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Mor e e duc at ion al reso urce s a re ava ila ble atwww.nationalgeographic.com/geographyaction Copyright 2006 National Geographic Society. All rights
reserved.
Whats Inside?
Overview 2
KeyTermsinthisGuie 4
GeographicSkills 6
Activity:IsitGeography? 10
Activity:FininganAnalyzingMapswithSpatialCorrelations 12
OnlineResources 13
Ggphc PpcvContent Guide
for eduCators
Authors:
Bck J. Bwn, P.D., Aciae Pe, Gegapy Depamen, texa sae univeiy-san Mac
Mical L. LeVae, P.D., Execive Diec, Nainal Cncil Gegapic Edcain, Jacknville sae univeiy, Alabama
A National Geographic-led campaign
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reserved.
Cnen Gide: GeoGraPHiC PersPeCtiVe
ovvw
T
e geg eete i a len ne may e
analyze vially any pic a a a paial diibin,
a i, anying a can be mapped. Gegy e a niqe
way ndeand anying a i diibed ac pace,
inclding e eve-canging elainip beween man
and e envinmen, and make pedicin and even
ppe lin cen pblem. since e Ea i a lage
ineelaed yem, man and e envinmen ave an
ineacive elainip, eac inencing e e in cmplex
way. tecnlgy enable peple daically ale e w
enegy and mae g e Et yte and clally
mdiy e envinmen. since e indial evlin,
eee, ee paial impac n e landcape ave inceaed
apidly, a ave pplain gw and envinmenal pblem.
Gegape emply b a t eete and an
eg eete a enable em ak qein abw man ineac wi ei pyical nding.
te gegapic pepecive i an inediciplinay ne a allw
examine cmplex ie, inclding e aiing m e
ineacin peple and ei envinmen, ing allavailable
inmain in de avid making -iged deciin.
Fi, gegape beve t tt in de map
em.Anything a exi in Ea pace can be mapped. te
gegape aee paial diibin by aking
Who or whati being beved? When i i being beved?
Where i i lcaed? once ne knw howmeing i
diibed ve Ea pace, e e can y ndeand why
i i diibed a way. t, e gegape nex ak i
analyze e ndelying t ee a ae epnible
e bevable diibin by aking Whyde e paial
diibin exi? and Howdid i cme be? only en,
ae e diibin and pcee ae nded, can e
gegape e e gegapical pepecive ak How can
e paial diibin be mainained canged? and
Wa i . . . ? in de make pedicin and deciin a
may piively impac e e.
ti pepecive i niqe in a i i n limied a paicla
bjec mae. rae, gegapy e an interdisciplinary
and geneic paial pepecive a may be badly applied
anying diibed ac Ea pace. te gegape i
eee ee examine allelevan inmain in de
make an inmed pedicin deciin.
Annapolis , Maryland (1991 )
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Cnen Gide: GeoGraPHiC PersPeCtiVe
Gegapy i a badly applicable, tey eete
a allw e bevain and analyi anying a i
diibed ac Ea pace.
Fi, gegape dcmen t tt, aking who
whati being beved, when i i being beved, and where
i i lcaed? ti i e knwing level inking.
Nex, gegape inveigae e ndelying paial pcee
a ae epnible e beved paial diibin by
aking Howdid e paial diibin cme be? Whyi i eway i i? ti i e ndeanding level inking.
Finally, i gegape can ndeand wy e bevain
exi, ey can make paial pedicin and deciin eie
mainain e diibin cange i by aking How can
What i? ti i e applying level inking.
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spaTial disTribuTions
ThE GEoGraphic pErspEcTivE
spaTial procEssEsspaTial prEdicTion
and dEcision-makinG
Who WhaT
eg ee yze?
Anying a can be mapped
a a paial diibin.
1. Place and egin
2. A wa cale?
WhErE t? (Lcain)
WhEn t eg
ee?
(tempal cmpnen)
knoWinG
ee f tg
WhY e te
t tt
ext?
hoW t e t e?
1. Naal-pyicalsyem
2. hman syem
3. Envinmen and sciey
relainip
undErsTandinG
ee f tg
hoW can te tt e
te e ge?
WhaT iF we . . . ?
Pedicin and deciin ae en
made ing mdel.
applYinG
ee f tg
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Cnen Gide: GeoGraPHiC PersPeCtiVe
Ky tm h G
ate t defned by pecie pin n a gegapic
gid ing cdinae c a laide and lngide
Eg eete e view ne a wen e e
exple e elainip beween e pyical and man
envinmen
Geg eete e pepecive ed by gegape
wen ey e all available daa and l f ae paial
diibin, en inveigae e ndelying paial pceeepnible e bevable paial diibin, and fnally
make paial pedicin and deciin ab w be peeve
cange e diibin
Gegy an inediciplinay pepecive a pvide a
badly applicable med beving and analyzing anying
a i diibed ac Ea pace a pedicin and
deciin can be made ab w be ndeand impac
paial diibin and pcee; in Geek e wd gegapylieally mean decibe Ea; in decibing Ea, gegapy
bidge e cial and pyical cience
hyte a genealizain, ally baed pn mliple
bevain, a el in a aemen e elainip
inencing ac vaiable, wic can limaely be
inveigaed; link e aking and anweing age gegapic
inqiy and gide e eac inmain
reg a man cnc a aemp genealizecmplex pyical and clal paial diibin a ey
can be nded
rete t indicae a piin in eeence
meing ele
st tt e diibin in Ea pace anying
a exi and can be beved and mapped; n andm b de
paial pcee
Can be naal/pyical, c a pecipiain, empeae,
il
Can be clal, c a langage, eligin, gende eqaliy
Can al be e el man ineacing wi e
envinmen, example, il ein, deeain,
abia l de ban pawl
st eete e view ne a wen e e exple
paial diibin and ndelying paial pcee
st e an ndelying pce epnible e way
meing i diibed ve Ea pace
spaial diibin in e naal/pyical envinmen aede paial pcee; enegy and mae wking in e
Ea pyical yem
Clal paen ae n andm, eie, b de paial
pcee, pimaily innvain/invenin me likely
paial diin
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Cnen Gide: GeoGraPHiC PersPeCtiVe
Key Terms in this Guide cont.
syte Gegape dy e naal envinmen
m a yem appac. te Ea i cnideed be an pen
enegy yem; a i, enegy ene, w g, and exi
e Ea yem. All cange a cc n Ea i de enegy
inp, mvemen and ane, and p. te Ea i
cnideed be a cled mae yem, wic mean a e
plane gain le vey lile maei i j mved and
and canged.
Tet map a depic ne pic eme; example, pplain diibin, langage, annal incme,
climae ype, vegeain ype, cean cen. temaic map may
diplay qaliaive qaniaive daa. Qtte tet
map w e diibin e daa wi any nmbe;
example, vegeain ype by name, c a a pine e.
Qttte tet map w e diibin e daa
wi nmbe vale; example, nmbe pine ee in a
given aea.
ve a caaceiic a pen, place, ing a can be
beved meaed
mte eeet e e vaiable
g inence e beved caaceiic vale
ane vaiable, e epnden vaiable; i i e maniplaed
vaiable a cange i delibeaely aleed ding
expeimen
reet eeet e e vaiable we
beved vale caaceiic ae being inveigaed;
i i e pic cncen ab wic an anwe i g;
e bevain vale i vaiable ae a el e
cange in e maniplaed vaiable
cte e any ac a mig inence vale
caaceiic beved and wic e eeace de
n wan cnide in e inveigain; cnlling ee
vaiable enable ne ave me cnfdence in aing e
anwe e iginal qein
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reserved.
Cnen Gide: GeoGraPHiC PersPeCtiVe
Ggphc skll
Mc like any cial pyical cieni, e gegape gal i ak and anwe qein in de gain knwledge. upn aking a
qein, e gegape will develp a ypei and meae vaiable in de cnfm deny e ypei, j a any cieni
wld. te gegape i n limied, weve, any ne dicipline, ype daa, e l. he e i ee e any available
inmain l in de ndeand w and wy ing appea a ey d in Ea pace. ta being aid, gegape d e a
med a eqie ey ave ceain kill. tee ae e kill y den m lean in de d gegapy.
Te nt Gegy st ideniy fve kill a will gide a gegapic inqiy. tee fve kill enable gegape
(1) ak gegapic qein ab paial diibin and pcee, (2) acqie gegapic inmain ab diibin,
(3) ganize gegapic inmain, (4) analyze gegapic daa, and (5) anwe gegapic qein. F a dicin ee kill
ee Geography or Lie: The National Geography Standards1994, page 4256. An veview e 18 Nainal Gegapy sandad i
available nline a e Nainal Gegapic Xpediin Web ie ahttp://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/standards.
6 of 15
1. a geg qet
sden ld be able ak wy ing ae wee ey ae
and w ey g ee a well a wy c diibin ae
impan. Gegape begin by aking wee, wa, wy, and
wa?
Gegapic qein lead den cnide e llwing:
spaial Diibin: w wa i being examined
inveigaed
Place: e paial cnex w wa i being
inveigaed: e pyical and man caaceiic a
give meaning lcain; e way in wic place ae
defned and gped in egin; e develpmen and
ignifcance e ene place; e menal map man
cnc place
Lcain: wee e w wa being inveigaed i
lcaed; e able and elaive piin; e way in wic
ing ae diibed in pace; e ignifcance lcain
and/ diibin
scale and Pepecive: e elaive ize ing; w e
cale e ie a i being examined aec e degee
genealizain a can be made
Paen: e eglaiy diincive aangemen ing
ac pace; e lack paen in e diibin; e
ignifcance paen
spaial Pcee: wy ing ae iaed wee ey ae; epcee a aec lcain and paen diibin; e
le cange ve ime in a place and/ ac pace; e
ndelying naal/pyical and clal/man pcee
a ae epnible e beved paial diibin
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Cnen Gide: GeoGraPHiC PersPeCtiVe
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Geographic Skills cont.
relainip and Cnnecin: e ineacin elemen
in a pyical clal yem; way in wic yem ae
cnneced; w envinmen and man aciviy ae elaed,
inclding e cneqence
Example: Where is the continent o study located? What is
the distribution pattern o the continents population? Why are
the continents climates distributed the way they are? Is the
distribution pattern o mineral resources signicant to the economic
development o populations and, i so, in what way? Why is the
standard o living what it is?
2. aqe geg ft
sden ld lean e a vaiey l and ce
gae gegapic daa. te kill invlved inclde lcaing
and cllecing daa, beving and yemaically ecding
inmain, eading and inepeing map and e gapicepeenain pace and place, ineviewing, and ing
aiical med.
Example: primary and secondary sources, photographs,
interviews, surveys, eldwork, reerence material, observation,
videos, maps, satellite images
3. ogze geg ft
sden ld lean a vaiey med yemaically
ganizing and peening gegapic daa a well a w
ecgnize dieen ype daa and elec e be med
epeening e daa ey ave clleced.
Example: choropleth (area), isoline (line), and dot (point) maps;
pie, bar, and line graphs; diagrams, tables, charts; oral or written
summaries
4. ayze geg ft
sden ld be able ideniy, ndeand, explain, and
analyze inmain peened in map, able, ca, and
gap. tg c ciny, den ld eek paen,lean ine elainip, make pedicin, make ineence,
evalae bia, and yneize inmain ing map, able,
ca, and gap. tey ld be able e aiic in de
decibe daa, ideniying end, eqence, celain, and
elainip.
Becae paial diibin can be vey cmplex, even
cmplex lly cmpeend, gegape ceae eg
in de impliy and genealize paial daa a i can bended.
5. awe geg qet
sden ld be able peen gegapic inmain in
al and wien ep and n map. tey ld lean make
genealizain and apply ee genealizain in de lve
eal-wld pblem. tey ld be able e gegapic
inmain ae e eaibiliy pped lin.
sden ld develp cnclin baed n e daa clleced,
ganized, and analyzed. skill aciaed wi anweing
gegapic qein inclde e abiliy make ineence,
baed n inmain ganized in gapic m (map, able,
gap) and in al and wien naaive.
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Cnen Gide: GeoGraPHiC PersPeCtiVe
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REGIONS
Types of Regions
Cultural
Formal FunctionalFormal Functional Vernacular Vernacular
Natural/Physical
naTural/phYsical
Baed pn e paial diibin
a pyical ai; example,climae, vegeain, il, landm
Deemined by a naally ccing
ganizain pace accmpli
a ncin. F example, a waeed
i a egin defned by e ncin
e ive and i ibaie.
Example inclde tnad Alley
culTural
Baed pn e paial diibin
a t ai; example, langage,eligin, d, mic, cling
Deemined by e delibeae ganizain
pace accmpli a ncin,
ge meing dne. Place ae
cnneced by i ncin. F example,
a cny, a makeing aea, e
diibin a newpape m wee
i i pined e me bcibe.
Example inclde
Dixie, Bible Bel, swe,
Fn range, Bay Aea, Aggieland
F/uf
Defned by a e caaceiic
a ideniy e egin. oen ave
a ce wee all caaceiic
ae peen, b bde may be
nclea. tee i en a aniinalgadien ac pace m ne ce
ane.
Ft/n
have an ganizing nde
eadqae
ve/peet
Exi in e mind peple;
pbably cann be eaily een
TYpEs oF rEGions
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Cnen Gide: GeoGraPHiC PersPeCtiVe
GeoGraPHiC inVestiGation: a exmpl
pe: tempeae ve Ea ace ae nevenly diibed, wi ige aveage empeae being nd in eqaial
zne. A n angle i a cnibing ac e eceip enegy, de laide inence n angle and cnibe e
glbal paen empeae diibin?
a Geg Qet
Qet: Wa i e eec laide n e angle a wic e n ay ike Ea ace?
hyte: te angle a wic e n ay ike Ea ace will vay wi laide.
aqe ogze Geg ift
mte ve: Laide, a meaed by degee, mine, and ecnd n e Eqa
reet ve: Angle a wic e n ay ike Ea ace, a meaed by e angle e nn n abve e izn
cte ve: Day yea, ime day, inmen ed meae angle
ayze Geg ift
seek paen, elainip, and cnnecin; yneize bevain in ceen explanain. sden ld ne aciain
and imilaiie beween aea, ecgnize paen, and daw ineence m map, gap, diagam, able, and e ce.
uing imple aiic, den can ideniy end, elainip, and eqence.
awe Geg Qet
sccel gegapic inqiy clminae in e develpmen genealizain and cnclin baed n e daa clleced,
ganized, and analyzed. skill aciaed wi anweing gegapic qein inclde e abiliy make ineence, baed n
inmain ganized in gapic m (map, able, gap) and in al and wien naaive.
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0
Cnen Gide: GeoGraPHiC PersPeCtiVe
acvy: i Ggphy?
A cmmnly ed len den lean a Ea ace i pimaily wae i e glbe . t a glbe (beac-ball yle wk
well) den. Wen ey cac e glbe, den indicae wee ei mb i n wae n land. tack el n e daa able
n e llwing page (able can be ed a a den and, y can ceae a daa able n e blackbad). te aed bjecive i
den lean a ei mb c wae me eqenly an land ace. uing i planning l, epae e bjecive a
a gegapic qein. Ne a e qein, a paed, de n adde eac cmpnen.
10 of 15
is iT GEoGraphY?Wa i e paen and ignifcance e diibin land and wae ve Ea ace?
ThE QuEsTion lEads sTudEnTs To considEr . . .
uneven diibin by
amn: 70% wae and
30% land
uneven diibin by
emipee
locaTion and
disTribuTion
Glbal: Diibin
elaive qaniy land
and wae
hemipee: uneven
diibin land andwae in sh and Nh
scalE and pErspEcTivE
sen hemipee (sh)
a me wae
Nen hemipee (Nh)
a me land
paTTErns
N addeed by qein
a aed.
Cld c n plae
ecnic pcee a
elaed e lcain andize cean bain
procEssEs
te neven diibinpaen i elaed :
te caaceiic climae in emipee
Penial ie man abiain
Penial ecnmicaciviie
rElaTionshipsconnEcTions
N addeed byqein a aed.
Cld c n cean andcninenal landmae
a place and ecaaceiic a make
eac a niqe place
placE
sden e:
Gegapic kill
Glbe
Daa able ecd and
ganize bevain Gap analyze daa
m bevain
Map empeae,pplain diibin,ecnmic aciviie
GEoGraphic skills/Tools
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Cnen Gide: GeoGraPHiC PersPeCtiVe
11 of 15 Handout
NAME LANd WATER NH SH
L W
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Cnen Gide: GeoGraPHiC PersPeCtiVe
12 of 15
acvy: fg alyzg Mp wh spl Cl
Maeial: sden ala wi emaic map
Explain den a tet map depic ne pic eme; example, pplain diibin, langage, annal incme,
climae ype, vegeain ype, and cean cen. A den ala i likely pvide paial diibin (map) pyical paen,
man paen, demgapic paen, ecnmic paen, paen envinmenal dibance, and pliical paen.
Y will ak den cmpae map a w paial celain. F example, den cld cmpae:
Map wld eligin wi map wld langage
Map wld climae egin wi map vegeain ype
Map pplain gw ae wi map g nainal incme pe capia
F eac e map, ak den li pible cae e paial celain. Ak qein c a ee:
W wa i being examined?
Wy ae ing wee ey ae?
hw did ey ge ee?
I ee a paen ( a lack paen) e diibin?
I ee any ignifcance e diibin?
Can den make any genealizain baed n e inmain in e map?
A a cla, dic ei fnding. A y dic, emind den a paial celain de n imply cae and eec in all cae.
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Cnen Gide: GeoGraPHiC PersPeCtiVe
13 of 15
ol rc
Geographic Perspective: Content Guide: Online Resources
rElaTEd links:
b bw Geg sy f Et nt/py Eet syte
h itetg wt te syte (pdF)
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/guides/geogsummary.pdf
ti g-pvking eay exple e Ea dynamic enegy/mae yem and w man impac a yem g e e
ecnlgy. D. Bwn i an Aciae Pe Gegapy a texa sae univeiysan Mac.
my Wef W
http://www.mywonderfulworld.org
Give kid e pwe glbal knwledge wi ece m i Nainal Gegapic-led campaignbacked by a caliin maj
pane expand gegapic leaning in cl, in e me, and in e cmmniy.
nt Geg: Enet
http://ngsednet.org
te Nainal Gegapic ee nline ie edcaa ne-p p edcain new, ece, dicin, and me
nt Geg oe
http://www.nationalgeographic.com
P, vide, daily new, ineacive eae, map, wld mic, and me, a well a ece edca and kid
nt Geg Xet: Gegy st
http://nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/standards
oveview e 18 u.s. Nainal Gegapy sandad
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Cnen Gide: GeoGraPHiC PersPeCtiVe
15 of 15
Note: This guide is one in a series that National Geographic developed orGegapy Acin!2006: Arica.
Each guide ofers background on and real-world examples o the geographic perspective and how it can be applied across the curriculum.
Geg peete: ctet Ge f Et (pdF) (i gide)
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/guides/geogpguide.pdf
af: py Gegy ctet Ge f Et (pdF)
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/guides/physicalafricaguide.pdf
af: h Gegy ctet Ge f Et (pdF)
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/guides/humanafricaguide.pdf
af: ctey ie ctet Ge f Et (pdF)
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/guides/contempafricaguide.pdf
af mty Et Ge (pdF)
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/guides/multidafricaguide.pdf
A:
Bck J. Bwn, P.D., Aciae Pe, Gegapy Depa men, texa sae univeiy-san MacMical L. LeVae, P.D., Execive Diec, Nainal Cncil Gegapic Edcain, Jacknville sae univeiy, Alabama
Pgap n cve and page 2: rbe Madden
Diagam page 3: Bck Bwn
Diagam page 10: Mical LeVae
Recommended