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Craig A. Watts PE, LEED AP
Principal at MKK Consulting Engineers•Consulting for 20 years•Numerous Geothermal projects•Multiple LEED Certified Projects
Geo 101
This natural Energy Collection and Storage System captures nearly half of the Solar Energy falling on Earth…
…thus maintaining a nearly Constant Temperature throughout
the year just below the surface
Geo 101
Earth Energy ….It’s not New
•Earth Energy System was Patented in 1912 in Switzerland
•Residential System installed in Canada in 1950
Geo 101
Mr. Bill Loosley installed geothermal system in his home in Burlington, ON in 1950
Heat Pumps Systems are Reliable
Geo 101
Compressor was initially powered by hand crank diesel motor… changed to electric motor (still being used!!) in 1953 when his wife couldn’t start it
Heat Pump Systems are Reliable
Geo 101
Geothermal Heat Pump Systems combine Sun, Earth and Water
using proven technology…
… to create “the most energy-efficient, environmentally clean, and cost-effective space-
conditioning system”
(according to U.S. EPA 1993)
Geothermal Heat Pump Efficiency
One unit of energy from the grid
Plus:3-5 units of energy
from the earth
Yields:4-6 units of energy
for the building
400-600% Efficient
Vertical Closed-LoopA pair of pipes with a special U-bend assembly at the bottom is placed into bore holes from 150 to 400 feet deep
Horizontal Closed-Loop A piping array is installed in trenches cut 3 to 5 feet deep and hundreds of feet in length
Surface Water Closed-LoopA piping array is submerged in a pond or lake at least 8 feet deep
Ground WaterOpen-LoopWell water from an underground aquifer is pumped through the geothermal heat pump and then returned to the aquifer or discharged to the surface
GSHP Systems
• GeoExchange systems can go in anywhere, but….– The design team must understand the
building requirements– Assess the site before advancing to the
design stage– Utilize existing site resources to enhance
the system and reduce installation costs– Be aware of regional geology and
contractor assets/capabilities
Recreation Facilities
Port Hawkesbury Civic Centre, Port Hawkesbury, NS
265 tonsHorizontal loop
East Bayfield Recreation Centre, Barrie, ON
480 tonsVertical loop
Commercial Office Buildings
Mission Centre OfficesKelowna, BC
120 tons, vertical loop
Smith Carter ArchitectsWinnipeg, MB
40 tons, open well loop
The Heart DoctorsRapid City SD
48 tons, vertical loop
Commercial Office Buildings
Manitoba Hydro Office BuildingWinnipeg, MB
800 tonsVertical GHX (under building)
Courtesy of Practical GeoExchange Solutions
Churches
The new building of 6,340 sq. ft. (589 m2). Warm water for a radiant floor heat system is supplied by a water-water heat pump. Chilled water is supplied to fan coil to provide cooling.
Thermal ice storage integrated with a 12-ton geothermal system provides 26 tons of cooling
Retail Stores
South East Farm Equipment dealership is a 40,000 square foot building with repair garage.
Open well system provides heating and cooling.
MuseumsCanadian Museum of Civilization, Ottawa, ON
3,200 tonsOpen surface water loop
Grey County Museum Owen Sound, ON
120 tons, Horizontal loop
Canadian War MuseumOttawa, ON
Medical Facilities
Great River Medical Center, Burlington IA
1,500 tonsPond & vertical loop
Courtesy of Practical GeoExchange Solutions
Schools
Robert Stockton CollegePomona, NJ
1,740 tonsVertical loop, 22 buildings
Courtesy of Practical GeoExchange Solutions
Manufacturing
Chaco ManufacturingProduct: Sport footwear22,500 sf facility(in process of expanding)Paonia, CO
40 tonsVertical loop, 32 bores x 250’
Terry Proffer
Designed by Terry Proffer
Convenience Stores, RestaurantsConoco / Wendy’s, Frisco, CO
40 tons water to water & water to air provides space conditioning, domestic hot water, snowmelt and radiant floor heating
Heat recovery to GHX from store refrigeration
54 x 400’ vertical bores
Dual bay car wash
60 tons water to water heat pump
Snowmelt at vehicle entry and exit
Auxiliary gas boiler for snowmelt to account for unknown durations
Designed by Major GeothermalInstalled by Major Heating
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
•Example Study done in 2006
Typical Office Building: Comparing these systems
•RTU w/ Gas heat & DX cooling
•Air-source Heat Pumps•Geothermal Heat Pumps
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
HVAC System
First Cost
Annual Annual Periodic
Cost NP Value of 30 yr Life-Cycle Cost
Energy Maintenance
1. RTU
2. AS HP
3. Geo HP
$114,610
$139,824
$160,600
$8,226
$6,803
$3,852
$4,476
$4,069
$1,899
$40,000Year 17$50,000Year 17$30,000Year 20
$299,020
$301,922
$245,634
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
In terms of simple annual cash flows, the Geothermal HP system has a simple payback of 6.6 years and 4.1 years with respect to the RTU and Air-Source HP systems.
Neglecting the annual maintenance cost and only considering the energy savings, the simple payback is 10.5 years and 7.0 years with respect to the RTU and Air-Source HP systems.
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Another benefit:
The use of the Geothermal HP system can reduce the annual greenhouse gas emissions by 15 tons of CO2 equivalent over RTU’s w/ gas heat and 33 tons of CO2 equivalent over the use of air source heat pumps
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Simple payback:
The difference in first cost divided by the energy savings per year equals the number of years to recover the initial investment.
First cost difference = $100,000Annual energy savings = $12,000Simple payback = $100,000 / $12,000 =
8.33 years
Proven Technology •Millions of units installed world-wide in commercial and residential applications
Most Energy-Efficient and Environmentally Friendly HVAC System Widely Available
•Water is a better heat transfer medium than air•Heat exchange loops tap the renewable energy of the Earth
No Fossil Fuel•Improves safety•Eliminates service lines, flues, outside air intakes•No site emissions
No Outdoor Units•Better aesthetics•No noise•No vandalism or theft concerns
Long Equipment Life•Factory sealed systems•Indoor installation – no exposure to the elements•Moderate compressor loading vs. air-source systems
Self Contained Compact Units•Easy to install within the building•Upflow, horizontal, or downflow single-package units•Split system and water-to-water units available
Geothermal Heat Pumpsare one of the Most Effective
and Deployableand…
… produce the lowest carbon dioxide emissions, including all source effects, of all available
space-conditioning technologies(EPA, 1993)
Case Study
• The Sanctuary Clubhouse and Condo’s25 High-end Fractional ownership condominiums
Geothermal Lake loop system in affluent pond (poop-loop)Water-to-Water heat pumps serving terminalwater-to-air heat pumps in unitsNo boiler or Chiller needed (noise and aesthetics)LEED Certified Silver ClubhouseUsed no CFC or HCFC refrigerants
Case Study
• The Sanctuary Clubhouse and Condo’sPerformance
Cut gas bill by 90% compared to the heatingonly system used in Phase one
Case Study
• Greybull Elementary School36,000 SF
Horizontal ground loopAir to Air Heat Recovery UnitsNo boiler or Chiller needed (noise and aesthetics)Registered for LEED NC Silver Used no CFC or HCFC refrigerants
Exceeded ASHRAE 90.1 by 38%
Case Study
• Range View Elementary School64,189 SF
Horizontal ground loopDOSA Energy Recovery UnitsNo boiler or Chiller needed (noise and aesthetics)Used no CFC or HCFC refrigerants
Exceeded ASHRAE 90.1 by 45%
Other Applications of GSHP Technology
• Large domestic water supply lines• Ski area Snow melting/ Snow making
Other Applications of GSHP Technology
• Large domestic water supply lines• Ski area Snow melting/ Snow making• Oceans, lakes and rivers
Other Applications of GSHP Technology
• Large domestic water supply lines• Ski area Snow melting/ Snow making• Oceans, lakes and rivers • Integrated into structure of building
Municipal and School District Planning
• High Schools with pools• Ice rinks and Recreation Centers• Waste Water Treatment Plants
Municipal and School District Planning
• High Schools with pools• Ice rinks and Recreation Centers• Waste Water Treatment Plants• Indoor water parks
Municipal and School District Planning
• High Schools with pools• Ice rinks and Recreation Centers• Waste Water Treatment Plants• Indoor water parks• Large domestic water usage
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