GEOGRAPHY - studyglows.com · northeastward across northern Arunachal Pradesh state (India);...

GEOGRAPHY

By SIDDHANT AGNIHOTRI

B.Sc (Silver Medalist) M.Sc (Applied Physics)

WEBSITE :STUDYGLOWS.COM

INDIAN GEOGRAPHY

By SIDDHANT AGNIHOTRI

B.Sc (Silver Medalist) M.Sc (Applied Physics)

WEBSITE :STUDYGLOWS.COM

INDIAN GEOGRAPHY

• Indian Geography is divided into two parts:

1. Political Geography

2. Physical Geography

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

• The great mountain of North• Northern Plain• Peninsular Plateau• Coastal Plains• Thar Desert• Islands

GREAT MOUNTAINS

• HIMALAYAS

• OUTER HIMALAYAS OR SHIWALIK RANGE

• LESSER HIMALAYAS

• GREAT HIMALAYAS

2. NORTHERN PLAINS

• INDO GANGETIC PLAINS

• THREE REGIONS ARE PUNJAB,GANGA AND BRAHMAPUTRA.

• RIVERS

• REGIONS

3. PENINSULAR PLATEAU

• THE DECCAN

• CENTRAL HIGHLAND

4. COASTAL PLAINS

• EASTERN COASTAL PLAINS

• WESTERN COASTAL PLAINS

5. DESERT

• THAR

• EXTENSIONS

• AREA

6. ISLAND

• ANDAMAN NICOBAR

• LAKSHWADEEP

• SRAHARIKOTA

• MAJULI

• SELSETTE

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INDIAN GEOGRAPHY

CHAPTER 1ORIGIN OF HIMALAYAS

By SIDDHANT AGNIHOTRI

B.Sc (Silver Medalist) M.Sc (Applied Physics)

WEBSITE :STUDYGLOWS.COM

PANGEA

PANGEA

CONTINENTAL DRIFT

ORIGIN• The Himalayan mountain range and

Tibetan plateau have formed as a result of the collision between the Indian Plate and Eurasian Plate which began 50 million ye 225 million years ago (Ma) India was a large island situated off the Australian coast and separated from Asia by the Tethys Ocean.

• The supercontinent Pangea began to break up 200 Ma and India started a northward drift towards Asia.

• Most of the thick sediments on the Indian margin of the ocean were scraped off and accreted onto the Eurasian continent.

ORIGIN

• These scraped-off sediments are what now form the Himalayan mountain range.

• The Eurasian plate was partly crumpled and buckled up above the Indian plate but due to their low density/high buoyancy neither continental plate could be subducted.

• This caused the continental crust to thicken due to folding and faulting by compressional forces pushing up the Himalaya and the Tibetan Plateau.

ORIGIN

• The Himalayas are still rising by more than 1 cm per year as India continues to move northwards into Asia, which explains the occurrence of shallow focus earthquakes in the region today.

• However the forces of weathering and erosion are lowering the Himalayas at about the same rate. The Himalayas and Tibetan plateau trend east-west and extend for 2,900 km, reaching the maximum elevation of 8,848 metres (Mount Everest – the highest point on Earth),

GEOGRAPHY

By SIDDHANT AGNIHOTRI

B.Sc (Silver Medalist) M.Sc (Applied Physics)

WEBSITE :STUDYGLOWS.COM

INDIAN GEOGRAPHY

CHAPTER 2 HIMALAYAS

By SIDDHANT AGNIHOTRI

B.Sc (Silver Medalist) M.Sc (Applied Physics)

WEBSITE :STUDYGLOWS.COM

SOME FACTS

• Himalayas, Nepali Himalaya, great mountain system of Asia forming a barrier between the Plateau of Tibet to the north and the alluvial plains of the Indian subcontinent to the south.

• The Himalayas include the highest mountains in the world, with more than 110 peaks rising to elevations of 24,000 feet (7,300 metres) or more above sea level.

SOME FACTS

• The Himalayas themselves stretch uninterruptedly for about 1,550 miles (2,500 km) from west to east between Nanga Parbat , in the Pakistani-administered portion of the Kashmir region, and Namcha Barwa Peak in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China.

• Between those western and eastern extremities lie the two Himalayan countries of Nepal and Bhutan.

• The width of the Himalayas from south to north varies between 125 and 250 miles (200 and 400 km). Their total area amounts to about 230,000 square miles (595,000 square km).

ORIGIN

DIVISIONS

1. Trans himalays or tethys himalaya

2. Lesser himalays

3. Greater himalayas

4. Shiwaliks or outer himalayas

LONGITUDINAL DIVISIONS

1. KASHMIR HIMALAYS

2. HIMACHAL HIMALAYS

3. KUMAUN HIMALAYAS

4. SIKKIM HIMALAYS

5. ARUNACHAL HIMALAYAS

6. PURVACHAL HIMALAYAS

HIMALAYA

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INDIAN GEOGRAPHY

CHAPTER 3 TRANS HIMALAYA OR TEHTHYS

HIMALAYA

By SIDDHANT AGNIHOTRI

B.Sc (Silver Medalist) M.Sc (Applied Physics)

WEBSITE :STUDYGLOWS.COM

DIVISIONS

1. Trans himalays or tethys himalaya

2. Lesser himalays

3. Greater himalayas

4. Shiwaliks or outer himalayas

TRANS HIMALAYA

• The Himalayan ranges immediately north of the Great Himalayan range.Also called the Tibetan Himalaya because most of it lies in Tibet.Consists of four ranges:-

• Karakoram• Ladakh, • Zaskar, • Kailas

DIVISIONS

KARAKORAM RANGE

• The part of the complex of ranges including the • Pamir Mountains, • Hindu Kush • Himalayan Mountains.

• K2, the second highest peak in the world at 8,611 m (28,251 ft), Gasherbrum I, Broad Peak and Gasherbrum II.

• The range is about 500 km (311 mi) in length, and is the most heavily glaciated part of the world outside the polar regions.

LADAKH RANGE

• The Ladakh Range is regarded as a southern extension of the Karakoram Range, which runs for 230 miles (370 km) from the confluence of the Indus and Shyok rivers in Baltistan to the Tibetan border of Ladakh in the southeast.

• The southern extension of the Ladakh Range is called the Kailash Range, especially in Tibet.

• The Ladakh Range has an average height of about 6,000 metres and has no major peaks.

• The main mountain passes are Chorbat (5,090 metres), Digar La (5,400 metres), Khardung La (5,602 metres), Chang La (5,599 metres) and Tsaka La (4,724 metres).

RIVER

ZASKAR RANGE

• The Nanga Parbat (8126 mt) bring to a head or to the highest point in the north-west but the adjoining Deosai Mountain may also be included in it. Ladakh range is in the north of the Zaskar range which runs parallel to it.

• This range is having the average elevation of the 5,800 mt. above sea level and it is about 300 km long, only few peaks of this range attains height of over 6000 mt.

KAILAS RANGE

• Kailas Range, Chinese Gangdisi Shan or Kang-ti-ssu Shan, Tibetan Gang Tise, also called Gangdisê Range, one of the highest and most rugged parts of the Himalayas, located in the southwestern part of the Tibet Autonomous Region, southwestern China.

• Mount Kailas is an important holy site, both to the Hindus, who identify it with the paradise of Shiva(one of the three supreme gods of Hinduism), and to the Tibetan Buddhists, who identify it as Mount Sumeru, cosmic centre of the universe. River Indus originates from the northern slopes of the Kailas range

INDIAN GEOGRAPHY

CHAPTER 4GREATER HIMALAYAS

By SIDDHANT AGNIHOTRI

B.Sc (Silver Medalist) M.Sc (Applied Physics)

WEBSITE :STUDYGLOWS.COM

DIVISIONS

1. Lesser himalays

2. Greater himalayas

3. Shiwaliks or outer himalayas

GREAT HIMALAYA

• Great Himalayas, also called Higher Himalayas or Great Himalaya Range, highest and northernmost section of the Himalayan mountain ranges.

• It extends southeastward across northern Pakistan, northern India, and Nepal before trending eastward across Sikkim state (India) and Bhutan and finally turning northeastward across northern Arunachal Pradesh state (India); throughout nearly all of its length it adjoins to the north the southern Tibet Autonomous Region of China.

TRANS HIMALAYA

• The range’s total length is some 1,400 miles (2,300 km), and it has an average elevation of more than 20,000 feet (6,100 metres).

• The Great Himalayas contain many of the world’s tallest peaks, including (from west to east) Nanga Parbat, Annapurna, Mount Everest, and Kanchenjunga

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CHAPTER 5LESSER HIMALAYAS OR HIMACHAL

By SIDDHANT AGNIHOTRI

B.Sc (Silver Medalist) M.Sc (Applied Physics)

WEBSITE :STUDYGLOWS.COM

DIVISIONS

1. Greater himalayas

2. Lesser himalays

3.Shiwaliks or outer himalayas

DIVISIONS

LESSER HIMALAYA

• In between the Shiwaliks in the south and the Greater Himalayas in the north.Runs almost parallel called the Himachal or Lower Himalaya.Lower Himalayan ranges are 60-80 km wide and about 2400 km in length.

• In Uttarakhand, the Middle Himalayas are marked by the Mussoorie and the Nag Tibba ranges.

• The Mahabharat Lekh, in southern Nepal is a continuation of the Mussoorie RangeThe Middle Himalayan ranges are more friendly to human contact.

RANGES

RANGES REGION

The Pir Panjal RangeJammu and Kashmir (They are to the south of Kashmir Valley)

The Dhaola Dhar Range Himachal Pradesh

The Mussoorie Range and The Nag Tiba Range

Uttarakhand

Mahabharat Lekh Nepal

PIR PANJAL

• The Pir Panjal range in Kashmir is the longest and the most important range.It extends from the Jhelum river to the upper Beas river for over 300 km.

• The Banihal Pass is used by the Jammu-Srinagar highway and Jammu-Baramula railway.

• Southeast of the Ravi, the Pir Panjal continues as Dhaola Dhar range, passing through Dalhousie, Dharmshala, and Shimla.

GRASSLANDS

• Between the Pir Panjal and the Zaskar Range of the main Himalayas, lies the valley of Kashmir.

• When snow melts we see great soft grasslands called Sonemarg,Gulmarg in kashmir and Boyal,Bugyal in Uttarakhand.

• Hill stations like Shimla,Manali,Dalhousie in Himachal pradesh and In Uttarakhand we have Mussorie,Nainital,Ranikhet,Windsor.

PIR PANJAL

• Between lesser himalaya and greater himalaya we have Jammu and Kashmir valley,kullu-kangra valley in Himachal pradesh,Kathmandu valley in Nepal

• Srinagar has dal lake and woolar lake

BISHNOI

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CHAPTER 6SHIVALIKS OR OUTER HIMALAYA

By SIDDHANT AGNIHOTRI

B.Sc (Silver Medalist) M.Sc (Applied Physics)

WEBSITE :STUDYGLOWS.COM

DIVISIONS

OUTER HIMALAYAS

• Also known as Outer Himalayas.Located in between the Great Plains and Lesser Himalayas.The altitude varies from 600 to 1500 metres.Runs for a distance of 2,400 km from the Potwar Plateau to the Brahmaputra valley.

• The width of the Shiwaliks varies from 50 km in Himachal Pradesh to less than 15 km in Arunachal Pradesh.

RANGES

REGION NAME

Jammu Region Jammu HillsDafla, Miri, Abor and Mishmi Hills Arunachal Pradesh

The Dhang Range, Dundwa Range Uttarakhand

Churia Ghat Hills Nepal

GORGES

• In the west we have INDUS GORGE and in the east we have DIHANG GORGE.

INDIAN GEOGRAPHY

CHAPTER 8DIVISIONS OF HIMALAYA

By SIDDHANT AGNIHOTRI

B.Sc (Silver Medalist) M.Sc (Applied Physics)

WEBSITE :STUDYGLOWS.COM

LONGITUDINAL DIVISIONS

1. KASHMIR HIMALAYS

2. HIMACHAL HIMALAYS

3. KUMAUN HIMALAYAS

4. SIKKIM HIMALAYS

5. ARUNACHAL HIMALAYAS

6. PURVACHAL HIMALAYAS

DIVISIONS

KASHMIR HIMALAYAS

• Area of about 350,000km and stretches about 700 km in length and 500 km in width.

• Ladakh region of kashmir himalayas

• High snow covered peaks and various passes

HIMACHAL HIMALAYAS

• Area of about 45000 km.

• All three ranges are well represented in Himachal.

• Beautifull valleys of Kullu,Manali,Spiti,Kangra,Lahul are there.

• Various passes connects Himachal Pradesh with Tibet

KUMAUN HIMALAYS

• It lies between Satluj and Kali rivers.It occupies an area of 3800 sq km.

• Nandadevi,Kamet,Trishul,Badrinath Kedarnath,Gangotri, Bandarpooch are some of the highest peaks.Gangotri,Milam and Pindar are glaciers in UTTARAKHAND.

• Mussorie,Nainital,Ranikhet,Almora are some of the important hill stations.

CENTRAL HIMALAYS

• It stretches from Kali to Tista river for about 800 km occupying 1,16,800 sq km.

• Major part lies in Nepal and eastern point is Sikkim and Darjeeling district of West Bengal.All three ranges are represented here.

• Important Peaks are Mount Everest,Kanchenjunga,Dhaulagiri,Annapurna,Makalu.

EASTERN HIMALAYS

• Tista and Brahmaputra covering 720 km with an area of 67,500 sq km.It occupies state of Arunachal Pradesh and Bhutan.

• Important hills are Daphla,Miri,Abor,Mishmi.

• Passing from the states of Nagaland,Manipur,Mizoram,Tripura and Arunachal Pradesh called Purvanchal Himalayas.

INDIAN GEOGRAPHY

CHAPTER 9SIGNIFICANCE OF HIMALAYA

By SIDDHANT AGNIHOTRI

B.Sc (Silver Medalist) M.Sc (Applied Physics)

WEBSITE :STUDYGLOWS.COM

TOURIST ATTARACTION

• Owing to the intense heat in the plains, India has developed a number of hill stations, especially in the Shivaliks.

• The important ones are: Almora, Chakrata, Dalhousie, Dharmashala, Dehradun, Gulmarg, Kalimpong, Landsdowne, Darjeeling, Shimla, Musoorie, Solan, Chail, Nainital, Ranikhet, Kasauli, etc.

CLIMATE INFLUENCE

• The Himalayan Mountains isolate the deeper interior of Asia from the influence of warm air from the south, and it protects India from the cold blizzard generated by the continental winter high pressure system of north-eastern and Central Asia.

• By reason of its altitude and situation directly in the path of monsoon, it is most favourably conditioned for the precipitation of all their contained moisture either as rain or snow. It intercepts the monsoon clouds advancing from the southern seas, and precipitates heavy rains on the Indian Plains.

RIVERS

• Snow-fields and glaciers of enormous magnitude are nourished on the higher ranges which, together with the rainfall in the middle Himalaya, feed a number of perennial rivers which course down to the plains in hundred of fertilizing tributaries.

• These sacred rivers along with numerous tributaries have their sources here.. Without Himalaya, India would have been a bleak country with no big rivers and no rainfall.

SOURCE OF FERTILE SOIL

• Running water and frost have been constantly eroding the great Himalayan ranges. This debris, after being removed by numerous rivers, is ultimately deposited over the great plains of northern India.

• The fertile plains of the Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Assam have all been the products of this eroded material, producing a wide variety of agricultural crops.

HYDROELECTRIC PROJECTS

BHAKRA NANGAL,SALAL,DULHASTI AND TEHRI DAM ARE SOME OF THE

MAJOR PROJECTS

MINERALS

• The Himalayan region contains commercially valuable minerals. Copper, lead, zinc, bismuth, antimony, nickel, cobalt and tungsten are known to occur in both the eastern and western Himalaya.

• The Himalayas promise gold, silver, and precious and semi-precious stones (including sapphires, beryl, and kyanite), limestone, bauxite, gypsum, bentonite and magnesite. Coal and petroleum are other mineral fuels found in the region.