demineralised Water Quality For Fog System Inlet Air Cooling
Total dissolved solids
pH
Na + K
5 PPM maximum
6-8
01 PPM maximum
Silica (SiO2)
Chlorides
Sulphate
01 PPM maximum
05 PPM maximum
05 PPM maximum
0123456789
10
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
Gas Turbine Output MW
th
Fogging System Demin Water ConsumptionInlet air 36degC DB 25degC WB
Chilled air temp 255degC DB 25degC WB 96RH
Fogging SystemApplications Areas where RH and wet bulb temperature is rather low
Advantage Low capital cost
Low OampM cost
Can increase gas turbine performance better than evaporative cooling
Quick delivery and installation time
Disadvantage Limitation on capacity
improvement
Highly influenced by the site wet bulb
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
AmmoniaLiquid Line
MechanicalRefrigeration
Machine
CombustionAir
AmmoniaSuction Line
Schematic of a Direct SystemUsing an Ammonia Refrigeration Machine
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Direct Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Disadvantage High initial capital cost
High OampM cost
Longer delivery and installation time
Expertise is needed to operate and maintain the plant
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Schematic of an Indirect SystemUsing a Mechanical Chiller
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Indirect Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Long delivery and installation
time Expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
Requires extra chilled water cooling circuit
Higher parasitic load than direct type
Higher energy input compared to direct type chiller
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled
water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical ChillerIce Maker
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Ice StorageChilled Water Storage System Schematic
Ice Storage Tank
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
ChilledWater
StorageTank
MechChiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Chilled Water StorageSystem Schematic
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration SystemWith Ice Storage
Applications Areas where RH is rather highplus a wide variation in electricity tariff between peak and non peak hours
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Can utilise low night time tariff to produce and store ice for peak hours operation
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time Higher expertise is needed
to operate and maintain the plant
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Chi
ller E
lect
rical
Loa
d M
WChiller Electrical Load MW
36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Absorption Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Absorption Chiller Inlet Air CoolingSystem Schematic
Heat RecoverySteam Generator
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
LP S
team
Ret
urn
Con
dens
ate
6degC
12degC
Chilled Water
Tower Water In
Tower Water Out
Heat Medium Out
Heat Medium In Steam or Hot Water
tc 45degC
95degC
70degC
to 4degC
Condenser
Generator
Pressure approx60 Torr60 mm Hg80 mbar8 kPa
Pressure approx62 Torr62 mm Hg82 mbar083 kPa
ta 35degC
Evaporator
Absorber
50degC
70degC
27degC
325degC
37degC
Refrigerant (Water)Steam or Hot WaterDiluted Solution (LiBr)Concentrated Solution (LiBr)Tower WaterChilled Water
Flow Diagram
Picture courtesy of York International
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Stea
m C
onsu
mpt
ion
th
Single StageTwo Stage
Absorption Chiller Steam Consumption36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Single Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
Two Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load Requires less steam per unit
of refrigeration than single stage chiller
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
0
5
10
15
20
25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265
Gas Turbine Output MW
Con
dens
ate
Form
atio
n th
Condensate Formation on the Chilled Water Coil thBased on 36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Inlet Air
Temperature
Performance EvaluationOf Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Base Condition 35degC Dry bulb 25degC Dry bulb Real world condition 447 Relative humidity
Increase in power output
Gas turbine output before inlet air cooling
Gas turbine output with mechanical refrigeration system and inlet air
temperature of 10degC
Gas turbine with evaporative cooler running at 85 RH
Gas turbine with fog system running at 100 RH
010823 MW (net)
Percent Change
1531248 MW (net including chiller electrical load)
61148 MW (net)
76911665 MW (net)
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
Gas Turbine Performance Design BasisWhat Does ISO Condition Mean
Dry bulb 15degC
Relative humidity 60
Wet bulb temperature 72degC
Atmospheric pressure 1 bar (sea level)
Most of the gas turbine installations are not in ISO standard locations they are in the real world
Ambient Air and Gas Turbine Performance
1 Air density is inversely related to the dry bulb temperature
2 Gas turbine output depends on mass flow and not the volume of air
3 Ambient temperature affects the following points drastically
Air flow
Output
Heat rate
Exhaust temperature
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Water Tank
CombustionAir
WettedMedia
Schematic of Evaporative Air Coolingshown with Optional Water Treatment
Exhaust GasBlow down
WaterTreatment
MakeUp
AirFilter
Evaporative CoolerApplications Areas where RH and wet bulb temperature is rather low
Advantage Lowest capital cost
Lowest OampM cost
Can operate on raw water
Quick delivery and installation time
Operates as an air washer and cleans the inlet air
Disadvantage Limitation on capacity
improvement
Highly influenced by the site wet bulb
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
DemineralisedWater Tank
CombustionAir
FogSpray
System
Schematic of Fog Inlet Air Cooling SystemUtilizing Demineralised Water
DemineralisedWater Treatment
Plant
RawWater
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
Fog Systems
Demineralised Water Quality For Fog System Inlet Air Cooling
Total dissolved solids
pH
Na + K
5 PPM maximum
6-8
01 PPM maximum
Silica (SiO2)
Chlorides
Sulphate
01 PPM maximum
05 PPM maximum
05 PPM maximum
0123456789
10
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
Gas Turbine Output MW
th
Fogging System Demin Water ConsumptionInlet air 36degC DB 25degC WB
Chilled air temp 255degC DB 25degC WB 96RH
Fogging SystemApplications Areas where RH and wet bulb temperature is rather low
Advantage Low capital cost
Low OampM cost
Can increase gas turbine performance better than evaporative cooling
Quick delivery and installation time
Disadvantage Limitation on capacity
improvement
Highly influenced by the site wet bulb
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
AmmoniaLiquid Line
MechanicalRefrigeration
Machine
CombustionAir
AmmoniaSuction Line
Schematic of a Direct SystemUsing an Ammonia Refrigeration Machine
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Direct Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Disadvantage High initial capital cost
High OampM cost
Longer delivery and installation time
Expertise is needed to operate and maintain the plant
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Schematic of an Indirect SystemUsing a Mechanical Chiller
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Indirect Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Long delivery and installation
time Expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
Requires extra chilled water cooling circuit
Higher parasitic load than direct type
Higher energy input compared to direct type chiller
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled
water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical ChillerIce Maker
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Ice StorageChilled Water Storage System Schematic
Ice Storage Tank
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
ChilledWater
StorageTank
MechChiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Chilled Water StorageSystem Schematic
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration SystemWith Ice Storage
Applications Areas where RH is rather highplus a wide variation in electricity tariff between peak and non peak hours
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Can utilise low night time tariff to produce and store ice for peak hours operation
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time Higher expertise is needed
to operate and maintain the plant
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Chi
ller E
lect
rical
Loa
d M
WChiller Electrical Load MW
36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Absorption Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Absorption Chiller Inlet Air CoolingSystem Schematic
Heat RecoverySteam Generator
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
LP S
team
Ret
urn
Con
dens
ate
6degC
12degC
Chilled Water
Tower Water In
Tower Water Out
Heat Medium Out
Heat Medium In Steam or Hot Water
tc 45degC
95degC
70degC
to 4degC
Condenser
Generator
Pressure approx60 Torr60 mm Hg80 mbar8 kPa
Pressure approx62 Torr62 mm Hg82 mbar083 kPa
ta 35degC
Evaporator
Absorber
50degC
70degC
27degC
325degC
37degC
Refrigerant (Water)Steam or Hot WaterDiluted Solution (LiBr)Concentrated Solution (LiBr)Tower WaterChilled Water
Flow Diagram
Picture courtesy of York International
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Stea
m C
onsu
mpt
ion
th
Single StageTwo Stage
Absorption Chiller Steam Consumption36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Single Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
Two Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load Requires less steam per unit
of refrigeration than single stage chiller
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
0
5
10
15
20
25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265
Gas Turbine Output MW
Con
dens
ate
Form
atio
n th
Condensate Formation on the Chilled Water Coil thBased on 36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Inlet Air
Temperature
Performance EvaluationOf Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Base Condition 35degC Dry bulb 25degC Dry bulb Real world condition 447 Relative humidity
Increase in power output
Gas turbine output before inlet air cooling
Gas turbine output with mechanical refrigeration system and inlet air
temperature of 10degC
Gas turbine with evaporative cooler running at 85 RH
Gas turbine with fog system running at 100 RH
010823 MW (net)
Percent Change
1531248 MW (net including chiller electrical load)
61148 MW (net)
76911665 MW (net)
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
Ambient Air and Gas Turbine Performance
1 Air density is inversely related to the dry bulb temperature
2 Gas turbine output depends on mass flow and not the volume of air
3 Ambient temperature affects the following points drastically
Air flow
Output
Heat rate
Exhaust temperature
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Water Tank
CombustionAir
WettedMedia
Schematic of Evaporative Air Coolingshown with Optional Water Treatment
Exhaust GasBlow down
WaterTreatment
MakeUp
AirFilter
Evaporative CoolerApplications Areas where RH and wet bulb temperature is rather low
Advantage Lowest capital cost
Lowest OampM cost
Can operate on raw water
Quick delivery and installation time
Operates as an air washer and cleans the inlet air
Disadvantage Limitation on capacity
improvement
Highly influenced by the site wet bulb
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
DemineralisedWater Tank
CombustionAir
FogSpray
System
Schematic of Fog Inlet Air Cooling SystemUtilizing Demineralised Water
DemineralisedWater Treatment
Plant
RawWater
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
Fog Systems
Demineralised Water Quality For Fog System Inlet Air Cooling
Total dissolved solids
pH
Na + K
5 PPM maximum
6-8
01 PPM maximum
Silica (SiO2)
Chlorides
Sulphate
01 PPM maximum
05 PPM maximum
05 PPM maximum
0123456789
10
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
Gas Turbine Output MW
th
Fogging System Demin Water ConsumptionInlet air 36degC DB 25degC WB
Chilled air temp 255degC DB 25degC WB 96RH
Fogging SystemApplications Areas where RH and wet bulb temperature is rather low
Advantage Low capital cost
Low OampM cost
Can increase gas turbine performance better than evaporative cooling
Quick delivery and installation time
Disadvantage Limitation on capacity
improvement
Highly influenced by the site wet bulb
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
AmmoniaLiquid Line
MechanicalRefrigeration
Machine
CombustionAir
AmmoniaSuction Line
Schematic of a Direct SystemUsing an Ammonia Refrigeration Machine
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Direct Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Disadvantage High initial capital cost
High OampM cost
Longer delivery and installation time
Expertise is needed to operate and maintain the plant
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Schematic of an Indirect SystemUsing a Mechanical Chiller
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Indirect Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Long delivery and installation
time Expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
Requires extra chilled water cooling circuit
Higher parasitic load than direct type
Higher energy input compared to direct type chiller
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled
water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical ChillerIce Maker
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Ice StorageChilled Water Storage System Schematic
Ice Storage Tank
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
ChilledWater
StorageTank
MechChiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Chilled Water StorageSystem Schematic
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration SystemWith Ice Storage
Applications Areas where RH is rather highplus a wide variation in electricity tariff between peak and non peak hours
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Can utilise low night time tariff to produce and store ice for peak hours operation
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time Higher expertise is needed
to operate and maintain the plant
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Chi
ller E
lect
rical
Loa
d M
WChiller Electrical Load MW
36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Absorption Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Absorption Chiller Inlet Air CoolingSystem Schematic
Heat RecoverySteam Generator
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
LP S
team
Ret
urn
Con
dens
ate
6degC
12degC
Chilled Water
Tower Water In
Tower Water Out
Heat Medium Out
Heat Medium In Steam or Hot Water
tc 45degC
95degC
70degC
to 4degC
Condenser
Generator
Pressure approx60 Torr60 mm Hg80 mbar8 kPa
Pressure approx62 Torr62 mm Hg82 mbar083 kPa
ta 35degC
Evaporator
Absorber
50degC
70degC
27degC
325degC
37degC
Refrigerant (Water)Steam or Hot WaterDiluted Solution (LiBr)Concentrated Solution (LiBr)Tower WaterChilled Water
Flow Diagram
Picture courtesy of York International
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Stea
m C
onsu
mpt
ion
th
Single StageTwo Stage
Absorption Chiller Steam Consumption36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Single Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
Two Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load Requires less steam per unit
of refrigeration than single stage chiller
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
0
5
10
15
20
25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265
Gas Turbine Output MW
Con
dens
ate
Form
atio
n th
Condensate Formation on the Chilled Water Coil thBased on 36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Inlet Air
Temperature
Performance EvaluationOf Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Base Condition 35degC Dry bulb 25degC Dry bulb Real world condition 447 Relative humidity
Increase in power output
Gas turbine output before inlet air cooling
Gas turbine output with mechanical refrigeration system and inlet air
temperature of 10degC
Gas turbine with evaporative cooler running at 85 RH
Gas turbine with fog system running at 100 RH
010823 MW (net)
Percent Change
1531248 MW (net including chiller electrical load)
61148 MW (net)
76911665 MW (net)
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Water Tank
CombustionAir
WettedMedia
Schematic of Evaporative Air Coolingshown with Optional Water Treatment
Exhaust GasBlow down
WaterTreatment
MakeUp
AirFilter
Evaporative CoolerApplications Areas where RH and wet bulb temperature is rather low
Advantage Lowest capital cost
Lowest OampM cost
Can operate on raw water
Quick delivery and installation time
Operates as an air washer and cleans the inlet air
Disadvantage Limitation on capacity
improvement
Highly influenced by the site wet bulb
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
DemineralisedWater Tank
CombustionAir
FogSpray
System
Schematic of Fog Inlet Air Cooling SystemUtilizing Demineralised Water
DemineralisedWater Treatment
Plant
RawWater
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
Fog Systems
Demineralised Water Quality For Fog System Inlet Air Cooling
Total dissolved solids
pH
Na + K
5 PPM maximum
6-8
01 PPM maximum
Silica (SiO2)
Chlorides
Sulphate
01 PPM maximum
05 PPM maximum
05 PPM maximum
0123456789
10
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
Gas Turbine Output MW
th
Fogging System Demin Water ConsumptionInlet air 36degC DB 25degC WB
Chilled air temp 255degC DB 25degC WB 96RH
Fogging SystemApplications Areas where RH and wet bulb temperature is rather low
Advantage Low capital cost
Low OampM cost
Can increase gas turbine performance better than evaporative cooling
Quick delivery and installation time
Disadvantage Limitation on capacity
improvement
Highly influenced by the site wet bulb
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
AmmoniaLiquid Line
MechanicalRefrigeration
Machine
CombustionAir
AmmoniaSuction Line
Schematic of a Direct SystemUsing an Ammonia Refrigeration Machine
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Direct Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Disadvantage High initial capital cost
High OampM cost
Longer delivery and installation time
Expertise is needed to operate and maintain the plant
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Schematic of an Indirect SystemUsing a Mechanical Chiller
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Indirect Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Long delivery and installation
time Expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
Requires extra chilled water cooling circuit
Higher parasitic load than direct type
Higher energy input compared to direct type chiller
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled
water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical ChillerIce Maker
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Ice StorageChilled Water Storage System Schematic
Ice Storage Tank
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
ChilledWater
StorageTank
MechChiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Chilled Water StorageSystem Schematic
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration SystemWith Ice Storage
Applications Areas where RH is rather highplus a wide variation in electricity tariff between peak and non peak hours
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Can utilise low night time tariff to produce and store ice for peak hours operation
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time Higher expertise is needed
to operate and maintain the plant
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Chi
ller E
lect
rical
Loa
d M
WChiller Electrical Load MW
36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Absorption Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Absorption Chiller Inlet Air CoolingSystem Schematic
Heat RecoverySteam Generator
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
LP S
team
Ret
urn
Con
dens
ate
6degC
12degC
Chilled Water
Tower Water In
Tower Water Out
Heat Medium Out
Heat Medium In Steam or Hot Water
tc 45degC
95degC
70degC
to 4degC
Condenser
Generator
Pressure approx60 Torr60 mm Hg80 mbar8 kPa
Pressure approx62 Torr62 mm Hg82 mbar083 kPa
ta 35degC
Evaporator
Absorber
50degC
70degC
27degC
325degC
37degC
Refrigerant (Water)Steam or Hot WaterDiluted Solution (LiBr)Concentrated Solution (LiBr)Tower WaterChilled Water
Flow Diagram
Picture courtesy of York International
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Stea
m C
onsu
mpt
ion
th
Single StageTwo Stage
Absorption Chiller Steam Consumption36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Single Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
Two Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load Requires less steam per unit
of refrigeration than single stage chiller
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
0
5
10
15
20
25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265
Gas Turbine Output MW
Con
dens
ate
Form
atio
n th
Condensate Formation on the Chilled Water Coil thBased on 36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Inlet Air
Temperature
Performance EvaluationOf Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Base Condition 35degC Dry bulb 25degC Dry bulb Real world condition 447 Relative humidity
Increase in power output
Gas turbine output before inlet air cooling
Gas turbine output with mechanical refrigeration system and inlet air
temperature of 10degC
Gas turbine with evaporative cooler running at 85 RH
Gas turbine with fog system running at 100 RH
010823 MW (net)
Percent Change
1531248 MW (net including chiller electrical load)
61148 MW (net)
76911665 MW (net)
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Water Tank
CombustionAir
WettedMedia
Schematic of Evaporative Air Coolingshown with Optional Water Treatment
Exhaust GasBlow down
WaterTreatment
MakeUp
AirFilter
Evaporative CoolerApplications Areas where RH and wet bulb temperature is rather low
Advantage Lowest capital cost
Lowest OampM cost
Can operate on raw water
Quick delivery and installation time
Operates as an air washer and cleans the inlet air
Disadvantage Limitation on capacity
improvement
Highly influenced by the site wet bulb
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
DemineralisedWater Tank
CombustionAir
FogSpray
System
Schematic of Fog Inlet Air Cooling SystemUtilizing Demineralised Water
DemineralisedWater Treatment
Plant
RawWater
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
Fog Systems
Demineralised Water Quality For Fog System Inlet Air Cooling
Total dissolved solids
pH
Na + K
5 PPM maximum
6-8
01 PPM maximum
Silica (SiO2)
Chlorides
Sulphate
01 PPM maximum
05 PPM maximum
05 PPM maximum
0123456789
10
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
Gas Turbine Output MW
th
Fogging System Demin Water ConsumptionInlet air 36degC DB 25degC WB
Chilled air temp 255degC DB 25degC WB 96RH
Fogging SystemApplications Areas where RH and wet bulb temperature is rather low
Advantage Low capital cost
Low OampM cost
Can increase gas turbine performance better than evaporative cooling
Quick delivery and installation time
Disadvantage Limitation on capacity
improvement
Highly influenced by the site wet bulb
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
AmmoniaLiquid Line
MechanicalRefrigeration
Machine
CombustionAir
AmmoniaSuction Line
Schematic of a Direct SystemUsing an Ammonia Refrigeration Machine
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Direct Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Disadvantage High initial capital cost
High OampM cost
Longer delivery and installation time
Expertise is needed to operate and maintain the plant
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Schematic of an Indirect SystemUsing a Mechanical Chiller
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Indirect Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Long delivery and installation
time Expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
Requires extra chilled water cooling circuit
Higher parasitic load than direct type
Higher energy input compared to direct type chiller
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled
water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical ChillerIce Maker
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Ice StorageChilled Water Storage System Schematic
Ice Storage Tank
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
ChilledWater
StorageTank
MechChiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Chilled Water StorageSystem Schematic
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration SystemWith Ice Storage
Applications Areas where RH is rather highplus a wide variation in electricity tariff between peak and non peak hours
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Can utilise low night time tariff to produce and store ice for peak hours operation
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time Higher expertise is needed
to operate and maintain the plant
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Chi
ller E
lect
rical
Loa
d M
WChiller Electrical Load MW
36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Absorption Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Absorption Chiller Inlet Air CoolingSystem Schematic
Heat RecoverySteam Generator
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
LP S
team
Ret
urn
Con
dens
ate
6degC
12degC
Chilled Water
Tower Water In
Tower Water Out
Heat Medium Out
Heat Medium In Steam or Hot Water
tc 45degC
95degC
70degC
to 4degC
Condenser
Generator
Pressure approx60 Torr60 mm Hg80 mbar8 kPa
Pressure approx62 Torr62 mm Hg82 mbar083 kPa
ta 35degC
Evaporator
Absorber
50degC
70degC
27degC
325degC
37degC
Refrigerant (Water)Steam or Hot WaterDiluted Solution (LiBr)Concentrated Solution (LiBr)Tower WaterChilled Water
Flow Diagram
Picture courtesy of York International
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Stea
m C
onsu
mpt
ion
th
Single StageTwo Stage
Absorption Chiller Steam Consumption36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Single Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
Two Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load Requires less steam per unit
of refrigeration than single stage chiller
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
0
5
10
15
20
25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265
Gas Turbine Output MW
Con
dens
ate
Form
atio
n th
Condensate Formation on the Chilled Water Coil thBased on 36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Inlet Air
Temperature
Performance EvaluationOf Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Base Condition 35degC Dry bulb 25degC Dry bulb Real world condition 447 Relative humidity
Increase in power output
Gas turbine output before inlet air cooling
Gas turbine output with mechanical refrigeration system and inlet air
temperature of 10degC
Gas turbine with evaporative cooler running at 85 RH
Gas turbine with fog system running at 100 RH
010823 MW (net)
Percent Change
1531248 MW (net including chiller electrical load)
61148 MW (net)
76911665 MW (net)
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Water Tank
CombustionAir
WettedMedia
Schematic of Evaporative Air Coolingshown with Optional Water Treatment
Exhaust GasBlow down
WaterTreatment
MakeUp
AirFilter
Evaporative CoolerApplications Areas where RH and wet bulb temperature is rather low
Advantage Lowest capital cost
Lowest OampM cost
Can operate on raw water
Quick delivery and installation time
Operates as an air washer and cleans the inlet air
Disadvantage Limitation on capacity
improvement
Highly influenced by the site wet bulb
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
DemineralisedWater Tank
CombustionAir
FogSpray
System
Schematic of Fog Inlet Air Cooling SystemUtilizing Demineralised Water
DemineralisedWater Treatment
Plant
RawWater
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
Fog Systems
Demineralised Water Quality For Fog System Inlet Air Cooling
Total dissolved solids
pH
Na + K
5 PPM maximum
6-8
01 PPM maximum
Silica (SiO2)
Chlorides
Sulphate
01 PPM maximum
05 PPM maximum
05 PPM maximum
0123456789
10
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
Gas Turbine Output MW
th
Fogging System Demin Water ConsumptionInlet air 36degC DB 25degC WB
Chilled air temp 255degC DB 25degC WB 96RH
Fogging SystemApplications Areas where RH and wet bulb temperature is rather low
Advantage Low capital cost
Low OampM cost
Can increase gas turbine performance better than evaporative cooling
Quick delivery and installation time
Disadvantage Limitation on capacity
improvement
Highly influenced by the site wet bulb
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
AmmoniaLiquid Line
MechanicalRefrigeration
Machine
CombustionAir
AmmoniaSuction Line
Schematic of a Direct SystemUsing an Ammonia Refrigeration Machine
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Direct Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Disadvantage High initial capital cost
High OampM cost
Longer delivery and installation time
Expertise is needed to operate and maintain the plant
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Schematic of an Indirect SystemUsing a Mechanical Chiller
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Indirect Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Long delivery and installation
time Expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
Requires extra chilled water cooling circuit
Higher parasitic load than direct type
Higher energy input compared to direct type chiller
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled
water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical ChillerIce Maker
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Ice StorageChilled Water Storage System Schematic
Ice Storage Tank
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
ChilledWater
StorageTank
MechChiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Chilled Water StorageSystem Schematic
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration SystemWith Ice Storage
Applications Areas where RH is rather highplus a wide variation in electricity tariff between peak and non peak hours
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Can utilise low night time tariff to produce and store ice for peak hours operation
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time Higher expertise is needed
to operate and maintain the plant
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Chi
ller E
lect
rical
Loa
d M
WChiller Electrical Load MW
36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Absorption Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Absorption Chiller Inlet Air CoolingSystem Schematic
Heat RecoverySteam Generator
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
LP S
team
Ret
urn
Con
dens
ate
6degC
12degC
Chilled Water
Tower Water In
Tower Water Out
Heat Medium Out
Heat Medium In Steam or Hot Water
tc 45degC
95degC
70degC
to 4degC
Condenser
Generator
Pressure approx60 Torr60 mm Hg80 mbar8 kPa
Pressure approx62 Torr62 mm Hg82 mbar083 kPa
ta 35degC
Evaporator
Absorber
50degC
70degC
27degC
325degC
37degC
Refrigerant (Water)Steam or Hot WaterDiluted Solution (LiBr)Concentrated Solution (LiBr)Tower WaterChilled Water
Flow Diagram
Picture courtesy of York International
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Stea
m C
onsu
mpt
ion
th
Single StageTwo Stage
Absorption Chiller Steam Consumption36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Single Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
Two Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load Requires less steam per unit
of refrigeration than single stage chiller
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
0
5
10
15
20
25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265
Gas Turbine Output MW
Con
dens
ate
Form
atio
n th
Condensate Formation on the Chilled Water Coil thBased on 36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Inlet Air
Temperature
Performance EvaluationOf Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Base Condition 35degC Dry bulb 25degC Dry bulb Real world condition 447 Relative humidity
Increase in power output
Gas turbine output before inlet air cooling
Gas turbine output with mechanical refrigeration system and inlet air
temperature of 10degC
Gas turbine with evaporative cooler running at 85 RH
Gas turbine with fog system running at 100 RH
010823 MW (net)
Percent Change
1531248 MW (net including chiller electrical load)
61148 MW (net)
76911665 MW (net)
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
Evaporative CoolerApplications Areas where RH and wet bulb temperature is rather low
Advantage Lowest capital cost
Lowest OampM cost
Can operate on raw water
Quick delivery and installation time
Operates as an air washer and cleans the inlet air
Disadvantage Limitation on capacity
improvement
Highly influenced by the site wet bulb
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
DemineralisedWater Tank
CombustionAir
FogSpray
System
Schematic of Fog Inlet Air Cooling SystemUtilizing Demineralised Water
DemineralisedWater Treatment
Plant
RawWater
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
Fog Systems
Demineralised Water Quality For Fog System Inlet Air Cooling
Total dissolved solids
pH
Na + K
5 PPM maximum
6-8
01 PPM maximum
Silica (SiO2)
Chlorides
Sulphate
01 PPM maximum
05 PPM maximum
05 PPM maximum
0123456789
10
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
Gas Turbine Output MW
th
Fogging System Demin Water ConsumptionInlet air 36degC DB 25degC WB
Chilled air temp 255degC DB 25degC WB 96RH
Fogging SystemApplications Areas where RH and wet bulb temperature is rather low
Advantage Low capital cost
Low OampM cost
Can increase gas turbine performance better than evaporative cooling
Quick delivery and installation time
Disadvantage Limitation on capacity
improvement
Highly influenced by the site wet bulb
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
AmmoniaLiquid Line
MechanicalRefrigeration
Machine
CombustionAir
AmmoniaSuction Line
Schematic of a Direct SystemUsing an Ammonia Refrigeration Machine
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Direct Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Disadvantage High initial capital cost
High OampM cost
Longer delivery and installation time
Expertise is needed to operate and maintain the plant
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Schematic of an Indirect SystemUsing a Mechanical Chiller
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Indirect Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Long delivery and installation
time Expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
Requires extra chilled water cooling circuit
Higher parasitic load than direct type
Higher energy input compared to direct type chiller
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled
water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical ChillerIce Maker
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Ice StorageChilled Water Storage System Schematic
Ice Storage Tank
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
ChilledWater
StorageTank
MechChiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Chilled Water StorageSystem Schematic
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration SystemWith Ice Storage
Applications Areas where RH is rather highplus a wide variation in electricity tariff between peak and non peak hours
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Can utilise low night time tariff to produce and store ice for peak hours operation
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time Higher expertise is needed
to operate and maintain the plant
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Chi
ller E
lect
rical
Loa
d M
WChiller Electrical Load MW
36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Absorption Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Absorption Chiller Inlet Air CoolingSystem Schematic
Heat RecoverySteam Generator
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
LP S
team
Ret
urn
Con
dens
ate
6degC
12degC
Chilled Water
Tower Water In
Tower Water Out
Heat Medium Out
Heat Medium In Steam or Hot Water
tc 45degC
95degC
70degC
to 4degC
Condenser
Generator
Pressure approx60 Torr60 mm Hg80 mbar8 kPa
Pressure approx62 Torr62 mm Hg82 mbar083 kPa
ta 35degC
Evaporator
Absorber
50degC
70degC
27degC
325degC
37degC
Refrigerant (Water)Steam or Hot WaterDiluted Solution (LiBr)Concentrated Solution (LiBr)Tower WaterChilled Water
Flow Diagram
Picture courtesy of York International
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Stea
m C
onsu
mpt
ion
th
Single StageTwo Stage
Absorption Chiller Steam Consumption36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Single Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
Two Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load Requires less steam per unit
of refrigeration than single stage chiller
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
0
5
10
15
20
25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265
Gas Turbine Output MW
Con
dens
ate
Form
atio
n th
Condensate Formation on the Chilled Water Coil thBased on 36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Inlet Air
Temperature
Performance EvaluationOf Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Base Condition 35degC Dry bulb 25degC Dry bulb Real world condition 447 Relative humidity
Increase in power output
Gas turbine output before inlet air cooling
Gas turbine output with mechanical refrigeration system and inlet air
temperature of 10degC
Gas turbine with evaporative cooler running at 85 RH
Gas turbine with fog system running at 100 RH
010823 MW (net)
Percent Change
1531248 MW (net including chiller electrical load)
61148 MW (net)
76911665 MW (net)
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
DemineralisedWater Tank
CombustionAir
FogSpray
System
Schematic of Fog Inlet Air Cooling SystemUtilizing Demineralised Water
DemineralisedWater Treatment
Plant
RawWater
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
Fog Systems
Demineralised Water Quality For Fog System Inlet Air Cooling
Total dissolved solids
pH
Na + K
5 PPM maximum
6-8
01 PPM maximum
Silica (SiO2)
Chlorides
Sulphate
01 PPM maximum
05 PPM maximum
05 PPM maximum
0123456789
10
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
Gas Turbine Output MW
th
Fogging System Demin Water ConsumptionInlet air 36degC DB 25degC WB
Chilled air temp 255degC DB 25degC WB 96RH
Fogging SystemApplications Areas where RH and wet bulb temperature is rather low
Advantage Low capital cost
Low OampM cost
Can increase gas turbine performance better than evaporative cooling
Quick delivery and installation time
Disadvantage Limitation on capacity
improvement
Highly influenced by the site wet bulb
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
AmmoniaLiquid Line
MechanicalRefrigeration
Machine
CombustionAir
AmmoniaSuction Line
Schematic of a Direct SystemUsing an Ammonia Refrigeration Machine
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Direct Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Disadvantage High initial capital cost
High OampM cost
Longer delivery and installation time
Expertise is needed to operate and maintain the plant
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Schematic of an Indirect SystemUsing a Mechanical Chiller
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Indirect Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Long delivery and installation
time Expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
Requires extra chilled water cooling circuit
Higher parasitic load than direct type
Higher energy input compared to direct type chiller
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled
water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical ChillerIce Maker
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Ice StorageChilled Water Storage System Schematic
Ice Storage Tank
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
ChilledWater
StorageTank
MechChiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Chilled Water StorageSystem Schematic
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration SystemWith Ice Storage
Applications Areas where RH is rather highplus a wide variation in electricity tariff between peak and non peak hours
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Can utilise low night time tariff to produce and store ice for peak hours operation
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time Higher expertise is needed
to operate and maintain the plant
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Chi
ller E
lect
rical
Loa
d M
WChiller Electrical Load MW
36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Absorption Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Absorption Chiller Inlet Air CoolingSystem Schematic
Heat RecoverySteam Generator
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
LP S
team
Ret
urn
Con
dens
ate
6degC
12degC
Chilled Water
Tower Water In
Tower Water Out
Heat Medium Out
Heat Medium In Steam or Hot Water
tc 45degC
95degC
70degC
to 4degC
Condenser
Generator
Pressure approx60 Torr60 mm Hg80 mbar8 kPa
Pressure approx62 Torr62 mm Hg82 mbar083 kPa
ta 35degC
Evaporator
Absorber
50degC
70degC
27degC
325degC
37degC
Refrigerant (Water)Steam or Hot WaterDiluted Solution (LiBr)Concentrated Solution (LiBr)Tower WaterChilled Water
Flow Diagram
Picture courtesy of York International
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Stea
m C
onsu
mpt
ion
th
Single StageTwo Stage
Absorption Chiller Steam Consumption36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Single Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
Two Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load Requires less steam per unit
of refrigeration than single stage chiller
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
0
5
10
15
20
25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265
Gas Turbine Output MW
Con
dens
ate
Form
atio
n th
Condensate Formation on the Chilled Water Coil thBased on 36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Inlet Air
Temperature
Performance EvaluationOf Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Base Condition 35degC Dry bulb 25degC Dry bulb Real world condition 447 Relative humidity
Increase in power output
Gas turbine output before inlet air cooling
Gas turbine output with mechanical refrigeration system and inlet air
temperature of 10degC
Gas turbine with evaporative cooler running at 85 RH
Gas turbine with fog system running at 100 RH
010823 MW (net)
Percent Change
1531248 MW (net including chiller electrical load)
61148 MW (net)
76911665 MW (net)
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
DemineralisedWater Tank
CombustionAir
FogSpray
System
Schematic of Fog Inlet Air Cooling SystemUtilizing Demineralised Water
DemineralisedWater Treatment
Plant
RawWater
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
Fog Systems
Demineralised Water Quality For Fog System Inlet Air Cooling
Total dissolved solids
pH
Na + K
5 PPM maximum
6-8
01 PPM maximum
Silica (SiO2)
Chlorides
Sulphate
01 PPM maximum
05 PPM maximum
05 PPM maximum
0123456789
10
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
Gas Turbine Output MW
th
Fogging System Demin Water ConsumptionInlet air 36degC DB 25degC WB
Chilled air temp 255degC DB 25degC WB 96RH
Fogging SystemApplications Areas where RH and wet bulb temperature is rather low
Advantage Low capital cost
Low OampM cost
Can increase gas turbine performance better than evaporative cooling
Quick delivery and installation time
Disadvantage Limitation on capacity
improvement
Highly influenced by the site wet bulb
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
AmmoniaLiquid Line
MechanicalRefrigeration
Machine
CombustionAir
AmmoniaSuction Line
Schematic of a Direct SystemUsing an Ammonia Refrigeration Machine
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Direct Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Disadvantage High initial capital cost
High OampM cost
Longer delivery and installation time
Expertise is needed to operate and maintain the plant
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Schematic of an Indirect SystemUsing a Mechanical Chiller
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Indirect Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Long delivery and installation
time Expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
Requires extra chilled water cooling circuit
Higher parasitic load than direct type
Higher energy input compared to direct type chiller
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled
water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical ChillerIce Maker
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Ice StorageChilled Water Storage System Schematic
Ice Storage Tank
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
ChilledWater
StorageTank
MechChiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Chilled Water StorageSystem Schematic
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration SystemWith Ice Storage
Applications Areas where RH is rather highplus a wide variation in electricity tariff between peak and non peak hours
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Can utilise low night time tariff to produce and store ice for peak hours operation
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time Higher expertise is needed
to operate and maintain the plant
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Chi
ller E
lect
rical
Loa
d M
WChiller Electrical Load MW
36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Absorption Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Absorption Chiller Inlet Air CoolingSystem Schematic
Heat RecoverySteam Generator
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
LP S
team
Ret
urn
Con
dens
ate
6degC
12degC
Chilled Water
Tower Water In
Tower Water Out
Heat Medium Out
Heat Medium In Steam or Hot Water
tc 45degC
95degC
70degC
to 4degC
Condenser
Generator
Pressure approx60 Torr60 mm Hg80 mbar8 kPa
Pressure approx62 Torr62 mm Hg82 mbar083 kPa
ta 35degC
Evaporator
Absorber
50degC
70degC
27degC
325degC
37degC
Refrigerant (Water)Steam or Hot WaterDiluted Solution (LiBr)Concentrated Solution (LiBr)Tower WaterChilled Water
Flow Diagram
Picture courtesy of York International
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Stea
m C
onsu
mpt
ion
th
Single StageTwo Stage
Absorption Chiller Steam Consumption36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Single Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
Two Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load Requires less steam per unit
of refrigeration than single stage chiller
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
0
5
10
15
20
25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265
Gas Turbine Output MW
Con
dens
ate
Form
atio
n th
Condensate Formation on the Chilled Water Coil thBased on 36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Inlet Air
Temperature
Performance EvaluationOf Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Base Condition 35degC Dry bulb 25degC Dry bulb Real world condition 447 Relative humidity
Increase in power output
Gas turbine output before inlet air cooling
Gas turbine output with mechanical refrigeration system and inlet air
temperature of 10degC
Gas turbine with evaporative cooler running at 85 RH
Gas turbine with fog system running at 100 RH
010823 MW (net)
Percent Change
1531248 MW (net including chiller electrical load)
61148 MW (net)
76911665 MW (net)
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
Fog Systems
Demineralised Water Quality For Fog System Inlet Air Cooling
Total dissolved solids
pH
Na + K
5 PPM maximum
6-8
01 PPM maximum
Silica (SiO2)
Chlorides
Sulphate
01 PPM maximum
05 PPM maximum
05 PPM maximum
0123456789
10
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
Gas Turbine Output MW
th
Fogging System Demin Water ConsumptionInlet air 36degC DB 25degC WB
Chilled air temp 255degC DB 25degC WB 96RH
Fogging SystemApplications Areas where RH and wet bulb temperature is rather low
Advantage Low capital cost
Low OampM cost
Can increase gas turbine performance better than evaporative cooling
Quick delivery and installation time
Disadvantage Limitation on capacity
improvement
Highly influenced by the site wet bulb
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
AmmoniaLiquid Line
MechanicalRefrigeration
Machine
CombustionAir
AmmoniaSuction Line
Schematic of a Direct SystemUsing an Ammonia Refrigeration Machine
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Direct Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Disadvantage High initial capital cost
High OampM cost
Longer delivery and installation time
Expertise is needed to operate and maintain the plant
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Schematic of an Indirect SystemUsing a Mechanical Chiller
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Indirect Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Long delivery and installation
time Expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
Requires extra chilled water cooling circuit
Higher parasitic load than direct type
Higher energy input compared to direct type chiller
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled
water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical ChillerIce Maker
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Ice StorageChilled Water Storage System Schematic
Ice Storage Tank
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
ChilledWater
StorageTank
MechChiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Chilled Water StorageSystem Schematic
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration SystemWith Ice Storage
Applications Areas where RH is rather highplus a wide variation in electricity tariff between peak and non peak hours
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Can utilise low night time tariff to produce and store ice for peak hours operation
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time Higher expertise is needed
to operate and maintain the plant
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Chi
ller E
lect
rical
Loa
d M
WChiller Electrical Load MW
36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Absorption Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Absorption Chiller Inlet Air CoolingSystem Schematic
Heat RecoverySteam Generator
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
LP S
team
Ret
urn
Con
dens
ate
6degC
12degC
Chilled Water
Tower Water In
Tower Water Out
Heat Medium Out
Heat Medium In Steam or Hot Water
tc 45degC
95degC
70degC
to 4degC
Condenser
Generator
Pressure approx60 Torr60 mm Hg80 mbar8 kPa
Pressure approx62 Torr62 mm Hg82 mbar083 kPa
ta 35degC
Evaporator
Absorber
50degC
70degC
27degC
325degC
37degC
Refrigerant (Water)Steam or Hot WaterDiluted Solution (LiBr)Concentrated Solution (LiBr)Tower WaterChilled Water
Flow Diagram
Picture courtesy of York International
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Stea
m C
onsu
mpt
ion
th
Single StageTwo Stage
Absorption Chiller Steam Consumption36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Single Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
Two Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load Requires less steam per unit
of refrigeration than single stage chiller
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
0
5
10
15
20
25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265
Gas Turbine Output MW
Con
dens
ate
Form
atio
n th
Condensate Formation on the Chilled Water Coil thBased on 36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Inlet Air
Temperature
Performance EvaluationOf Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Base Condition 35degC Dry bulb 25degC Dry bulb Real world condition 447 Relative humidity
Increase in power output
Gas turbine output before inlet air cooling
Gas turbine output with mechanical refrigeration system and inlet air
temperature of 10degC
Gas turbine with evaporative cooler running at 85 RH
Gas turbine with fog system running at 100 RH
010823 MW (net)
Percent Change
1531248 MW (net including chiller electrical load)
61148 MW (net)
76911665 MW (net)
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
Demineralised Water Quality For Fog System Inlet Air Cooling
Total dissolved solids
pH
Na + K
5 PPM maximum
6-8
01 PPM maximum
Silica (SiO2)
Chlorides
Sulphate
01 PPM maximum
05 PPM maximum
05 PPM maximum
0123456789
10
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
Gas Turbine Output MW
th
Fogging System Demin Water ConsumptionInlet air 36degC DB 25degC WB
Chilled air temp 255degC DB 25degC WB 96RH
Fogging SystemApplications Areas where RH and wet bulb temperature is rather low
Advantage Low capital cost
Low OampM cost
Can increase gas turbine performance better than evaporative cooling
Quick delivery and installation time
Disadvantage Limitation on capacity
improvement
Highly influenced by the site wet bulb
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
AmmoniaLiquid Line
MechanicalRefrigeration
Machine
CombustionAir
AmmoniaSuction Line
Schematic of a Direct SystemUsing an Ammonia Refrigeration Machine
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Direct Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Disadvantage High initial capital cost
High OampM cost
Longer delivery and installation time
Expertise is needed to operate and maintain the plant
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Schematic of an Indirect SystemUsing a Mechanical Chiller
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Indirect Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Long delivery and installation
time Expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
Requires extra chilled water cooling circuit
Higher parasitic load than direct type
Higher energy input compared to direct type chiller
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled
water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical ChillerIce Maker
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Ice StorageChilled Water Storage System Schematic
Ice Storage Tank
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
ChilledWater
StorageTank
MechChiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Chilled Water StorageSystem Schematic
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration SystemWith Ice Storage
Applications Areas where RH is rather highplus a wide variation in electricity tariff between peak and non peak hours
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Can utilise low night time tariff to produce and store ice for peak hours operation
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time Higher expertise is needed
to operate and maintain the plant
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Chi
ller E
lect
rical
Loa
d M
WChiller Electrical Load MW
36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Absorption Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Absorption Chiller Inlet Air CoolingSystem Schematic
Heat RecoverySteam Generator
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
LP S
team
Ret
urn
Con
dens
ate
6degC
12degC
Chilled Water
Tower Water In
Tower Water Out
Heat Medium Out
Heat Medium In Steam or Hot Water
tc 45degC
95degC
70degC
to 4degC
Condenser
Generator
Pressure approx60 Torr60 mm Hg80 mbar8 kPa
Pressure approx62 Torr62 mm Hg82 mbar083 kPa
ta 35degC
Evaporator
Absorber
50degC
70degC
27degC
325degC
37degC
Refrigerant (Water)Steam or Hot WaterDiluted Solution (LiBr)Concentrated Solution (LiBr)Tower WaterChilled Water
Flow Diagram
Picture courtesy of York International
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Stea
m C
onsu
mpt
ion
th
Single StageTwo Stage
Absorption Chiller Steam Consumption36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Single Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
Two Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load Requires less steam per unit
of refrigeration than single stage chiller
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
0
5
10
15
20
25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265
Gas Turbine Output MW
Con
dens
ate
Form
atio
n th
Condensate Formation on the Chilled Water Coil thBased on 36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Inlet Air
Temperature
Performance EvaluationOf Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Base Condition 35degC Dry bulb 25degC Dry bulb Real world condition 447 Relative humidity
Increase in power output
Gas turbine output before inlet air cooling
Gas turbine output with mechanical refrigeration system and inlet air
temperature of 10degC
Gas turbine with evaporative cooler running at 85 RH
Gas turbine with fog system running at 100 RH
010823 MW (net)
Percent Change
1531248 MW (net including chiller electrical load)
61148 MW (net)
76911665 MW (net)
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
0123456789
10
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
Gas Turbine Output MW
th
Fogging System Demin Water ConsumptionInlet air 36degC DB 25degC WB
Chilled air temp 255degC DB 25degC WB 96RH
Fogging SystemApplications Areas where RH and wet bulb temperature is rather low
Advantage Low capital cost
Low OampM cost
Can increase gas turbine performance better than evaporative cooling
Quick delivery and installation time
Disadvantage Limitation on capacity
improvement
Highly influenced by the site wet bulb
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
AmmoniaLiquid Line
MechanicalRefrigeration
Machine
CombustionAir
AmmoniaSuction Line
Schematic of a Direct SystemUsing an Ammonia Refrigeration Machine
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Direct Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Disadvantage High initial capital cost
High OampM cost
Longer delivery and installation time
Expertise is needed to operate and maintain the plant
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Schematic of an Indirect SystemUsing a Mechanical Chiller
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Indirect Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Long delivery and installation
time Expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
Requires extra chilled water cooling circuit
Higher parasitic load than direct type
Higher energy input compared to direct type chiller
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled
water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical ChillerIce Maker
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Ice StorageChilled Water Storage System Schematic
Ice Storage Tank
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
ChilledWater
StorageTank
MechChiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Chilled Water StorageSystem Schematic
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration SystemWith Ice Storage
Applications Areas where RH is rather highplus a wide variation in electricity tariff between peak and non peak hours
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Can utilise low night time tariff to produce and store ice for peak hours operation
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time Higher expertise is needed
to operate and maintain the plant
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Chi
ller E
lect
rical
Loa
d M
WChiller Electrical Load MW
36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Absorption Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Absorption Chiller Inlet Air CoolingSystem Schematic
Heat RecoverySteam Generator
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
LP S
team
Ret
urn
Con
dens
ate
6degC
12degC
Chilled Water
Tower Water In
Tower Water Out
Heat Medium Out
Heat Medium In Steam or Hot Water
tc 45degC
95degC
70degC
to 4degC
Condenser
Generator
Pressure approx60 Torr60 mm Hg80 mbar8 kPa
Pressure approx62 Torr62 mm Hg82 mbar083 kPa
ta 35degC
Evaporator
Absorber
50degC
70degC
27degC
325degC
37degC
Refrigerant (Water)Steam or Hot WaterDiluted Solution (LiBr)Concentrated Solution (LiBr)Tower WaterChilled Water
Flow Diagram
Picture courtesy of York International
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Stea
m C
onsu
mpt
ion
th
Single StageTwo Stage
Absorption Chiller Steam Consumption36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Single Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
Two Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load Requires less steam per unit
of refrigeration than single stage chiller
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
0
5
10
15
20
25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265
Gas Turbine Output MW
Con
dens
ate
Form
atio
n th
Condensate Formation on the Chilled Water Coil thBased on 36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Inlet Air
Temperature
Performance EvaluationOf Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Base Condition 35degC Dry bulb 25degC Dry bulb Real world condition 447 Relative humidity
Increase in power output
Gas turbine output before inlet air cooling
Gas turbine output with mechanical refrigeration system and inlet air
temperature of 10degC
Gas turbine with evaporative cooler running at 85 RH
Gas turbine with fog system running at 100 RH
010823 MW (net)
Percent Change
1531248 MW (net including chiller electrical load)
61148 MW (net)
76911665 MW (net)
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
Fogging SystemApplications Areas where RH and wet bulb temperature is rather low
Advantage Low capital cost
Low OampM cost
Can increase gas turbine performance better than evaporative cooling
Quick delivery and installation time
Disadvantage Limitation on capacity
improvement
Highly influenced by the site wet bulb
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
AmmoniaLiquid Line
MechanicalRefrigeration
Machine
CombustionAir
AmmoniaSuction Line
Schematic of a Direct SystemUsing an Ammonia Refrigeration Machine
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Direct Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Disadvantage High initial capital cost
High OampM cost
Longer delivery and installation time
Expertise is needed to operate and maintain the plant
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Schematic of an Indirect SystemUsing a Mechanical Chiller
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Indirect Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Long delivery and installation
time Expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
Requires extra chilled water cooling circuit
Higher parasitic load than direct type
Higher energy input compared to direct type chiller
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled
water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical ChillerIce Maker
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Ice StorageChilled Water Storage System Schematic
Ice Storage Tank
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
ChilledWater
StorageTank
MechChiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Chilled Water StorageSystem Schematic
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration SystemWith Ice Storage
Applications Areas where RH is rather highplus a wide variation in electricity tariff between peak and non peak hours
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Can utilise low night time tariff to produce and store ice for peak hours operation
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time Higher expertise is needed
to operate and maintain the plant
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Chi
ller E
lect
rical
Loa
d M
WChiller Electrical Load MW
36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Absorption Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Absorption Chiller Inlet Air CoolingSystem Schematic
Heat RecoverySteam Generator
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
LP S
team
Ret
urn
Con
dens
ate
6degC
12degC
Chilled Water
Tower Water In
Tower Water Out
Heat Medium Out
Heat Medium In Steam or Hot Water
tc 45degC
95degC
70degC
to 4degC
Condenser
Generator
Pressure approx60 Torr60 mm Hg80 mbar8 kPa
Pressure approx62 Torr62 mm Hg82 mbar083 kPa
ta 35degC
Evaporator
Absorber
50degC
70degC
27degC
325degC
37degC
Refrigerant (Water)Steam or Hot WaterDiluted Solution (LiBr)Concentrated Solution (LiBr)Tower WaterChilled Water
Flow Diagram
Picture courtesy of York International
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Stea
m C
onsu
mpt
ion
th
Single StageTwo Stage
Absorption Chiller Steam Consumption36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Single Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
Two Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load Requires less steam per unit
of refrigeration than single stage chiller
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
0
5
10
15
20
25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265
Gas Turbine Output MW
Con
dens
ate
Form
atio
n th
Condensate Formation on the Chilled Water Coil thBased on 36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Inlet Air
Temperature
Performance EvaluationOf Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Base Condition 35degC Dry bulb 25degC Dry bulb Real world condition 447 Relative humidity
Increase in power output
Gas turbine output before inlet air cooling
Gas turbine output with mechanical refrigeration system and inlet air
temperature of 10degC
Gas turbine with evaporative cooler running at 85 RH
Gas turbine with fog system running at 100 RH
010823 MW (net)
Percent Change
1531248 MW (net including chiller electrical load)
61148 MW (net)
76911665 MW (net)
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
AmmoniaLiquid Line
MechanicalRefrigeration
Machine
CombustionAir
AmmoniaSuction Line
Schematic of a Direct SystemUsing an Ammonia Refrigeration Machine
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Direct Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Disadvantage High initial capital cost
High OampM cost
Longer delivery and installation time
Expertise is needed to operate and maintain the plant
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Schematic of an Indirect SystemUsing a Mechanical Chiller
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Indirect Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Long delivery and installation
time Expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
Requires extra chilled water cooling circuit
Higher parasitic load than direct type
Higher energy input compared to direct type chiller
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled
water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical ChillerIce Maker
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Ice StorageChilled Water Storage System Schematic
Ice Storage Tank
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
ChilledWater
StorageTank
MechChiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Chilled Water StorageSystem Schematic
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration SystemWith Ice Storage
Applications Areas where RH is rather highplus a wide variation in electricity tariff between peak and non peak hours
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Can utilise low night time tariff to produce and store ice for peak hours operation
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time Higher expertise is needed
to operate and maintain the plant
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Chi
ller E
lect
rical
Loa
d M
WChiller Electrical Load MW
36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Absorption Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Absorption Chiller Inlet Air CoolingSystem Schematic
Heat RecoverySteam Generator
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
LP S
team
Ret
urn
Con
dens
ate
6degC
12degC
Chilled Water
Tower Water In
Tower Water Out
Heat Medium Out
Heat Medium In Steam or Hot Water
tc 45degC
95degC
70degC
to 4degC
Condenser
Generator
Pressure approx60 Torr60 mm Hg80 mbar8 kPa
Pressure approx62 Torr62 mm Hg82 mbar083 kPa
ta 35degC
Evaporator
Absorber
50degC
70degC
27degC
325degC
37degC
Refrigerant (Water)Steam or Hot WaterDiluted Solution (LiBr)Concentrated Solution (LiBr)Tower WaterChilled Water
Flow Diagram
Picture courtesy of York International
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Stea
m C
onsu
mpt
ion
th
Single StageTwo Stage
Absorption Chiller Steam Consumption36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Single Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
Two Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load Requires less steam per unit
of refrigeration than single stage chiller
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
0
5
10
15
20
25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265
Gas Turbine Output MW
Con
dens
ate
Form
atio
n th
Condensate Formation on the Chilled Water Coil thBased on 36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Inlet Air
Temperature
Performance EvaluationOf Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Base Condition 35degC Dry bulb 25degC Dry bulb Real world condition 447 Relative humidity
Increase in power output
Gas turbine output before inlet air cooling
Gas turbine output with mechanical refrigeration system and inlet air
temperature of 10degC
Gas turbine with evaporative cooler running at 85 RH
Gas turbine with fog system running at 100 RH
010823 MW (net)
Percent Change
1531248 MW (net including chiller electrical load)
61148 MW (net)
76911665 MW (net)
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
AmmoniaLiquid Line
MechanicalRefrigeration
Machine
CombustionAir
AmmoniaSuction Line
Schematic of a Direct SystemUsing an Ammonia Refrigeration Machine
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Direct Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Disadvantage High initial capital cost
High OampM cost
Longer delivery and installation time
Expertise is needed to operate and maintain the plant
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Schematic of an Indirect SystemUsing a Mechanical Chiller
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Indirect Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Long delivery and installation
time Expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
Requires extra chilled water cooling circuit
Higher parasitic load than direct type
Higher energy input compared to direct type chiller
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled
water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical ChillerIce Maker
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Ice StorageChilled Water Storage System Schematic
Ice Storage Tank
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
ChilledWater
StorageTank
MechChiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Chilled Water StorageSystem Schematic
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration SystemWith Ice Storage
Applications Areas where RH is rather highplus a wide variation in electricity tariff between peak and non peak hours
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Can utilise low night time tariff to produce and store ice for peak hours operation
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time Higher expertise is needed
to operate and maintain the plant
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Chi
ller E
lect
rical
Loa
d M
WChiller Electrical Load MW
36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Absorption Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Absorption Chiller Inlet Air CoolingSystem Schematic
Heat RecoverySteam Generator
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
LP S
team
Ret
urn
Con
dens
ate
6degC
12degC
Chilled Water
Tower Water In
Tower Water Out
Heat Medium Out
Heat Medium In Steam or Hot Water
tc 45degC
95degC
70degC
to 4degC
Condenser
Generator
Pressure approx60 Torr60 mm Hg80 mbar8 kPa
Pressure approx62 Torr62 mm Hg82 mbar083 kPa
ta 35degC
Evaporator
Absorber
50degC
70degC
27degC
325degC
37degC
Refrigerant (Water)Steam or Hot WaterDiluted Solution (LiBr)Concentrated Solution (LiBr)Tower WaterChilled Water
Flow Diagram
Picture courtesy of York International
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Stea
m C
onsu
mpt
ion
th
Single StageTwo Stage
Absorption Chiller Steam Consumption36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Single Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
Two Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load Requires less steam per unit
of refrigeration than single stage chiller
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
0
5
10
15
20
25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265
Gas Turbine Output MW
Con
dens
ate
Form
atio
n th
Condensate Formation on the Chilled Water Coil thBased on 36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Inlet Air
Temperature
Performance EvaluationOf Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Base Condition 35degC Dry bulb 25degC Dry bulb Real world condition 447 Relative humidity
Increase in power output
Gas turbine output before inlet air cooling
Gas turbine output with mechanical refrigeration system and inlet air
temperature of 10degC
Gas turbine with evaporative cooler running at 85 RH
Gas turbine with fog system running at 100 RH
010823 MW (net)
Percent Change
1531248 MW (net including chiller electrical load)
61148 MW (net)
76911665 MW (net)
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Direct Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Disadvantage High initial capital cost
High OampM cost
Longer delivery and installation time
Expertise is needed to operate and maintain the plant
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Schematic of an Indirect SystemUsing a Mechanical Chiller
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Indirect Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Long delivery and installation
time Expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
Requires extra chilled water cooling circuit
Higher parasitic load than direct type
Higher energy input compared to direct type chiller
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled
water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical ChillerIce Maker
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Ice StorageChilled Water Storage System Schematic
Ice Storage Tank
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
ChilledWater
StorageTank
MechChiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Chilled Water StorageSystem Schematic
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration SystemWith Ice Storage
Applications Areas where RH is rather highplus a wide variation in electricity tariff between peak and non peak hours
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Can utilise low night time tariff to produce and store ice for peak hours operation
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time Higher expertise is needed
to operate and maintain the plant
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Chi
ller E
lect
rical
Loa
d M
WChiller Electrical Load MW
36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Absorption Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Absorption Chiller Inlet Air CoolingSystem Schematic
Heat RecoverySteam Generator
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
LP S
team
Ret
urn
Con
dens
ate
6degC
12degC
Chilled Water
Tower Water In
Tower Water Out
Heat Medium Out
Heat Medium In Steam or Hot Water
tc 45degC
95degC
70degC
to 4degC
Condenser
Generator
Pressure approx60 Torr60 mm Hg80 mbar8 kPa
Pressure approx62 Torr62 mm Hg82 mbar083 kPa
ta 35degC
Evaporator
Absorber
50degC
70degC
27degC
325degC
37degC
Refrigerant (Water)Steam or Hot WaterDiluted Solution (LiBr)Concentrated Solution (LiBr)Tower WaterChilled Water
Flow Diagram
Picture courtesy of York International
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Stea
m C
onsu
mpt
ion
th
Single StageTwo Stage
Absorption Chiller Steam Consumption36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Single Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
Two Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load Requires less steam per unit
of refrigeration than single stage chiller
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
0
5
10
15
20
25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265
Gas Turbine Output MW
Con
dens
ate
Form
atio
n th
Condensate Formation on the Chilled Water Coil thBased on 36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Inlet Air
Temperature
Performance EvaluationOf Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Base Condition 35degC Dry bulb 25degC Dry bulb Real world condition 447 Relative humidity
Increase in power output
Gas turbine output before inlet air cooling
Gas turbine output with mechanical refrigeration system and inlet air
temperature of 10degC
Gas turbine with evaporative cooler running at 85 RH
Gas turbine with fog system running at 100 RH
010823 MW (net)
Percent Change
1531248 MW (net including chiller electrical load)
61148 MW (net)
76911665 MW (net)
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Schematic of an Indirect SystemUsing a Mechanical Chiller
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Indirect Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Long delivery and installation
time Expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
Requires extra chilled water cooling circuit
Higher parasitic load than direct type
Higher energy input compared to direct type chiller
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled
water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical ChillerIce Maker
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Ice StorageChilled Water Storage System Schematic
Ice Storage Tank
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
ChilledWater
StorageTank
MechChiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Chilled Water StorageSystem Schematic
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration SystemWith Ice Storage
Applications Areas where RH is rather highplus a wide variation in electricity tariff between peak and non peak hours
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Can utilise low night time tariff to produce and store ice for peak hours operation
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time Higher expertise is needed
to operate and maintain the plant
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Chi
ller E
lect
rical
Loa
d M
WChiller Electrical Load MW
36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Absorption Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Absorption Chiller Inlet Air CoolingSystem Schematic
Heat RecoverySteam Generator
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
LP S
team
Ret
urn
Con
dens
ate
6degC
12degC
Chilled Water
Tower Water In
Tower Water Out
Heat Medium Out
Heat Medium In Steam or Hot Water
tc 45degC
95degC
70degC
to 4degC
Condenser
Generator
Pressure approx60 Torr60 mm Hg80 mbar8 kPa
Pressure approx62 Torr62 mm Hg82 mbar083 kPa
ta 35degC
Evaporator
Absorber
50degC
70degC
27degC
325degC
37degC
Refrigerant (Water)Steam or Hot WaterDiluted Solution (LiBr)Concentrated Solution (LiBr)Tower WaterChilled Water
Flow Diagram
Picture courtesy of York International
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Stea
m C
onsu
mpt
ion
th
Single StageTwo Stage
Absorption Chiller Steam Consumption36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Single Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
Two Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load Requires less steam per unit
of refrigeration than single stage chiller
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
0
5
10
15
20
25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265
Gas Turbine Output MW
Con
dens
ate
Form
atio
n th
Condensate Formation on the Chilled Water Coil thBased on 36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Inlet Air
Temperature
Performance EvaluationOf Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Base Condition 35degC Dry bulb 25degC Dry bulb Real world condition 447 Relative humidity
Increase in power output
Gas turbine output before inlet air cooling
Gas turbine output with mechanical refrigeration system and inlet air
temperature of 10degC
Gas turbine with evaporative cooler running at 85 RH
Gas turbine with fog system running at 100 RH
010823 MW (net)
Percent Change
1531248 MW (net including chiller electrical load)
61148 MW (net)
76911665 MW (net)
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Schematic of an Indirect SystemUsing a Mechanical Chiller
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Indirect Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Long delivery and installation
time Expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
Requires extra chilled water cooling circuit
Higher parasitic load than direct type
Higher energy input compared to direct type chiller
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled
water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical ChillerIce Maker
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Ice StorageChilled Water Storage System Schematic
Ice Storage Tank
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
ChilledWater
StorageTank
MechChiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Chilled Water StorageSystem Schematic
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration SystemWith Ice Storage
Applications Areas where RH is rather highplus a wide variation in electricity tariff between peak and non peak hours
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Can utilise low night time tariff to produce and store ice for peak hours operation
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time Higher expertise is needed
to operate and maintain the plant
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Chi
ller E
lect
rical
Loa
d M
WChiller Electrical Load MW
36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Absorption Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Absorption Chiller Inlet Air CoolingSystem Schematic
Heat RecoverySteam Generator
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
LP S
team
Ret
urn
Con
dens
ate
6degC
12degC
Chilled Water
Tower Water In
Tower Water Out
Heat Medium Out
Heat Medium In Steam or Hot Water
tc 45degC
95degC
70degC
to 4degC
Condenser
Generator
Pressure approx60 Torr60 mm Hg80 mbar8 kPa
Pressure approx62 Torr62 mm Hg82 mbar083 kPa
ta 35degC
Evaporator
Absorber
50degC
70degC
27degC
325degC
37degC
Refrigerant (Water)Steam or Hot WaterDiluted Solution (LiBr)Concentrated Solution (LiBr)Tower WaterChilled Water
Flow Diagram
Picture courtesy of York International
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Stea
m C
onsu
mpt
ion
th
Single StageTwo Stage
Absorption Chiller Steam Consumption36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Single Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
Two Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load Requires less steam per unit
of refrigeration than single stage chiller
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
0
5
10
15
20
25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265
Gas Turbine Output MW
Con
dens
ate
Form
atio
n th
Condensate Formation on the Chilled Water Coil thBased on 36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Inlet Air
Temperature
Performance EvaluationOf Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Base Condition 35degC Dry bulb 25degC Dry bulb Real world condition 447 Relative humidity
Increase in power output
Gas turbine output before inlet air cooling
Gas turbine output with mechanical refrigeration system and inlet air
temperature of 10degC
Gas turbine with evaporative cooler running at 85 RH
Gas turbine with fog system running at 100 RH
010823 MW (net)
Percent Change
1531248 MW (net including chiller electrical load)
61148 MW (net)
76911665 MW (net)
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
Mechanical Refrigeration System (Indirect Type)Applications Areas where relative humidity is rather high
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Long delivery and installation
time Expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
Requires extra chilled water cooling circuit
Higher parasitic load than direct type
Higher energy input compared to direct type chiller
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled
water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical ChillerIce Maker
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Ice StorageChilled Water Storage System Schematic
Ice Storage Tank
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
ChilledWater
StorageTank
MechChiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Chilled Water StorageSystem Schematic
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration SystemWith Ice Storage
Applications Areas where RH is rather highplus a wide variation in electricity tariff between peak and non peak hours
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Can utilise low night time tariff to produce and store ice for peak hours operation
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time Higher expertise is needed
to operate and maintain the plant
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Chi
ller E
lect
rical
Loa
d M
WChiller Electrical Load MW
36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Absorption Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Absorption Chiller Inlet Air CoolingSystem Schematic
Heat RecoverySteam Generator
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
LP S
team
Ret
urn
Con
dens
ate
6degC
12degC
Chilled Water
Tower Water In
Tower Water Out
Heat Medium Out
Heat Medium In Steam or Hot Water
tc 45degC
95degC
70degC
to 4degC
Condenser
Generator
Pressure approx60 Torr60 mm Hg80 mbar8 kPa
Pressure approx62 Torr62 mm Hg82 mbar083 kPa
ta 35degC
Evaporator
Absorber
50degC
70degC
27degC
325degC
37degC
Refrigerant (Water)Steam or Hot WaterDiluted Solution (LiBr)Concentrated Solution (LiBr)Tower WaterChilled Water
Flow Diagram
Picture courtesy of York International
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Stea
m C
onsu
mpt
ion
th
Single StageTwo Stage
Absorption Chiller Steam Consumption36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Single Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
Two Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load Requires less steam per unit
of refrigeration than single stage chiller
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
0
5
10
15
20
25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265
Gas Turbine Output MW
Con
dens
ate
Form
atio
n th
Condensate Formation on the Chilled Water Coil thBased on 36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Inlet Air
Temperature
Performance EvaluationOf Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Base Condition 35degC Dry bulb 25degC Dry bulb Real world condition 447 Relative humidity
Increase in power output
Gas turbine output before inlet air cooling
Gas turbine output with mechanical refrigeration system and inlet air
temperature of 10degC
Gas turbine with evaporative cooler running at 85 RH
Gas turbine with fog system running at 100 RH
010823 MW (net)
Percent Change
1531248 MW (net including chiller electrical load)
61148 MW (net)
76911665 MW (net)
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled
water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical ChillerIce Maker
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Ice StorageChilled Water Storage System Schematic
Ice Storage Tank
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
ChilledWater
StorageTank
MechChiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Chilled Water StorageSystem Schematic
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration SystemWith Ice Storage
Applications Areas where RH is rather highplus a wide variation in electricity tariff between peak and non peak hours
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Can utilise low night time tariff to produce and store ice for peak hours operation
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time Higher expertise is needed
to operate and maintain the plant
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Chi
ller E
lect
rical
Loa
d M
WChiller Electrical Load MW
36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Absorption Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Absorption Chiller Inlet Air CoolingSystem Schematic
Heat RecoverySteam Generator
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
LP S
team
Ret
urn
Con
dens
ate
6degC
12degC
Chilled Water
Tower Water In
Tower Water Out
Heat Medium Out
Heat Medium In Steam or Hot Water
tc 45degC
95degC
70degC
to 4degC
Condenser
Generator
Pressure approx60 Torr60 mm Hg80 mbar8 kPa
Pressure approx62 Torr62 mm Hg82 mbar083 kPa
ta 35degC
Evaporator
Absorber
50degC
70degC
27degC
325degC
37degC
Refrigerant (Water)Steam or Hot WaterDiluted Solution (LiBr)Concentrated Solution (LiBr)Tower WaterChilled Water
Flow Diagram
Picture courtesy of York International
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Stea
m C
onsu
mpt
ion
th
Single StageTwo Stage
Absorption Chiller Steam Consumption36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Single Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
Two Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load Requires less steam per unit
of refrigeration than single stage chiller
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
0
5
10
15
20
25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265
Gas Turbine Output MW
Con
dens
ate
Form
atio
n th
Condensate Formation on the Chilled Water Coil thBased on 36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Inlet Air
Temperature
Performance EvaluationOf Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Base Condition 35degC Dry bulb 25degC Dry bulb Real world condition 447 Relative humidity
Increase in power output
Gas turbine output before inlet air cooling
Gas turbine output with mechanical refrigeration system and inlet air
temperature of 10degC
Gas turbine with evaporative cooler running at 85 RH
Gas turbine with fog system running at 100 RH
010823 MW (net)
Percent Change
1531248 MW (net including chiller electrical load)
61148 MW (net)
76911665 MW (net)
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Mechanical ChillerIce Maker
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Ice StorageChilled Water Storage System Schematic
Ice Storage Tank
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
ChilledWater
StorageTank
MechChiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Chilled Water StorageSystem Schematic
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration SystemWith Ice Storage
Applications Areas where RH is rather highplus a wide variation in electricity tariff between peak and non peak hours
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Can utilise low night time tariff to produce and store ice for peak hours operation
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time Higher expertise is needed
to operate and maintain the plant
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Chi
ller E
lect
rical
Loa
d M
WChiller Electrical Load MW
36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Absorption Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Absorption Chiller Inlet Air CoolingSystem Schematic
Heat RecoverySteam Generator
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
LP S
team
Ret
urn
Con
dens
ate
6degC
12degC
Chilled Water
Tower Water In
Tower Water Out
Heat Medium Out
Heat Medium In Steam or Hot Water
tc 45degC
95degC
70degC
to 4degC
Condenser
Generator
Pressure approx60 Torr60 mm Hg80 mbar8 kPa
Pressure approx62 Torr62 mm Hg82 mbar083 kPa
ta 35degC
Evaporator
Absorber
50degC
70degC
27degC
325degC
37degC
Refrigerant (Water)Steam or Hot WaterDiluted Solution (LiBr)Concentrated Solution (LiBr)Tower WaterChilled Water
Flow Diagram
Picture courtesy of York International
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Stea
m C
onsu
mpt
ion
th
Single StageTwo Stage
Absorption Chiller Steam Consumption36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Single Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
Two Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load Requires less steam per unit
of refrigeration than single stage chiller
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
0
5
10
15
20
25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265
Gas Turbine Output MW
Con
dens
ate
Form
atio
n th
Condensate Formation on the Chilled Water Coil thBased on 36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Inlet Air
Temperature
Performance EvaluationOf Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Base Condition 35degC Dry bulb 25degC Dry bulb Real world condition 447 Relative humidity
Increase in power output
Gas turbine output before inlet air cooling
Gas turbine output with mechanical refrigeration system and inlet air
temperature of 10degC
Gas turbine with evaporative cooler running at 85 RH
Gas turbine with fog system running at 100 RH
010823 MW (net)
Percent Change
1531248 MW (net including chiller electrical load)
61148 MW (net)
76911665 MW (net)
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
ChilledWater
StorageTank
MechChiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Inlet Air Cooling With Chilled Water StorageSystem Schematic
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
Mechanical Refrigeration SystemWith Ice Storage
Applications Areas where RH is rather highplus a wide variation in electricity tariff between peak and non peak hours
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Can utilise low night time tariff to produce and store ice for peak hours operation
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time Higher expertise is needed
to operate and maintain the plant
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Chi
ller E
lect
rical
Loa
d M
WChiller Electrical Load MW
36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Absorption Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Absorption Chiller Inlet Air CoolingSystem Schematic
Heat RecoverySteam Generator
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
LP S
team
Ret
urn
Con
dens
ate
6degC
12degC
Chilled Water
Tower Water In
Tower Water Out
Heat Medium Out
Heat Medium In Steam or Hot Water
tc 45degC
95degC
70degC
to 4degC
Condenser
Generator
Pressure approx60 Torr60 mm Hg80 mbar8 kPa
Pressure approx62 Torr62 mm Hg82 mbar083 kPa
ta 35degC
Evaporator
Absorber
50degC
70degC
27degC
325degC
37degC
Refrigerant (Water)Steam or Hot WaterDiluted Solution (LiBr)Concentrated Solution (LiBr)Tower WaterChilled Water
Flow Diagram
Picture courtesy of York International
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Stea
m C
onsu
mpt
ion
th
Single StageTwo Stage
Absorption Chiller Steam Consumption36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Single Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
Two Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load Requires less steam per unit
of refrigeration than single stage chiller
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
0
5
10
15
20
25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265
Gas Turbine Output MW
Con
dens
ate
Form
atio
n th
Condensate Formation on the Chilled Water Coil thBased on 36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Inlet Air
Temperature
Performance EvaluationOf Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Base Condition 35degC Dry bulb 25degC Dry bulb Real world condition 447 Relative humidity
Increase in power output
Gas turbine output before inlet air cooling
Gas turbine output with mechanical refrigeration system and inlet air
temperature of 10degC
Gas turbine with evaporative cooler running at 85 RH
Gas turbine with fog system running at 100 RH
010823 MW (net)
Percent Change
1531248 MW (net including chiller electrical load)
61148 MW (net)
76911665 MW (net)
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
Mechanical Refrigeration SystemWith Ice Storage
Applications Areas where RH is rather highplus a wide variation in electricity tariff between peak and non peak hours
Advantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Can utilise low night time tariff to produce and store ice for peak hours operation
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time Higher expertise is needed
to operate and maintain the plant
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Chi
ller E
lect
rical
Loa
d M
WChiller Electrical Load MW
36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Absorption Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Absorption Chiller Inlet Air CoolingSystem Schematic
Heat RecoverySteam Generator
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
LP S
team
Ret
urn
Con
dens
ate
6degC
12degC
Chilled Water
Tower Water In
Tower Water Out
Heat Medium Out
Heat Medium In Steam or Hot Water
tc 45degC
95degC
70degC
to 4degC
Condenser
Generator
Pressure approx60 Torr60 mm Hg80 mbar8 kPa
Pressure approx62 Torr62 mm Hg82 mbar083 kPa
ta 35degC
Evaporator
Absorber
50degC
70degC
27degC
325degC
37degC
Refrigerant (Water)Steam or Hot WaterDiluted Solution (LiBr)Concentrated Solution (LiBr)Tower WaterChilled Water
Flow Diagram
Picture courtesy of York International
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Stea
m C
onsu
mpt
ion
th
Single StageTwo Stage
Absorption Chiller Steam Consumption36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Single Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
Two Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load Requires less steam per unit
of refrigeration than single stage chiller
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
0
5
10
15
20
25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265
Gas Turbine Output MW
Con
dens
ate
Form
atio
n th
Condensate Formation on the Chilled Water Coil thBased on 36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Inlet Air
Temperature
Performance EvaluationOf Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Base Condition 35degC Dry bulb 25degC Dry bulb Real world condition 447 Relative humidity
Increase in power output
Gas turbine output before inlet air cooling
Gas turbine output with mechanical refrigeration system and inlet air
temperature of 10degC
Gas turbine with evaporative cooler running at 85 RH
Gas turbine with fog system running at 100 RH
010823 MW (net)
Percent Change
1531248 MW (net including chiller electrical load)
61148 MW (net)
76911665 MW (net)
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Chi
ller E
lect
rical
Loa
d M
WChiller Electrical Load MW
36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Absorption Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Absorption Chiller Inlet Air CoolingSystem Schematic
Heat RecoverySteam Generator
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
LP S
team
Ret
urn
Con
dens
ate
6degC
12degC
Chilled Water
Tower Water In
Tower Water Out
Heat Medium Out
Heat Medium In Steam or Hot Water
tc 45degC
95degC
70degC
to 4degC
Condenser
Generator
Pressure approx60 Torr60 mm Hg80 mbar8 kPa
Pressure approx62 Torr62 mm Hg82 mbar083 kPa
ta 35degC
Evaporator
Absorber
50degC
70degC
27degC
325degC
37degC
Refrigerant (Water)Steam or Hot WaterDiluted Solution (LiBr)Concentrated Solution (LiBr)Tower WaterChilled Water
Flow Diagram
Picture courtesy of York International
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Stea
m C
onsu
mpt
ion
th
Single StageTwo Stage
Absorption Chiller Steam Consumption36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Single Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
Two Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load Requires less steam per unit
of refrigeration than single stage chiller
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
0
5
10
15
20
25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265
Gas Turbine Output MW
Con
dens
ate
Form
atio
n th
Condensate Formation on the Chilled Water Coil thBased on 36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Inlet Air
Temperature
Performance EvaluationOf Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Base Condition 35degC Dry bulb 25degC Dry bulb Real world condition 447 Relative humidity
Increase in power output
Gas turbine output before inlet air cooling
Gas turbine output with mechanical refrigeration system and inlet air
temperature of 10degC
Gas turbine with evaporative cooler running at 85 RH
Gas turbine with fog system running at 100 RH
010823 MW (net)
Percent Change
1531248 MW (net including chiller electrical load)
61148 MW (net)
76911665 MW (net)
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
Gas Turbine Inlet Air CoolingAvailable Technologies
1 Evaporative cooler2 Fogging system3 Mechanical refrigeration system (direct type)4 Mechanical refrigeration system (indirect type)5 Mechanical refrigeration with ice storage6 Mechanical refrigeration system with chilled water storage7 Single stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller8 Two stage Lithium Bromide Absorption chiller
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Absorption Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Absorption Chiller Inlet Air CoolingSystem Schematic
Heat RecoverySteam Generator
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
LP S
team
Ret
urn
Con
dens
ate
6degC
12degC
Chilled Water
Tower Water In
Tower Water Out
Heat Medium Out
Heat Medium In Steam or Hot Water
tc 45degC
95degC
70degC
to 4degC
Condenser
Generator
Pressure approx60 Torr60 mm Hg80 mbar8 kPa
Pressure approx62 Torr62 mm Hg82 mbar083 kPa
ta 35degC
Evaporator
Absorber
50degC
70degC
27degC
325degC
37degC
Refrigerant (Water)Steam or Hot WaterDiluted Solution (LiBr)Concentrated Solution (LiBr)Tower WaterChilled Water
Flow Diagram
Picture courtesy of York International
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Stea
m C
onsu
mpt
ion
th
Single StageTwo Stage
Absorption Chiller Steam Consumption36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Single Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
Two Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load Requires less steam per unit
of refrigeration than single stage chiller
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
0
5
10
15
20
25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265
Gas Turbine Output MW
Con
dens
ate
Form
atio
n th
Condensate Formation on the Chilled Water Coil thBased on 36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Inlet Air
Temperature
Performance EvaluationOf Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Base Condition 35degC Dry bulb 25degC Dry bulb Real world condition 447 Relative humidity
Increase in power output
Gas turbine output before inlet air cooling
Gas turbine output with mechanical refrigeration system and inlet air
temperature of 10degC
Gas turbine with evaporative cooler running at 85 RH
Gas turbine with fog system running at 100 RH
010823 MW (net)
Percent Change
1531248 MW (net including chiller electrical load)
61148 MW (net)
76911665 MW (net)
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
Fuel
Combustion Turbine
Chilled WaterPump
Absorption Chiller
CombustionAir
Air CoolingCoil
Absorption Chiller Inlet Air CoolingSystem Schematic
Heat RecoverySteam Generator
Exhaust Gas
AirFilter
CondensateDrip Pan
LP S
team
Ret
urn
Con
dens
ate
6degC
12degC
Chilled Water
Tower Water In
Tower Water Out
Heat Medium Out
Heat Medium In Steam or Hot Water
tc 45degC
95degC
70degC
to 4degC
Condenser
Generator
Pressure approx60 Torr60 mm Hg80 mbar8 kPa
Pressure approx62 Torr62 mm Hg82 mbar083 kPa
ta 35degC
Evaporator
Absorber
50degC
70degC
27degC
325degC
37degC
Refrigerant (Water)Steam or Hot WaterDiluted Solution (LiBr)Concentrated Solution (LiBr)Tower WaterChilled Water
Flow Diagram
Picture courtesy of York International
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Stea
m C
onsu
mpt
ion
th
Single StageTwo Stage
Absorption Chiller Steam Consumption36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Single Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
Two Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load Requires less steam per unit
of refrigeration than single stage chiller
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
0
5
10
15
20
25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265
Gas Turbine Output MW
Con
dens
ate
Form
atio
n th
Condensate Formation on the Chilled Water Coil thBased on 36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Inlet Air
Temperature
Performance EvaluationOf Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Base Condition 35degC Dry bulb 25degC Dry bulb Real world condition 447 Relative humidity
Increase in power output
Gas turbine output before inlet air cooling
Gas turbine output with mechanical refrigeration system and inlet air
temperature of 10degC
Gas turbine with evaporative cooler running at 85 RH
Gas turbine with fog system running at 100 RH
010823 MW (net)
Percent Change
1531248 MW (net including chiller electrical load)
61148 MW (net)
76911665 MW (net)
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
6degC
12degC
Chilled Water
Tower Water In
Tower Water Out
Heat Medium Out
Heat Medium In Steam or Hot Water
tc 45degC
95degC
70degC
to 4degC
Condenser
Generator
Pressure approx60 Torr60 mm Hg80 mbar8 kPa
Pressure approx62 Torr62 mm Hg82 mbar083 kPa
ta 35degC
Evaporator
Absorber
50degC
70degC
27degC
325degC
37degC
Refrigerant (Water)Steam or Hot WaterDiluted Solution (LiBr)Concentrated Solution (LiBr)Tower WaterChilled Water
Flow Diagram
Picture courtesy of York International
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Stea
m C
onsu
mpt
ion
th
Single StageTwo Stage
Absorption Chiller Steam Consumption36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Single Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
Two Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load Requires less steam per unit
of refrigeration than single stage chiller
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
0
5
10
15
20
25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265
Gas Turbine Output MW
Con
dens
ate
Form
atio
n th
Condensate Formation on the Chilled Water Coil thBased on 36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Inlet Air
Temperature
Performance EvaluationOf Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Base Condition 35degC Dry bulb 25degC Dry bulb Real world condition 447 Relative humidity
Increase in power output
Gas turbine output before inlet air cooling
Gas turbine output with mechanical refrigeration system and inlet air
temperature of 10degC
Gas turbine with evaporative cooler running at 85 RH
Gas turbine with fog system running at 100 RH
010823 MW (net)
Percent Change
1531248 MW (net including chiller electrical load)
61148 MW (net)
76911665 MW (net)
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
Gas Turbine Output MW
Stea
m C
onsu
mpt
ion
th
Single StageTwo Stage
Absorption Chiller Steam Consumption36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Air Temp
Single Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
Two Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load Requires less steam per unit
of refrigeration than single stage chiller
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
0
5
10
15
20
25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265
Gas Turbine Output MW
Con
dens
ate
Form
atio
n th
Condensate Formation on the Chilled Water Coil thBased on 36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Inlet Air
Temperature
Performance EvaluationOf Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Base Condition 35degC Dry bulb 25degC Dry bulb Real world condition 447 Relative humidity
Increase in power output
Gas turbine output before inlet air cooling
Gas turbine output with mechanical refrigeration system and inlet air
temperature of 10degC
Gas turbine with evaporative cooler running at 85 RH
Gas turbine with fog system running at 100 RH
010823 MW (net)
Percent Change
1531248 MW (net including chiller electrical load)
61148 MW (net)
76911665 MW (net)
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
Single Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
Two Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load Requires less steam per unit
of refrigeration than single stage chiller
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
0
5
10
15
20
25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265
Gas Turbine Output MW
Con
dens
ate
Form
atio
n th
Condensate Formation on the Chilled Water Coil thBased on 36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Inlet Air
Temperature
Performance EvaluationOf Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Base Condition 35degC Dry bulb 25degC Dry bulb Real world condition 447 Relative humidity
Increase in power output
Gas turbine output before inlet air cooling
Gas turbine output with mechanical refrigeration system and inlet air
temperature of 10degC
Gas turbine with evaporative cooler running at 85 RH
Gas turbine with fog system running at 100 RH
010823 MW (net)
Percent Change
1531248 MW (net including chiller electrical load)
61148 MW (net)
76911665 MW (net)
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
Two Stage Lithium Bromide Absorption ChillerApplications Areas where relative humidity is rather high and the plant is going to operate in a combined cycle or cogeneration mode and has
access to low pressure steamAdvantage Can increase gas turbine
performance better than evaporative cooling and fog system
Not very sensitive to ambient air wet bulb temperature
Low electrical parasitic load Requires less steam per unit
of refrigeration than single stage chiller
Disadvantage High initial capital cost High OampM cost Longer delivery and
installation time High expertise is needed to
operate and maintain the plant
In case of a steam operated chiller cannot be applied in an open cycle gas turbine plant
0
5
10
15
20
25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265
Gas Turbine Output MW
Con
dens
ate
Form
atio
n th
Condensate Formation on the Chilled Water Coil thBased on 36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Inlet Air
Temperature
Performance EvaluationOf Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Base Condition 35degC Dry bulb 25degC Dry bulb Real world condition 447 Relative humidity
Increase in power output
Gas turbine output before inlet air cooling
Gas turbine output with mechanical refrigeration system and inlet air
temperature of 10degC
Gas turbine with evaporative cooler running at 85 RH
Gas turbine with fog system running at 100 RH
010823 MW (net)
Percent Change
1531248 MW (net including chiller electrical load)
61148 MW (net)
76911665 MW (net)
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
0
5
10
15
20
25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265
Gas Turbine Output MW
Con
dens
ate
Form
atio
n th
Condensate Formation on the Chilled Water Coil thBased on 36degC DB 25degC WB 10degC Chilled Inlet Air
Temperature
Performance EvaluationOf Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Base Condition 35degC Dry bulb 25degC Dry bulb Real world condition 447 Relative humidity
Increase in power output
Gas turbine output before inlet air cooling
Gas turbine output with mechanical refrigeration system and inlet air
temperature of 10degC
Gas turbine with evaporative cooler running at 85 RH
Gas turbine with fog system running at 100 RH
010823 MW (net)
Percent Change
1531248 MW (net including chiller electrical load)
61148 MW (net)
76911665 MW (net)
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
Performance EvaluationOf Different Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Base Condition 35degC Dry bulb 25degC Dry bulb Real world condition 447 Relative humidity
Increase in power output
Gas turbine output before inlet air cooling
Gas turbine output with mechanical refrigeration system and inlet air
temperature of 10degC
Gas turbine with evaporative cooler running at 85 RH
Gas turbine with fog system running at 100 RH
010823 MW (net)
Percent Change
1531248 MW (net including chiller electrical load)
61148 MW (net)
76911665 MW (net)
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
Capital Cost Comparisons ofInlet Cooling Systems
Options
Evaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
Relative Costs
1
2Single stage LiBrabsorption chillerTwo stage LiBrabsorption chillerAmmonia mechanical refrigeration system
8
10
95
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
Major Contributors To The OampM CostsOptionsEvaporative cooler
Fog system (excluding water treatment plant)
OampM Costs Make up water Water treatment (if applicable) Make up water Demineralised water treatment Injection pump power consumption
Single stage LiBrabsorption chiller
Two stage LiBr absorption chiller
Ammonia mechanical refrigeration system
Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Steam Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance Electric power consumption Electric power consumption Cooling tower chemical treatment and
make up water Chiller maintenance
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
520530
540550560570
580590
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine NOx Emission kgMWhGT with Dry Low NOx burner
037
038
039
04
041
042
043
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
NO
xEm
issi
on k
gM
Wh
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine CO2 Emission kgMWh
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Ambient Temperature deg C
CO
2Em
issi
on k
gM
Wh
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
In Selecting Inlet Air Cooling As A Retrofit To An Existing Plant
Points to watch Check the generator capacity in order not to overload the
generator
Quality of raw water for the evaporative cooler
When using an existing demineralised water treatment plant be careful about the capacity and quality of available demineralised water
With an existing heat recovery steam generator inlet air cooling will change the behaviour of the existing HRSG leading to a drop in steam production at high pressure and increase in intermediate and low pressure steam
Recommended