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7/31/2019 Genetically Modified Crops 2
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GENETICALLY MODIFIED
CROPS
Presented By
MD. YASIR KHANM. Sc. Biotechnology
3rd Semester
Jamia Hamdard
http://www.google.com.sg/imgres?imgurl=http://redgreenandblue.org/files/2008/11/cornfield.jpg&imgrefurl=http://redgreenandblue.org/2008/11/16/new-plan-to-grow-genetically-modified-crops-in-secret-military-locations/&h=375&w=500&sz=181&tbnid=KpSeISMJYOD2XM:&tbnh=98&tbnw=130&prev=/images?q=GMO-CROP&usg=__KPgoODgaxZfs4BitId_WJrhIqq8=&ei=9hCQSq6ME5rY7APJu528Cg&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=5&ct=image7/31/2019 Genetically Modified Crops 2
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WHAT ARE GM-CROP PLANTS?
A GM-crop plant contains a gene(s) which havebeen artificially inserted instead of plant acquiring
them through pollination
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WHY TO DEVELOP GM-PLANTS ?
To increase crop yield
Pest resistant crops
Transgenic plant bioreactors
Stress tolerant plants
Herbicide resistant plants
Protect the environment
Reduce the risk of human medicine
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How prevalent are GM-Crop plants?
70% of all foods consumed in US has some
elements from genetically modified crop
Herbicide tolerance & insects tolerance
GMO soybean, corn, cotton, n canola have the
highest acreage in the US.
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WAYS OF PRODUCING GM-CROP PLANTS?
I. Agrobacterium mediated transformation
II. Biolistic
III. ElectroporationIV. Macroinjection
V. Microinjection
VI. Liposome mediated transformation
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PROBLEMS AT HAND?
Food scarcity
Polluted environment
Changing climate Damage to crops by insects
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FOOD
Golden rice
Created by Prof.
Ingo Potrykus ofthe Institute of
Plant Sciences at
Swiss Federal
Institute of
Technology.
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L.S OF RICE SEEDS
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-carotene biosynthesis
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2 genes Narcissus pseudonarcissus
1 geneErwinia uredovora
Gt1 Transit peptide Phytoene synthase
Narcissus pseudonarcissus
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35S Transit peptide Phytoene desaturase
Gt1 Transit peptide Lycopene cyclase
Erwinia uredovora
Narcissus pseudonarcissus
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Transformed rice- SGR1
SGR1 low carotene
SGR2 -23 times more carotene then SGR1
Phytoene synthase gene from maize
other nutritionally important food crops
canolawith increased vitamin E
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PHYTOREMEDIATION
Plants can extract contaminants from the soiland accumulate, transform and transport
them into the parts of the plant that are
above ground. In leaves, fruits or stems ,manycompounds are stored, transformed or
volatilized. Such processes are known as
phytoremediation.
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STRATEGIES TO ENHANCE PHYTOREMEDIATION OF
METALS
a) Introduce transporter geneIRT1 iron transporter
MRP1 Mg-ATPase transporter
b) Genes encoding phytochelatine /metallo-thionein
gene gene action species phenotype reference
AtPCS1 phytochelatin Arabidopsis arsenic tolerance li et al 2004
synthesis
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c) Enzymes to change oxidation stategene gene action species phenotype reference
merA mercuric oxide plant Hg tolerance Ruiz et al 2003
reductase
merB organo mercurial plant Hg tolerance Ruiz et al 2003
lyase
merApc9 mercuric oxide Tobacco Hg tolerance He et al 2001
reductase and volatilization
d) Genes encoding biodegradable enzymegene gene action species phenotype reference
GSL selenocystine B.juncea Se tolerance Garifullin et al 2003
lyase(mouse)
e) Introduce genes to enhance : Growth rate /biomass production rate
Enhancement of root depth /penetration
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GM Indian mustard (B.juncea)
a) -glutamyl cysteine synthetase
b) Glutathione synthetase
Increase tolerance and accumulation of Cd
GM A. thalianaa) Arsenate reductase
b) -glutamyl cysteine synthetase
Increased tolerance and accumulation ofarsenic
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GM-PLANTS RESISTANT TO INSECTS
a) Crystal protein (CRY)B.thuringiensis
b) Proteases
cowpea trypsin -Vigna unguiculata
-amylasePhaseolus vulgaris
c) Lectins Galanthus nivalis
d) Cholesterol oxidase-Streptomyces
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BtGM-crop
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3-D STRUCTURE OF CRYSTAL PROTEIN
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MODE OF Bt CRYSTAL PROTEIN ACTION
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POTATO
resistant to colorado potato beetle
Gm- POTATO NON GM- POTATO
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CORN
resistant to
EUROPEAN CORN BORER
CORN EAR WORMGM-CORN
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COTTON
resistant to cotton boll worm
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ABIOTIC STRESS TOLERANT PLANTS
Effect of water scarcity on plants
Protoplast gets dehydrated
Proteins/enzymes gets dehydrated and losetheir activity
Plasma membrane and photosyntheticapparatus gets disrupted
High temperature stress
Enzymes get denatured
Change in membrane permeability
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LOW TEMPERATURE STRESS
Impaired protoplasmic streaming
Reduced respiration /photosynthesis/protein
synthesis
INCREASED SALINITY
Soil porosity decrease
Physiological stress
Ion toxicity
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DROUGHT AND SALT TOLERANT TOMATOES
Overexpressing vacuolar Na+/H+ antiport
pump.Salt and drought tolerant plants.
Reclaim farmland lost to salinity and lack of
rainfall.
Na Na
Na
OUTSIDE OF
VACUOLE
INSIDE OF
VACUOLE
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CROP TOLERANT TO TEMPERATURE STRESS.
Tomato plants.
35S CaMV promoter.
Constitutively express HSF ofA.thaliana
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OTHER USES OF GM-CROPS
Virus resistant GM-crop plants
Disease resistant GM-crop plants
Herbicide resistant GM-crop plants
long shelf life
Male sterility
Bioreactors
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IS IT ETHICALLY RIGHT TO PRODUCE
GM-CROP PLANTS?
Flavr savr tomato
Have Neomycin phosphotransferase II marker
In laboratory,it has been demonstrated thatthe bacteria can take up and incorporate the
plasmid DNA from rotting vegetables and
hence can become resistant to kanamycin
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REFERENCES Frizzi A, Huang S, Gilbertson LA, Armstrong TA, Luethy
MH, Malvar TM (2008) Modifying lysine biosynthesis andcatabolism in corn with a single bifunctionalexpression/silencing transgene cassette. PlantBiotechnol J 6: 1321
Baenziger PS, Russell WK, Graef GL, Campbell BT (2006)Improving lives: 50 years of crop breeding, genetics, and
cytology (C-1). Crop Sci 46: 2230
2244. Castle LA, Siehl DL, Gorton R, Patten PA, Chen YH,
Bertain S, Cho HJ, Duck N, Wong J, Kiu D, et al (2004)Discovery and directed evolution of a glyphosatetolerance gene. Science 304: 11511154.
Cooper M, Smith OS, Graham G, Arthur L, Feng L,
Podlich DW (2004) Genomics, genetics, and plantbreeding: a private sector perspective. Crop Sci 44:19071913.
Everson RE, Golin D (2003) Assessing the impact of theGreen Revolution, 1960 to 2000. Science 300: 758762.
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Chawla H. S., Introduction to Plant Biotechnology, Ed-2nd2003.
Tyagi Rajiv, Yadav P. R., Plant Product Biotechnology,Ed-1st 2006.
Kumar Ashok, Plant Biotechnology, Ed-1st 2006.
Narain Rabindra, Naha Surendra, Genetic Engineering in
Plants, Ed-1
st
2006. Kaul Opender, Dhaliwal G. S., Transgenic Crop
Protection, Ed-2nd 2004.
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THANK
YOU
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