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Geographical Geographical Information Information
SystemsSystems
Geographical Geographical Information Information
SystemsSystems
MR1510MR1510
Lecture 3Lecture 3
Geography Geography Matters…Matters…
to All of Usto All of Us
Geography Geography Matters…Matters…
to All of Usto All of Us
We Share the Same We Share the Same Geography and Are Geography and Are
RelatedRelated
We Share the Same We Share the Same Geography and Are Geography and Are
RelatedRelated
Geography Is the Geography Is the Science of GISScience of GIS
Geography Is the Geography Is the Science of GISScience of GIS
It Provides the It Provides the Framework...Framework...
Measuring and Integrating the Measuring and Integrating the Parts...Parts...
Measuring and Integrating the Measuring and Integrating the Parts...Parts...
Social FactorsSocial Factors
BiodiversityBiodiversity
EngineeringEngineering
Land UseLand Use
EnvironmentalEnvironmentalConsiderationsConsiderations
……Means Seeing the WholeMeans Seeing the Whole
Coastal and Marine!Coastal and Marine!
What is GIS?What is GIS?What is GIS?What is GIS?
GIS is a systematic integration of Computer Hardware, Software and Spatial Data, for capturing, storing, displaying, updating manipulating and analysing, in order to solve complex management problems.
Previously we had paper maps, which were very colourful, but couldn't modify. Then came the computer revolution, where the maps were digitised and stored in digital format as entities (points, lines and areas). Then came the GIS, which made these entities intelligent. It attached a value(attribute) to these entities, with what it actually means in geographical terms.
GIS: historical GIS: historical backgroundbackground
This technology has developed from:This technology has developed from:– Digital cartography and CADDigital cartography and CAD– Data Base Management SystemsData Base Management Systems
1
2
3
ATTRIBID X,Y123
ID123
CAD SystemCAD System Data Base Management SystemData Base Management System
Components of aComponents of a GISGIS
Components of aComponents of a GISGIS
• GeographyGeography• A computer (hardware and software)A computer (hardware and software)• Data Data • Expertise (coastal and marine)Expertise (coastal and marine)• A thinking operator—A thinking operator—that’s YOU!that’s YOU!
Geographic Information SystemGeographic Information System
How How GISGIS worksworksHow How GISGIS worksworks
• Data is stored as a collection of Data is stored as a collection of thematic layers thematic layers
Modelling the real worldModelling the real world
1 1 20 50
1 2 24 45
1 3 52 55
2 1 0 45 46 40
...
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 0 1 ...
x
y
Point
Line
Polygon/Area
Characteristics of Characteristics of spatial dataspatial data
What makes data spatial?What makes data spatial?
PlacenamePlacenameGrid co-ordinateGrid co-ordinate
PostcodePostcode
Distance & bearingDistance & bearingDescriptionDescription
Latitude / LongitudeLatitude / Longitude
Characteristics of Characteristics of spatial dataspatial data
• TopologyTopology
Connected toConnected to WithinWithin Adjacent toAdjacent to North of . . .North of . . .
Types of dataTypes of data
Maps
Images
Spatial non-spatial
Postcodes/ZIP codes
Oblique photographs
Videography
Financial statements
Films
Schematic diagrams
AB24 3UF£12,000 23.45 56789£23,456 12.45 23456£45,987 29.57 87634
Spatial data storageSpatial data storage
• Vector modelVector model
• Raster modelRaster model
point
1,6
2,5
5,4
4,1
7,105,9
4,7
6,68,6
9,8
line
polygon
2,2
5 10
5
10
Vector dataVector data
Land use parcels
Raster dataRaster data
• Input Input
• Storage Storage • ManipulationManipulation• QueryQuery• AnalyzeAnalyze• VisualizationVisualization
Functions of aFunctions of a GISGISFunctions of aFunctions of a GISGISGeographic data is the fuel of GIS.
GIS Is an GIS Is an Instrument for Instrument for Implementing Implementing Geographic Geographic
ThinkingThinking
GIS Is an GIS Is an Instrument for Instrument for Implementing Implementing Geographic Geographic
ThinkingThinking
PlanningPlanningPlanningPlanning
AnalyzingAnalyzingAnalyzingAnalyzing
ThinkingThinkingThinkingThinking
MeasuringMeasuringMeasuringMeasuring DecidingDecidingDecidingDeciding
ScienceScience
• MultidisciplinaryMultidisciplinary
• IntegratedIntegrated
• HolisticHolistic
GIS ShowsGIS ShowsContext and ContentContext and Content
GIS ShowsGIS ShowsContext and ContentContext and Content
• WatershedsWatersheds
• CommunitiesCommunities
• NeighborhoodsNeighborhoods
• EcosystemsEcosystems
Context and ContentContext and ContentContext and ContentContext and Content
• PatternsPatterns
• LinkagesLinkages
• TrendsTrends
Seeing the WholeSeeing the Whole Managing PlacesManaging Places
GIS Is a Visual GIS Is a Visual LanguageLanguage
GIS Is a Visual GIS Is a Visual LanguageLanguage
Thematic layers contain featuresThematic layers contain featuresThematic layers contain featuresThematic layers contain features
# ## #
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#
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#
#
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PointsPoints
LinesLines
AreasAreas
TextText
# ## #
#
##
##
#
####
##
#
#
#
##
#
#
#
…… MapsMaps…… MapsMaps
There are many different kinds of maps...There are many different kinds of maps...
GIS Provides GIS Provides the Framework for the Framework for Studying Complex Studying Complex
SystemsSystems
GIS Provides GIS Provides the Framework for the Framework for Studying Complex Studying Complex
SystemsSystems
GIS Facilitates GIS Facilitates Learning About Learning About
Earth and Its LifeEarth and Its Life
GIS Facilitates GIS Facilitates Learning About Learning About
Earth and Its LifeEarth and Its Life
GIS Integrates GIS Integrates Our Knowledge Our Knowledge
About PlacesAbout Places
GIS Integrates GIS Integrates Our Knowledge Our Knowledge
About PlacesAbout Places
Geography Can Integrate DataGeography Can Integrate DataGeography Can Integrate DataGeography Can Integrate Data
• VisualizingVisualizing
• ConnectingConnecting
• RelatingRelating
GIS Helps Us GIS Helps Us Better Organize Better Organize Our InstitutionsOur Institutions
GIS Helps Us GIS Helps Us Better Organize Better Organize Our InstitutionsOur Institutions
Organizational Consequences of Using GIS
Organizational Consequences of Using GIS
• Data Sharing
• Work Flow Cooridination
• Teaming
• Communication
• Data Sharing • Work Flow Cooridination • Teaming • Communication
Key IssuesKey Issues
• AvailabilityAvailability• CostCost• OwnershipOwnership• CopyrightCopyright• Metadata (information about data)Metadata (information about data)• Data ModelsData Models
ESRI Marine Data ModelESRI Marine Data Model
ESRI Marine Data ModelESRI Marine Data Model
““The application of GIS is limited only The application of GIS is limited only by the imagination of those who use by the imagination of those who use
it.” it.”
Jack Dangermond, President of ESRIJack Dangermond, President of ESRI
““The application of GIS is limited only The application of GIS is limited only by the imagination of those who use by the imagination of those who use
it.” it.”
Jack Dangermond, President of ESRIJack Dangermond, President of ESRI
http://www.nynjcoast.org/VirtualEstuary/TheVirtualEstuary_Gateway.html
http://www.dep.state.fl.us/beaches/data/gis-data.htm
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