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7/28/2019 Generator Paralleling Concepts
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ConceptsConcepts
Gen.
#1
Gen.
#2
Gen.
#3
Gen.
#4
Gen.
#5
Presenter: Daniel Barbersek
Power Solutions Manager
Generac Power Systems, Inc.
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RUNNING HEADLINE
What Topics Will Be Covered
Upon completion of this presentation, participants will be able to describe the basicconcepts and implementation approaches to parallel generator operation includingboth Traditional and todays Integrated techniques. They will also be able to
applications. Specifically they will be able to:
Describe the concept of creating larger power systems using paralleled generators.
Describe generator to grid and generator to generator configurations.
Describe the differences between the traditional and integrated approach to generator
paralleling.
Describe the electrical requirements needed for proper operation of parallel operation.
List and describe the functional and economic limitations of Traditional generator
paralleling.
List and describe the key benefits of the Integrated approach to generator paralleling.
List and describe the key benefits of an Integrated parallel system over a Single
enerator.
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RUNNING HEADLINE
What is paralleling?
Generator to Utilit Grid Inter-Connected
Generator to Generator
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RUNNING HEADLINEGenerator to Utility Grid Connection
Electrically connected to the utility grid
Energy management
Emissions (natural gas engines)
Spark Spread (cost feasibility)
Utility barriers (standby charges, ratchets, grid interconnect)
EPA Regulated Tier 4 Required Engines if utilizing diesel
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RUNNING HEADLINEMomentary Grid Paralleling
Make-before-break transfers
Soft-load Closed transition (few seconds)
Synchronize the generator to the utility momentarily
Exercise with load
No outage on retransfer
Circuit Breaker or Contactor Styles available
Generator Utility
Load
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RUNNING HEADLINEParalleling Generators for Capacity
What is a paralleling system?
equipment to form a larger capacity power source.
52-G252-G1
500 kW
+ 500 kW
1000 kW
500 kW500 kW
GENERATOR #2GENERATOR #1
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RUNNING HEADLINEParalleling Generators for Redundancy
N + 1
can create 1000kW. This leaves the system the ability to maintain thecritical load in the event that one of the generators is taken off-line.
52-G252-G1
500 kW
+ 500 kW
1000 kW
500 kW500 kW
GENERATOR #2GENERATOR #1
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RUNNING HEADLINEParalleling Generators
Why use a paralleling system?
Accepted market reliability for single engine is 98-99%Redundant systems offer multiple nines reliable for the criticalloads
N+1 reliability (99.96 to 99.99%)N+2 reliability (99.9992 to 99.9999%)
Ability to expand as your clients needs growDont over build preserve capital
ServiceableProtect the critical loads while servicing the generator(s)
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RUNNING HEADLINEParalleling Generator to Generator
Wh not use a arallelin s stem?
Traditional implementations have limitationsCost (capital, installation, commissioning)
Space
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RUNNING HEADLINEWhat is Required to Parallel Generators
ync ron z ngSwitching Deviceync ron z ngSwitching Device
Load SharingLoad Sharing
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RUNNING HEADLINEGetting Started - Preliminary
Electronic governor -- load sharing
Electronic governor -- load sharing
ectron c vo tage regu ator w para e ng
capability
ectron c vo tage regu ator w para e ng
capability
. .
2/3, 4/5, etc).
. .
2/3, 4/5, etc).
Same phase to phase voltage
Same phase to phase voltage
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RUNNING HEADLINESynchronization
ey emen s or para e ng genera ors
Light goes dim Push it in!
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RUNNING HEADLINESynchronizing Controls
Engine Speed needs to be controlled
Alternator Voltage needs to be adjusted
Voltage
Generator
Control
Load Share Module
(kW)
Bi-Fuel
Controller
PLC
Logic
Voltage
Generator
Control
Load Share Module
(kW)
Bi-Fuel
Controller
PLC
Logic
S eed
eg u a or
Load Sharing(kVAR)
Protective
Relaying
Integrated Solution
HMI
S eed
eg u a or
Load Sharing(kVAR)
Protective
Relaying
Integrated Solution
HMI
Governor
Auto
Synchronizer
Digital
Communications
Governor
Auto
Synchronizer
Digital
Communications
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RUNNING HEADLINESynchronization Wave Form Alignment
Electrically locking two machines together
Voltages matched
Phase angles matched
PHASE VOLTAGE
MISMATCH
PHASE ANGLEVX
PHASE VOLTAGES
MATCHED
VY
PHASE VOLTAGES MATCHED
PHASE ANGLES MATCHED
090 180 270 3600
MISMATCH
090 180 270 3600
PHASE ANGLE
MISMATCHED
090 180 270 3600
VY
VX
VX
= VY
SYNCHRONIZED
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RUNNING HEADLINESynchronizing Stage 1
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RUNNING HEADLINEDevice Switching
Traditional Switching Utilizing Circuit Breakers
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RUNNING HEADLINEIntegrated Switching
Inte rated Switchin Utilizin Contactor
Mounted on Generator
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RUNNING HEADLINEElectrical Interlock Stage 2
Generators are now electricall interlocked
There is not enough force provided
by the prime mover to break the generators apart
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RUNNING HEADLINELoad Sharing Power Balance
Gen Gen
kVAkVAR
kW
kVAR
kW
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Load Sharing
Load Sharing (Matching)
Real Power (kW)
Isochronous load sharing or speed droop
Reactive Power (kVAR)
Reactive cross current or volta e droo
kW
(LAG)
NET kVAR(LAG)
kVAR
Phase Angle
kkVA
R
GENERATOR
ENGINE
kW
kVA CAPACITIVE
(LEAD)
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Understanding Droop
(0 - 100%)
Must be 0
PID
Position
(kW)pee
Speed -+
(0 - 100%)
e erence
(100 - 105%)-
(.05)
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RUNNING HEADLINELoad Sharing Control Circuit
Traditional load sharing
Isochronous load sharin
Reactive Cross Current CompensationStruggles with calibration, stability, electrical noise
RPT
52-G1SPEED ADJUST
kW LOAD kW LOADRPT
52-G2SPEED ADJUST
LOAD SHARING
LINES
kW
SENS
CT
MODULE MODULEkW
SENS
CT
ENGINE
GOVERNOR
AVR
AUTOMATICVOLTAGE
REGULATOR
BIAS SIGNAL
ENGINE
GOVERNOR
AVR
AUTOMATICVOLTAGE
REGULATOR
BIAS SIGNAL
GENERATOR #1 GENERATOR #2
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Droop Load Sharing
Speed droop graphical representation
Will two s eed droo overnors share load?
What is the negative consequence?
Hz
.
61.5
60.0
ETSPEED
SETSPEED
SETSPEED
FIXED UTILITY
AND BUS
FREQUENCY
DIESEL GENERATOR.
57.0CONDITIONAT TIME OF
PARALLELING
5% DROOP GOVERNOR
- VARIOUS SET SPEEDS
0% 100% kWeGENERATOR LOAD
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RUNNING HEADLINETraditional Control vs. Integrated
Integrated Approach Simple
Traditional Approach
RS485
e ia e
Single Source
Generator
Controller
2 wire start
System
Controller
Integrated
Parallel
Controller
Gov. Controller
Voltage Reg.
kW Share Module
CPU
Integrated
To Emergency
Distribution
Gov. Controller
Generator
Controller
kVAR Share Module
To Emergency
Distribution
ControllerVoltage Reg.
Analog Control Lines
Digital Control Lines
Sensing Lines
ower nes
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RUNNING HEADLINEProtection
Synchronizing process
PT PT
Real power system (governor & engine)
32 reverse ower81
O-U 27/59
51G 50/51(27)
52-G1 25
81O-U 27/59
51G 50/51(27)
52-G2 25
24 24
81 o/u frequency protection
Reactive power system (regulation &
87G
32 40
87G
32 40
CT CT
46 46
excitation)
27 / 59 voltage protection
24 over excitation & volts/hz
GENERATOR #1 GENERATOR #2
Cabling & alternator
50 / 51 Overcurrent
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RUNNING HEADLINEIntegrated Sequence of Operation
Critical
Transfer Switch
Status:
Normal.
EmergencyDistribution Panel
Transfer Switch
System
Controller
Generator 2Generator 1
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RUNNING HEADLINEIntegrated Sequence of Operation
Critical
Transfer Switch
Status:
Utility failure.
EmergencyDistribution Panel
Transfer Switch
System
Controller
Generator 2Generator 1
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RUNNING HEADLINEIntegrated Sequence of Operation
Critical
Transfer Switch
Status:
Generators start.
EmergencyDistribution Panel
Transfer Switch
System
Controller
Generator 1 Generator 2
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RUNNING HEADLINEIntegrated Sequence of Operation
Critical
Transfer Switch
Status:
First generator at rated output.
Ener izes the emer enc distribution anel.
EmergencyDistribution Panel
Transfer Switch
System
Controller
Generator 1 Generator 2
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RUNNING HEADLINEIntegrated Sequence of Operation
Critical
Transfer Switch
Status:
Picking up the critical load in 10 seconds.
EmergencyDistribution Panel
Transfer Switch
System
Controller
Generator 1 Generator 2
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RUNNING HEADLINEIntegrated Sequence of Operation
Critical
Transfer Switch
Status:
Equipment load transfers to the generators.
EmergencyDistribution Panel
Transfer Switch
System
Controller
Generator 1 Generator 2
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RUNNING HEADLINEIntegrated Sequence of Operation
Critical
Transfer Switch
Status:
If a generator is out of service, it separates
from the s stem. Non-critical load is shed.
Emergency
Distribution Panel
Transfer Switch
System
Controller
Generator 1 Generator 2
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RUNNING HEADLINEIntegrated Sequence of Operation
Critical
Transfer Switch
Status:
Generator is restarted.
Emergency
Distribution Panel
Transfer Switch
System
Controller
Generator 1 Generator 2
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RUNNING HEADLINEIntegrated Sequence of Operation
Critical
Transfer Switch
Status:
Generator parallels to the system.
Emergency
Distribution Panel
Transfer Switch
System
Controller
Generator 1 Generator 2
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RUNNING HEADLINEIntegrated Sequence of Operation
Critical
Transfer Switch
Status:
Equipment load is re-energized.
Emergency
Distribution Panel
Transfer Switch
System
Controller
Generator 1 Generator 2
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RUNNING HEADLINEIntegrated Sequence of Operation
Critical
Transfer Switch
Status:
Load is transferred back to utility.
Emergency
Distribution Panel
Transfer Switch
System
Controller
Generator 1 Generator 2
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RUNNING HEADLINEIntegrated Sequence of Operation
Critical
Transfer Switch
Status:
Generators cool down.
Emergency
Distribution Panel
Transfer Switch
System
Controller
Generator 1 Generator 2
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RUNNING HEADLINEIntegrated Sequence of Operation
Critical
Transfer Switch
Status:
Generators disconnect from system.
.
Emergency
Distribution Panel
Transfer Switch
System
Controller
Generator 2Generator 1
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RUNNING HEADLINEParalleling Advantages
Vs.gna enerator
PT PT
Reliability
Scalable 81O-U 27/59
51G50/51(27)
52-G1 25
81O-U 27/59
51G50/51(27)
52-G2 25
24 24
Footprint 87G32 40
87G
32 40
CT CT
46 46
GENERATOR #1 GENERATOR #2
RUNNING HEADLINE
R li bilit
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RUNNING HEADLINEReliability
Accepted market reliability for single unit
98 to 99% (multiple third party references)
Integrated paralleling adds redundancyTypical load factors
Minimal load shedding / management
Results in redundancy without increasing
generator capacity
re a y . o .
N+2 reliability (99.9992 to 99.9999%)
Vs.
RUNNING HEADLINE
S l bili
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RUNNING HEADLINE Scalability
Start with a single generator
anne growt
Unanticipated growthLower initial investment
Budget / capital constraints
Protection against uncertainty
Single generator implementations offers
no cost effective expansion capabilities
safety factors to protect againstuncertainty and load growth.
RUNNING HEADLINE
C t f I t ll ti /O hi
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RUNNING HEADLINECost of Installation/Ownership
Inte rated Parallelin /Sin le Generators Cost
Capital cost Optimizing market engine pricing (high volume engines)
Installation cost Same amps, same distance
Potential crane reduction (40 ton vs. 80 ton)
Pad thickness reduction (6 vs. 10-12)
Maintenance cost More manageable fluids
Ask for PM quotations for both options
RUNNING HEADLINE
C it l C t T diti l
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RUNNING HEADLINECapital Cost - Traditional
RUNNING HEADLINE
Capital Cost Integrated
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RUNNING HEADLINECapital Cost - Integrated
Generator
Control
Load Share Module
(kW)
Bi-Fuel
Controller
PLC
Logic
Generator
Control
Load Share Module
(kW)
Bi-Fuel
Controller
PLC
Logic
Voltage
RegulatorLoad Sharing
(kVAR)Integrated Solution
HMI
Voltage
RegulatorLoad Sharing
(kVAR)Integrated Solution
HMI
Speed
Governor
Auto
Synchronizer
Relaying
Digital
Communications
Speed
Governor
Auto
Synchronizer
Relaying
Digital
Communications
RUNNING HEADLINE
Footprint
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RUNNING HEADLINE Footprint
Foot Print Size vs. Location
Flexibilit
Foot print examples
1000kW (26.1 x 8.4)
. .
1500 kW (33.3 x 8.4)2 x 750 kW (16.9 x 16.5)
Location flexibilit
Various layoutsUnits can be separated
Rooftops
RUNNING HEADLINE
Serviceability
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RUNNING HEADLINEServiceability
Single generator implementations
Can your critical loads go without protection?Oil & coolant changesBelts, hoses, batteriesLoad bank connectionMinor repairs
At what point do you bring in a rental?Change-over time
Paralleled implementations provide protectionduring servicing
RUNNING HEADLINE
Conclusion
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RUNNING HEADLINE Conclusion
Traditional
Scalability
Serviceability
Reliabilit
Recommended